激光熔覆用钴基合金粉末的研究

对激光熔覆用WFLC－11钴基合金粉末的激光熔覆工艺和熔覆层性能进行了研究，获得了WFLC－11钴基合金粉末激光熔覆层厚度与最小比能量关系曲线和熔覆层的组织、高温硬度等性能数据，为选择和使用WFLC－11钴基合金粉末提供了依据。     

镁合金表面激光熔覆的研究现状

综述了AZ91镁合金表面Al基合金熔覆层、Cu基合金熔覆层、复合材料熔覆层、陶瓷熔覆层、非晶熔覆层等不同激光熔覆层的组织特征和耐磨耐蚀性的研究现状,比较了各类熔覆层的优缺点,并对镁合金激光熔覆今后的研究重点提出了几点建议。     

激光熔覆与等离子熔覆的镍基合金熔覆层组织和性能对比

在低碳钢等廉价金属表面熔覆一层高强高韧或高耐蚀性的熔覆层可极大提高材料的使用性能及利用率,但是不同熔覆方法对熔覆层组织和性能可能会造成不同影响。利用激光熔覆和等离子熔覆技术分别在Q345基材表面熔覆镍基合金粉末,获得具有一定厚度的熔覆层。通过对2种熔覆方法获得的熔覆层进行微观组织、冲击韧性以及耐磨损性能对比分析可知,激光熔覆镍基合金的熔覆层组织细密,冲击吸收功略低于等离子熔覆试样,但稳定性优于等离子熔覆层,耐磨损性能及表面硬度明显优于等离子熔覆层。     

扫描速度对45钢表面Ni基TiC激光熔覆层性能的影响

TiC陶瓷相韧性好、润湿性好、热化学稳定性高、耐磨性好,在激光熔覆温度下几乎没有脆性第二相生成,是理想的增强相,但目前对其加入Ni基合金粉末进行激光熔覆的研究较少。在TLF3200TM三维激光焊接机上以不同的扫描速度在45钢表面激光熔覆Ni基TiC复合粉末,采用扫描电镜观察熔覆层形貌,采用硬度计测试熔覆层的硬度,采用磨损试验测试其耐磨性,采用极化曲线分析其耐蚀性,研究了扫描速度对激光熔覆层显微组织和性能的影响。结果表明:不同扫描速度得到的激光熔覆层组织均由熔覆区、界面结合区和基底热影响区组成;当扫描速度为5 mm/s时,熔覆层组织中细小的TiC颗粒均匀、弥散分布于熔覆区和热影响区,熔覆层磨损率最低为0.12 mg/mm2,维钝电流密度最小,为0.008 mA/mm2,钝化区间最大,为0.65 V,耐磨及耐蚀性最佳。     

大型内燃机气阀圆锥面激光宽带熔覆钴基合金材料的研究

为了研究在耐热钢气阀圆锥面基体上激光宽带熔覆钴基合金，采用6kwCO2激光器进行激光熔覆，进行了工艺研究，用扫描电境（SEM）对激光熔覆层进行形貌观察。结果取得在气阀圆锥面基体上熔覆钴基舍金的最佳工艺参数，耐热钢基体与熔覆层能形成良好的冶金结合，在圆锥面上开圆角坡口的熔覆质量优于直角坡口。     

等离子钴基熔覆层的组织和性能研究

等离子熔覆技术是采用等离子束为热源,在金属表面获得优异的耐磨、耐蚀、耐冲击等性能的新型材料表面改性技术。本工作对低碳马氏体钢表面进行等离子熔覆处理,研究钴基合金熔覆层的显微硬度、金相组织。研究结果表明:钴基合金熔覆层的硬度达942HV。熔覆层组织主要由树枝晶和孢状晶粒组成,熔覆层与基体界面结合良好,无裂纹。     

机车气门密封面激光熔覆钴基合金的应用研究

通过在机车气门密封面上激光熔覆钴基合金粉末，分析了熔覆层的组织和硬度特性，探讨了激光熔覆修复机车气门的可行性。结果表明，激光熔覆层的合金元素分布均匀，凝固偏折小；熔覆层组织致密，与气门冶金结合良好，高温显微组织性能稳定性好，在700℃以下显微硬度没有显著降低，具有很好的耐热冲击性能，可满足机车进排气门的修复要求。     

Ni基WC合金3D激光熔覆工艺研究

以正交实验规则设计3D激光熔覆试验来研究不同工艺参数对熔覆指标的影响,实验表明,WC添加量对熔覆层硬度、抗磨性影响最大,激光功率影响稍次之,激光扫描速度影响次之,送粉速度影响最小。对熔覆层组织分析表明,随WC添加量增多,更易生成CrB、W2B等硬质相,未分解的WC颗粒也越多,粘结相Ni枝晶越细小。激光熔覆Ni基WC合金涂层表面摩擦磨损特性表现为以磨粒磨损为主,塑性变形、粘着磨损和磨粒磨损相结合。     

3D激光熔覆铁基合金温度场模拟及其试验

通过建立Q235钢表面激光熔覆低碳铁基合金温度场三维模型,分析了熔覆层顶、底的温度随时间变化的曲线,由此对熔覆层成形质量进行预测。结合实验论证得到激光功率为2000W、扫描速度为10mm/s时,熔覆层顶、底点最高温度分别为2300℃和1500℃,有利于得到表面形貌较好、与基体良好冶金结合的熔覆层,熔覆层组织由等轴晶和垂直于界面的树枝晶构成,过渡区为富Cr、Ni的板条状马氏体;熔覆区组织均匀致密,过渡区中基体和熔覆材料产生了良好冶金结合且稀释率低,热影响区铁素体与珠光体得到了细化。     

粘接试验方法测定激光熔覆层与基体结合强度

关于激光熔覆层与基体结合强度的检测还没有相关标准,为给激光熔覆层与基体结合强度检测标准的建立提供参考,采用粘接试验的方法,将激光熔覆层视为复材,对304不锈钢棒材和20钢棒材激光熔覆钴基合金STL粉末后的熔覆层与基体结合强度进行了检测。结果表明:该方法的试样制备和试验操作简单易行,对试验设备的要求不高,测定的激光熔覆层与基体结合强度数值的相对标准偏差在5%以内。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from