仪器化冲击法研究几种金属材料的冲击性能

利用仪器化冲击试验机进行了D36、14MnVTiRe和10CrNiCu船体结构钢的系列冲击试验，结果表明：这几种船体结构钢具有较低的韧脆转变温度。用裂纹扩展功取作为韧脆转变温度的判据更加准确。韧脆转变前，断裂能量主要消耗于裂纹的扩展；韧脆转变后，裂纹形成功Wi明显大于裂纹扩展功Wp，断裂能量主要消耗于裂纹的形成。     

管线钢环焊缝的侧膨胀值测定方法

以不同管线钢为研究对象，比较了图像分析法、游标卡尺法、侧膨胀仪法测量侧膨胀值的差异，验证了用侧膨胀值测定韧-脆转变温度的准确性及稳定性，并对X80钢实心焊丝自动焊环焊缝进行不同温度的夏比冲击试验。结果表明：对于韧性较差、韧性不均匀的材料，以及冲击断裂后发生扭曲的试样，宜采用侧膨胀仪法测量其侧膨胀值；对于管线钢，采用侧膨胀值测定其韧-脆转变温度结果的准确性和稳定性较好；X80钢实心焊丝自动焊环焊缝韧-脆转变温度对应的侧膨胀值为0.90 mm。     

冲击缺口类型对34CrNi1Mo钢韧脆转变温度的影响

对34CrNi1Mo钢分别进行V形和U形两种缺口类型的冲击试验,并绘制出剪切断面率与试验温度的曲线。通过曲线及韧脆转变温度的对比,分析缺口类型对34CrNi1Mo钢韧脆转变温度的影响。结果表明:不同缺口类型对34CrNi1Mo钢的韧脆转变温度有较大影响,U形缺口试样测得的韧脆转变温度低于V形缺口试样测得的韧脆转变温度。     

X70管线钢焊接接头热影响区的冲击性能

对X70管线钢焊接接头热影响区进行了冲击试验,对结果进行了分析。结果表明：X70管线钢焊接接头热影响区冲击试样的冲击功与断口剪切面积基本成线性比例关系,冲击功越高,剪切面积越大。焊接接头热影响区冲击试样的断口由韧性区、脆性区和韧脆混合区组成。脆性区为解理断裂,韧脆混合区为准解理断裂。     

X80管线钢埋弧焊接头冲击韧性及其断口形貌分析

对X80管线钢埋弧焊焊接接头进行了-80～20℃温度范围的夏比冲击实验。测试了其冲击吸收功和脆性断面率,用扫描电镜观察了其断口形貌,分析了焊接接头断裂形式和断口形貌,讨论了焊接接头的韧脆转变温度和冲击断裂的力学行为。结果表明,室温时断口为韧窝状分布,焊接接头的韧脆转变温度为-28℃;断口形貌由韧性断裂向脆性断裂转变,断口主要表现为解理断裂。     

一种高铌X80管线钢的组织性能分析

采用力学性能测试手段和电子显微分析技术对一种高铌(Nb)合金设计的X80管线钢的组织与性能进行了研究.结果表明:这种高Nb管线钢具有高的强韧性和低的韧脆转变温度,已成功应用于国内"西气东输二线"工程.对Nb元素在管线钢的细晶强化、组织强化和沉淀强化作用进行了分析.     

管线钢冲击吸收功测量的尺寸效应

对20钢、16Mn钢和X70钢不同宽度试样在-80～40℃范围内进行夏比冲击试验,研究了非标准尺寸试样冲击功与标准试样冲击功之间的关系,比较了大小试样韧脆转变温度的不同;把试验结果与ASTM标准、BS标准进行对比,不同尺寸试样的韧脆转变温度漂移程度相差很大。并对上平台冲击功的换算公式做了修正。     

16MnR 钢弹塑性断裂韧性Ji的韧脆转变温度特性

研完了16MnR钢弹塑性断裂韧性Ji的韧脆转变温度特性。结果表明,断裂韧性Ji的韧脆转变非常明显,其韧脆转变温度大大低于夏比冲击韧性的韧脆转变温度。根据试验结果,建议采用以弹塑性断裂韧性Ji的韧脆转变温度曲线为基础来确定受静载荷低温设备的最低使用温度。     

浅谈韧脆转变温度试验

采用FATT50方法可测定材料的韧脆转变温度。在用该方法对材料进行韧脆转变温度试验时，就如何掌握操作过程及断口的正确处理和曲线的绘制进行了叙述，同时对操作过程中可能出现的误差作了分析。这些因素都将是准确测出材料韧脆转变温度的关键。     

燃气高压场站典型管材的韧脆转变温度及其影响因素

通过对北京丰台南次高压站A3钢管和王四营桥高压站20钢管两种管材进行不同温度下的系列冲击试验,对两种管材的韧脆转变温度进行了测定和分析,并结合化学成分及显微组织分析了影响材料低温韧性的因素。结果表明:A3钢管在不同温度下的冲击吸收能量及剪切断面率均小于20钢管的;前者的韧脆转变温度为3.7℃,后者为-17.2℃;管材的韧脆转变温度受化学成分和显微组织的影响,化学成分中碳、硅、硫、磷元素的含量越低,其韧脆转变温度也越低;铁素体-珠光体钢在晶粒度相同的情况下,钢中铁素体含量越高,其韧脆转变温度则越低。     

R-curves characterisation analysis for asphalt concrete

Fracture tests, especially at lower testing temperatures, have become quite popular in quantifying low-temperature cracking. However, current fracture testing analysis methods often use a single number, such as fracture energy or fracture toughness, to quantify cracking resistance. These tests do not capture both the initiation and propagation of the crack. The Resistance Curve, or R-curve, is widely applied in many fields, such as metal, polymer and composites. The R-curve considers cracking resistance as a function of crack extension, which includes initiation and propagation. In this research, three asphalt concrete mixtures, including hot mix, hot mix with reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and warm mix with RAP were tested at two temperatures, three levels of ageing and two levels of moisture condition by the Semi-Circular Bend fracture test. R-curves were constructed using the data from the fracture test, and digital images were utilised to capture the crack extension. In addition to capturing the traditional fracture energy, two new parameters were explored using the R-curves: the cohesive energy and the propagation parameter energy rate. It was found that cohesive energy was always in a narrow range (approximately 500–1000 J/m²) compared to the fracture energy range (approximately 500–1700 J/m²) over all combinations of ageing and moisture conditions, which indicates that the crack initiation may not be as sensitive to temperature, ageing and moisture as fracture energy. The results of energy rate indicated that moisture and short-term ageing impact the crack propagation by reducing the resistance of crack growth. These results proved that R-curves are a potentially useful tool to quantify the cracking resistance of asphalt concrete in both crack initiation and propagation.     

预制裂纹角度对橡胶拉伸断裂影响的有限元分析

初始裂纹的形态影响着裂纹尖端的应力场和扩展方向,进而决定着橡胶材料的使用寿命。目前人们关于预制裂纹试样拉伸断裂的研究主要集中在直裂纹,很少涉及预制裂纹角度的改变对橡胶拉伸断裂的影响。文中应用ANSYS有限元分析软件计算拉伸状态下含不同裂纹角度橡胶试样裂纹尖端的等效应力值和撕裂能的大小,判断裂纹是否扩展及扩展方向,并对橡胶试样进行拉伸验证试验测试。结果表明,在拉伸断裂过程中,裂纹尖端的应力值和撕裂能随着初始预制裂纹角度的增大而增大,裂纹尖端形状均由初始的尖点变成圆弧状;含不同裂纹角度橡胶试样的拉伸断裂形貌与裂纹预测扩展方向基本一致,验证了有限元分析的正确性。     

On a thermo-mechanical effect and criterion of crack propagation

A thermo-mechanical effect from partial conversion of fracture work into heat energy during crack propagation is considered with a simple mathematical model. It is assumed that the heat production zone in the vicinity of the crack tip is very small. Thus, the crack propagation process can be viewed as propagation of the crack in elastic material with a point thermal heat source fixed at the tip of the crack. This thermal heat source generates its own temperature and stress fields around the crack tip. As shown in this paper it also generates a negative stress intensity factor that specifies fracture mode I and has to be accounted for in the energetic fracture criterion. The model developed may help to explain many experimental observations such as the increase in the specific surface energy that accompanies an increase in the crack speed and why fracture mode I has a special role in crack propagation phenomena.     

Boundary effect on the softening curve of concrete

The apparent fracture energy of concrete experimentally determined on the basis of the work of fracture in bending or wedge splitting tests becomes larger with increasing specimen dimensions. This experimental observation may be attributed to the varying local fracture energy along the crack path. When the crack tip approaches the specimen boundary, the size of the fracture process zone will be reduced and, consequently, only a portion of the fracture energy is activated; i.e., the local fracture energy is getting smaller. The influence of this boundary effect diminishes with increasing specimen size resulting in the size dependence of the apparent fracture energy determined by the work-of-fracture method as an average value in the ligament. With varying local fracture energy, the local softening curve will also show variations. The latter are subject of the present study. Wedge splitting tests with different specimen sizes as well as inverse analyses of these experiments were carried out. For the inverse analyses, the cohesive crack model was adopted and an evolutionary optimization algorithm has been used. The boundary effect on the local fracture properties was taken into account and, as a result, the variation of the softening curve along the crack path could be determined. It was found that the tail of the softening curve is shortened and lowered due to the boundary effect whereas the initial slope of this curve appears to be not affected.     

硫化锌热冲击试验与裂纹间距预报

重点研究了硫化锌热冲击开裂机理和热冲击裂纹间距、深度的预报。10mm厚硫化锌试块的燃气急热试验表明:裂纹间距随热冲击能量的增大而减小,热冲击过程中加热面最先出现非贯穿裂纹,停止加热后,裂纹贯穿试件。结合传热和热强度仿真分析,获得了热冲击过程中试件的瞬态温度场和应力场。基于材料性能的损伤演化理论,以裂纹间距和深度为变量,利用最小能量原理,获得了热冲击裂纹间距的理论预报方法,预测结果与试验吻合较好,进而分析了断裂韧性、热胀系数、材料初始模量对裂纹间距、裂纹深度的影响。该文的研究对深入理解硫化锌的热冲击失效机制,对其改性和研制具有重要意义。     

Modelling on crack propagation behaviours at concrete matrix‐aggregate interface

A numerical model is proposed to simulate crack propagation at concrete matrix‐aggregate interface. One single aggregate surrounded by concrete matrix is taken to demonstrate the behaviours of crack penetration into concrete matrix and crack growth along the interface. Influences of side‐edge constraint, aggregate direction, and interface fracture energy on the crack propagation behaviours are respectively investigated. The results show that, tensile constraint on the side edge, a smaller angle between tensile axis and aggregate, and higher fracture energy lead to a higher rupture strength of the interface. Once the interface crack starts to grow, it propagates to the two ends of aggregate major axis drastically and further penetrates into the matrix. Nevertheless, these factors have no appreciable influence on crack propagation path. By mapping interface crack into major axis, ordinary crack is generated. Using the above simplification, modelling of multiple crack propagation in concrete is efficiently achieved.     

聚丙烯纤维水泥稳定碎石断裂性能试验研究

通过30个尺寸为100mm×100mm×515mm的聚丙烯纤维水泥稳定碎石和普通水泥稳定碎石三点弯曲试件断裂试验,探讨了聚丙烯纤维对水泥稳定碎石断裂韧度(KIC)、断裂能(GF)、临界裂缝嘴张开位移(CMODC)、临界裂缝尖端张开位移(CTODC)、极限裂缝嘴张开位移(CMODmax)和极限裂缝尖端张开位移(CTODmax)的影响。试验结果表明:聚丙烯纤维的掺入可增大水泥稳定碎石的断裂韧度、断裂能、临界裂缝嘴张开位移、极限裂缝嘴张开位移、临界裂缝尖端张开位移和极限裂缝尖端张开位移;随着聚丙烯纤维体积掺量的增加,断裂韧度、临界裂缝嘴张开位移和临界裂缝尖端位移的变化无明显规律,但断裂能、极限裂缝嘴张开位移和极限裂缝尖端位移基本上呈线性增加的。     

The effect of tip plastic energy on mixed-mode crack initiation

An approach to the fracture initiation prediction of a ductile crack with mixed-mode loading (mode I and II) conditions is presented. The tip plastic energy around the crack tip is applied for evaluating the crack initiation load and the plastic zone shape. It is proposed that a mixed-mode crack will initiate as the tip plastic energy reaches a critical value. Numerical results for various loading conditions are illustrated. These results indicate that the predicted crack initiation loads correlate well with the experimental data available. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Application of energy density theory on finite cracked bodies

Abstract

A new concept of the energy release rate of a finite cracked body is proposed. Considering the global view of the strain energy density field, the new fracture parameter presented here is different from the conventional energy release rate that only depends on the stress field around the crack tip but neglects the influences induced by the boundary conditions on the far field. Based on the hypothesis of the energy density theory, fracture initiation and termination, respectively can be predicted by the local and global relative minima of the strain energy density function. The new energy release rate is then defined as the integration of the strain energy density along the fracture trajectory from the initiation point to the destination point. The results show that the difference between the new and the conventional energy release rate becomes more pronounced if the material has a large core region (or the material is more ductile) and if the height‐width ratio of a finite cracked plate is comparatively small.     

双悬臂梁试件裂纹动态扩展的准静态数值分析

本文采用双悬臂梁（DCB）试件研究了复合材料层合板层间插入韧性胶膜（Interleaf）层的Ⅰ型断裂行为。试验结果表明,含和不含Interleaf层试件分别呈现脆性非稳态和脆性稳态分层扩展特性。针对非稳定裂纹扩展问题,依据动态断裂力学中应变能释放率与动能变化率的关系,提出了以断裂韧性值G_IC变化来抵消动能变化对裂纹扩展过程影响的准静态分析方法,根据试验中裂纹扩展的韧性变化,推导出适用于准静态裂纹扩展模拟的等效韧性G_IC*,利用ABAQUS平台和虚裂纹闭合技术（VCCT）建立了三维有限元计算模型;实现了从起裂到止裂的整个裂纹动态扩展过程的数值模拟,揭示了非稳定裂纹扩展过程中一些复杂的力学现象。