Al-Zn合金热成形本构模型

目的 表征Al-Zn合金在预时效强化温热成形工艺下的流动行为。方法 利用MMS200热模拟机对Al-Zn合金进行热拉伸试验,变形参数分别为变形温度180～220℃、应变速率0.01～1 s^-1。通过对试验值进行修正,可得到不同变形条件下的真应力-应变曲线,并建立应变补偿的含Z参数本构模型和PSO-BP人工神经网络本构模型。结果 Al-Zn合金热变形过程中呈现正的应变速率敏感性和热软化效应;应变补偿的含Z参数本构模型的R值和E_AARE值分别为0.961和8.761%;而PSO-BP人工神经网络本构模型的R值和E_AARE值分别为0.993 5和2.51%。结论 PSO-BP人工神经网络本构模型的预测值和试验值高度吻合,拥有更准确、更快速的数据采集和分析能力,对铝合金及其他合金材料的热变形行为预测有着重要意义。     

基于改进Johnson-Cook模型的Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr 合金高温流变行为研究

以Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr合金为研究对象,分别在变形温度范围为250～400℃、应变速率范围为0.001～1 s-1的变形条件下,利用Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机,进行恒温等应变速率的热拉伸实验,研究该合金的高温流变行为.综合考虑温度、应变速率和应变在高温变形过程中的影响,建立了Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr合金改进的Johnson-Cook本构模型.实验结果表明:Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr合金的流变应力与变形温度、应变速率和应变呈非线性关系,应变速率的升高和变形温度的降低均会导致合金的流变应力明显升高.改进Johnson-Cook本构模型的预测数据与实验数据的平均相对误差(Δ)为4.5％,相关度(R)为0.994,所建立的本构模型能够准确地描述Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr合金的高温流变行为.     

铸态GH4175合金高温变形行为及热加工图研究

目的 建立铸态GH4175合金的本构模型以预测材料变形过程中的流动应力,绘制其热加工图,用于优选铸态GH4175合金热变形的工艺参数.方法 采用Gleeble-3500热模拟压缩试验机对铸态GH4175合金试样在不同的变形温度和应变速率下进行热模拟压缩试验,获得流动应力-应变曲线.结果 GH4175合金的流动应力随变形...     

GH4706合金的热变形行为与显微组织演化

在Gleeble 3800热模拟试验机上进行GH4706合金的热压缩实验,研究了变形温度为900～1150℃、应变速率为0.001～1s-1范围内合金的热变形行为.结果表明:GH4706合金的真应力真应变曲线呈现出流变软化特征,随变形温度增加或应变速率减小,峰值应力逐渐降低,峰值应变逐渐减小.合金的本构关系可由双曲正弦函数描述,变形激活能为435.36kJ/mol,应力指数为4.13.合金的显微组织演化机制与Z参数密切相关,高Z值条件下主要发生动态回复,低Z值条件下主要发生动态再结晶与再结晶晶粒粗化.GH4706合金发生完全动态再结晶且不发生晶粒粗化的临界lnZ值为35.     

不同温度下AM80镁合金的动态力学响应及本构建模

为构建可准确预测镁合金动态力学响应的统一本构模型,采用分离式霍普金森压杆装置对AM80镁合金进行高速冲击实验,变形温度为298 K、423 K和523 K,应变速率为1 100～5 000 s-1 .结果表明:AM80镁合金具有明显的应变速率敏感性.变形温度为298 K时,镁合金的流变应力表现为正应变速率敏感性,当应变速率增至5 000 s-1的变形后期,镁合金的流变应力则表现为负应变速率敏感性;变形温度为423 K和523 K时,镁合金的流变应力表现为正应变速率敏感性,当应变速率高于临界值时,镁合金的流变应力则表现为负应变速率敏感性.将应变速率强化参数C和应变硬化参数n修正为变形温度T的函数,优化了Johnson-Cook本构模型,本构拟合结果与实验结果的误差在±10%范围内,其相关系数( R)和平均相对误差(AARE)分别为0. 987、3. 88% ,说明所建本构模型能够准确预测AM80镁合金在不同变形条件下的流变应力行为.     

TC1钛合金板材热加工性能研究

目的 研究新一代飞机用TC1钛合金板材在不同温度和应变速率下的热塑性变形行为,进行热变形本构建模,构建热加工图。方法 在Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机上开展TC1钛合金板材在温度为500～650℃、应变速率为0.01～0.0001 s^-1条件下的等温恒应变速率单向拉伸试验,利用应变补偿的双曲正弦模型进行热变形本构拟合,绘制热加工图。结果 在同一温度下,TC1钛合金的流动应力随应变速率的减小而降低,但伸长率增加,最大断裂应变增大;变形温度在500℃时,加工硬化占据主导地位,随着温度升高至550、600、650℃,硬化阶段变短,应力达到峰值后很快下降,发生软化,此时热软化占主要地位。结论 建立的应变补偿的双曲正弦本构模型能够有效描述TC1钛合金板材在不同温度和应变速率条件下的热塑性变形行为;根据建立的TC1钛合金板材热加工图,可以确定其热加工工艺窗口为600～650℃、0.000 1～0.001 s^-1,为TC1钛合金板的热加工提供科学指导。     

Ti-22Al-24Nb-0.5Y合金流变行为及BP神经网络高温本构模型

利用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机进行等温恒应变热压缩实验,以实验获得的数据为基础,研究Ti-22Al-24Nb-0.5Y合金流变行为,通过正交实验对影响合金的流变应力因素进行分析,并建立基于BP神经网络的合金高温本构关系模型。结果表明:影响合金流变应力的主要因素依次为应变速率、变形温度和应变量;Ti-22Al-24Nb-0.5Y合金在热变形时的流变应力对应变速率和变形温度都较为敏感。当变形温度较低,应变速率较高时,合金变形呈流变软化特征,当变形温度较高,应变速率较低时,合金变形趋向于稳态流动;利用BP神经网络建立的合金高温本构关系模型,具有较高的精度,其相关性系数达到0.9949,平均相对误差在3.23%,预测值偏差在10%以内的数据点达98.79%,该预测模型可作为Ti2AlNb基合金塑性成形过程有限元模拟的本构关系。     

2A97 铝锂合金超塑变形规律及其本构方程

目的研究2A97铝锂合金在390~470℃温度范围和3×10-4~3×10-2s-1应变速率范围内的超塑变形行为,揭示温度和应变速率对延伸率和峰值应力的影响规律,并建立超塑拉伸变形本构方程。方法采用单轴超塑拉伸试验方法进行研究。结果当变形应变速率低于3×10-3s-1时,2A97铝锂合金真应力-真应变曲线呈现稳态流变特征;当应变速率高于3×10-3s-1时,则呈现软化特征。在450℃,应变速率为1×10-3s-1条件下,达到最大延伸率600%。结论 2A97铝锂合金具有良好的超塑变形性能,其应变速率敏感性指数m平均值为0.35,超塑变性激活能Q值为145.87 k J/mol,远高于纯铝自扩散激活能65.6 k J/mol,表明此时铝锂合金变形机制仍以晶内滑移为主。     

热变形参数对Ti-6554合金流动软化行为的影响

目的 研究不同热变形参数下Ti-6554合金对应变速率敏感指数m、应变硬化指数n的影响。方法 采用Gleeble-3500热模拟实验机,在变形温度为810~930 ℃、应变速率为0.001~10 s⁻¹条件下,对Ti-6554合金进行等温恒应变速率热压缩实验。结果 应变速率敏感指数m随应变速率的升高和变形温度的降低而减小,当真应变为0.9时,m在变形温度为930 ℃、应变速率为0.001 s⁻¹的条件下达到峰值,为0.43。应变硬化指数n随应变速率的升高呈先升高后降低的趋势,在高温区间(870~930 ℃)的软化程度较大。结论 Ti-6554合金对变形温度、应变速率等热变形参数十分敏感,该合金的流动应力随着应变速率的升高和变形温度的降低而增大。分析微观组织可知,从应变速率敏感指数m角度考虑,该合金发生软化行为的最佳区域是变形温度为870~930 ℃、应变速率为0.001 s⁻¹。从应变硬化指数n的角度考虑,在变形温度为870~930 ℃条件下,Ti-6554合金在低应变速率区间(0.001~0.01 s⁻¹)的软化行为以动态再结晶(DRX)为主,在高应变速率区间(0.1~10 s⁻¹)的软化行为以动态回复(DRV)为主。     

2024 铝合金板材高温拉伸流变行为和微观组织演化研究

目的研究高温拉伸应力状态下,2024铝合金板材的流变行为和微观组织演化行为。方法对退火后的2024铝合金板进行等温拉伸试验,得到其应力应变曲线,并通过金相实验测定平均晶粒尺寸。建立了2024铝合金板材高温拉伸条件下的流变应力本构关系和晶粒尺寸模型。结果流变应力随温度的升高而减小。流变应力对应变速率有正的敏感性,随着温度的升高,应变速率敏感系数变大。变形后的平均晶粒尺寸随Zener-Hollomon参数升高而减小,随应变量的增加先减小后增大。结论所建立的流变应力本构关系和晶粒尺寸模型,有助于在实际生产过程中优化工艺参数,获得细小晶粒,提高零件性能。该研究为2024铝合金板材热成形工艺的开发和组织控制奠定了理论基础。     

Modeling high-temperature tensile deformation behavior of AZ31B magnesium alloy considering strain effects

The hot tensile deformation behaviors of AZ31B magnesium alloy are investigated over wide ranges of forming temperature and strain rate. Considering the effects of strain on material constants, a comprehensive constitutive model is applied to describe the relationships of flow stress, strain rate and forming temperature for AZ31B magnesium alloy. The results show that: (1) The effects of forming temperature and strain rate on the flow behaviors of AZ31B magnesium alloy are significant. The true stress–true strain curves exhibit a peak stress at small strains, after which the flow stress decreases until large strain, showing an obvious dynamic softening behavior. A considerable strain hardening stage with a uniform macroscopic deformation appears under the temperatures of 523 and 573 K. The strain hardening exponent (n) increases with the increase of strain rate or the decrease of forming temperature. There are not obvious strain-hardening stages when the forming temperature is relatively high, which indicates that the dynamic recrystallization (DRX) occurs under the high forming temperature, and the balance of strain hardening and DRX softening is easy to obtain. (2) The predicted stress–strain values by the established model well agree with experimental results, which confirm that the established constitutive equation can give an accurate and precise estimate of the flow stress for AZ31B magnesium alloy.     

Constitutive models for high-temperature flow behaviors of a Ni-based superalloy

The high-temperature deformation behaviors of a typical Ni-based superalloy are investigated by hot compression tests under the strain rate of 0.001–1 s⁻¹and temperature of 920–1040 °C. The experimental results show that the deformation behaviors of the studied superalloy are significantly affected by the deformation temperature, strain rate and strain. The flow stress increases with the increase of strain rate or the decrease of deformation temperature. The flow stress firstly increases with the strain to a peak value, showing the obvious work hardening behaviors. Then, the stress decreases with the further straining, indicating the dynamic flow softening behaviors. Considering the coupled effects of deformation temperature, strain rate and strain on the hot deformation behaviors of the studied Ni-based superalloy, the phenomenological constitutive models are established to describe the work hardening-dynamic recovery and dynamic softening behaviors. In the established models, the material constants are expressed as functions of the Zener–Hollomon parameter. The established constitutive models can give good correlations with the experimental results, which confirm an accurate and precise estimation of the flow stress for the studied Ni-based superalloy.     

基于动态再结晶37CrS4特种钢的流变应力预测模型

使用Gleeble-1500D热模拟实验机对37CrS4特种钢进行单道次热压缩实验,研究了37CrS4钢在950～1100℃和0.01 s-1～10 s-1条件下的热压缩流变应力行为.结果 表明:这种钢的真应力应变曲线出现了明显的高温塑性变形动态再结晶行为;热变形后的微观组织为典型的板条状马氏体,发生动态再结晶行为的临...     

Constitutive modeling for elevated temperature flow behavior of 42CrMo steel

In order to study the workability and establish the optimum hot formation processing parameters for 42CrMo steel, the compressive deformation behavior of 42CrMo steel was investigated at the temperatures from 850 to 1150 °C and strain rates from 0.01 to 50 s⁻¹ on Gleeble-1500 thermo-simulation machine. The results show that the true stress–true strain curves exhibit a peak stress at a small strain, after which the flow stresses decrease monotonically until high strains, showing a dynamic flow softening. The flow stress obtained from experiments consists of four different stage, i.e., Stage I (Work hardening stage), Stage II (Stable stage), Stage III (Softening stage) and Stage IV (Steady stage). The stress level decreases with increasing deformation temperature and decreasing strain rate, which can be represented by a Zener–Hollomon parameter in an exponent-type equation. A revised model describing the relationships of the flow stress, strain rate and temperature of 42CrMo steel at elevated temperatures is proposed by compensation of strain and strain rate. The stress–strain values of 42CrMo steel predicted by the proposed model well agree with experimental results, which confirmed that the revised deformation constitutive equation gives an accurate and precise estimate for the flow stress of 42CrMo steel.     

Constitutive modeling for flow stress of 55SiMnMo bainite steel at hot working conditions

The hot deformation behavior of 55SiMnMo bainite steel was studied through isothermal hot compression tests conducted using a Gleeble 3500 at 950–1100 °C, with strain rates of 0.01 s⁻¹ to 10 s⁻¹. A constitutive equation was established using the experimental results to describe the stress–strain relationship based on the dislocation density variation, considering the influence of the dynamic softening mechanism. When dynamic recovery is the only softening mechanism, a constitutive equation for flow stress was obtained from the variation of the dislocation density during hot deformation based on work hardening and dynamic recovery. When dynamic recrystallization occurs, the relationship between the dislocation density and the volume fraction of dynamic recrystallization was used to predict the flow stress after the peak. The reliability of the model was verified through a comparison between the predicted flow stress curves from the model and the experimental data.     

TiC(30vol%)/Cu-Al_2O_3复合材料热变形及动态再结晶

采用真空热压-内氧化烧结法制备了TiC(30vol%)/Cu-Al2O3复合材料,测试其基本性能,对其微观组织进行了观察分析。利用Gleeble-1500D热力模拟试验机,在变形温度450~850℃、应变速率0.001~1s-1、变形量50%的条件下,对TiC(30vol%)/Cu-Al2O3进行了热压缩变形试验。通过对流变应力进行分析和计算,构建了该复合材料的本构方程及动态再结晶临界应变模型。利用加工硬化率-应变曲线的拐点和对应偏导曲线最小值的判据,建立了动态再结晶临界应变与Zener-Hollomon参数之间的函数关系。结果表明:TiC(30vol%)/Cu-Al2O3复合材料的真应力-真应变曲线以动态再结晶软化机制为特征,峰值应力随变形温度的降低或应变速率的升高而增加;计算得出该复合材料的热变形激活能为211.384kJ/mol。     

Hot deformation characteristics and strain-dependent constitutive analysis of Inconel 600 superalloy

The hot deformation characteristics and constitutive analysis of Inconel (IN) 600 superalloy were investigated at elevated temperatures. Hot compressive tests were carried out in the temperature and strain rate ranging from 900 to 1150 °C and 1 × 10⁻³–10 s⁻¹, respectively. The flow behavior analyses and microstructural observations indicate that the softening mechanisms were related to dynamic recrystallization (DRX) and grain growth. DRX played a dominant role in the microstructural evolution at low temperatures (or high strain rates). DRX was the dominant softening effect at low strains on testing at high temperatures with low strain rates, whereas growth of the dynamically recrystallized grains was responsible for softening at high strains. The flow stress of IN 600 was fitted well by the constitutive equation of the hyperbolic sine function under the deformation conditions performed in this study. A constitutive equation as a function of strain was established through a simple extension of the hyperbolic sine constitutive relation.     

The flow behavior and constitutive equation in isothermal compression of FGH4096-GH4133B dual alloy

The electron beam welding of superalloy FGH4096 and GH4133B was conducted, and the cylindrical compression specimens were machined from the central part of the electron beam weldments. Isothermal compression tests were carried out on electron beam weldments FGH4096-GH4133B alloy at the temperatures of 1020–11140 °C (the nominal γ′-transus temperature is about 1080 °C) and the strain rates of 0.001–1.0 s⁻¹ with the height reduction of 50%. True stress–true strain curves are sensitive to the deformation temperature and strain rate, and the flow stress decreases with the increasing deformation temperature and the decreasing strain rate. The true stress–true strain curves can indicate the intrinsic relationship between the flow stress and the thermal-dynamic behavior. The apparent activation energy of deformation at the strain of 0.6 was calculated to be 550 kJ/mol, and the apparent activation energy has a great effect on the microstructure. The constitutive equation that describes the flow stress as a function of strain rate and deformation temperature was proposed for modeling the hot deformation process of FGH4096-GH4133B electron beam weldments. The constitutive equation at the strain of 0.6 was established using the hyperbolic law. The relationship between the strain and the values of parameters was studied, and the cubic functions were built. The constitutive equation during the whole process can be obtained based on the parameters under different strains. Comparing the experimental flow stress and the calculated flow stress, the constitutive equation obtained in this paper can be very good to predict the flow stress under the deformation temperature range of 1020–1140 °C and the strain rate range of 1.0–0.001 s⁻¹.