冰模板法制备取向氮化硼@聚多巴胺/纳米银导热网络及其硅橡胶复合导热垫片

制备具有垂直方向高导热、低压缩应力松弛的柔性导热复合材料,并将其应用于大功率电子元器件的导热垫片,对大幅度提升电子器件垂直散热能力具有重要的意义。本文基于冰模板法设计了自下而上垂直定向排列的导热网络来实现高热导率。首先,利用多巴胺改性的羟基化氮化硼纳米片并负载银纳米颗粒(BNNS@PDA/Ag)作为杂化导热填料,再与纤维素纳米纤维(Cellulose nanofiber,CNF)进行复合,采用半导体制冷台为冷源进行定向冷冻,对冷冻后的样品进行冷冻干燥形成气凝胶,再真空浇筑聚二甲基硅氧烷(Polydimethylsiloxane,PDMS)后制得具有高导热和低应力松弛的BNNS@PDA/Ag-PDMS导热垫片。结果表明,理论松弛时间损失随着银纳米颗粒(Ag NPs)含量的提升先减小后增大,气凝胶质量分数达到19.7wt%时,在20%的形变下,3wt%Ag NPs含量对应的导热垫片的理论松弛时间达到32 204 s,导热垫片的垂直方向热导率达到3.23 W/(m·K)。利用冰模板法可以制备具有高度取向的垂直填料导热网络,在导热垫片领域具有很好的应用前景。     

定向导热的石墨烯气凝胶相变复合材料的研究

有机相变材料具有较高的储热性能,但是较低的热导率限制了它的应用领域。鉴于此,本工作采用液氮冷冻法制备了石墨烯气凝胶,通过改变氧化石墨浓度来调整其结构,并用真空浸渍法将气凝胶与石蜡制备成相变复合材料,最后以实验测试与数值模拟相结合的方式研究气凝胶结构对相变复合材料热学性能的影响。结果表明：液氮冷冻法制备的气凝胶具有定向导热骨架,其优异的导热性能大幅提升了相变复合材料的热导率。同时,气凝胶以提升材料中石蜡相变焓的方式提升了材料的储热性能。该发现有望解决导热填料不能同时提升材料的导热性能和储热性能的问题,为热能工程的发展提供帮助。     

纤维素纳米纤丝复合气凝胶的制备与性能研究

以高长径比的纤维素纳米纤丝(CNF)与片层结构的氧化石墨(GO)为原料，采用乙二胺还原和液氮梯度冷冻干燥制备纤维素纳米纤丝/石墨烯(CNF/rGO)复合气凝胶，并通过红外光谱、X射线衍射、X射线光电子能谱、扫描电镜、比表面积(BET)、电化学测试仪等对其进行性能表征。结果表明，所制备的CNF/rGO复合气凝胶具有完整的三维网络结构，当CNF和GO质量比为10∶1时，复合气凝胶的平均孔径为13nm,比表面积为110.2m²/g,在电流密度为1A/g下获得的质量比电容约为156F/g。     

纳米纤维素/聚酰亚胺气凝胶制备与性能研究

纳米纤维素气凝胶由于其良好的生物相容性、可再生性、可降解性以及较高的孔隙率等优异性能,在建筑隔热领域有着十分广阔的应用前景。为了更好地提升纳米纤维素气凝胶的保温隔热性能和力学性能,引入聚酰亚胺,制备了一种具有规则孔隙结构的复合纳米纤维素气凝胶。通过SEM、导热系数测试仪、红外成像仪等测试方法对其结构和性能进行表征。结果表明,当CNF∶PI的质量比为1∶1时,复合气凝胶的结构规则,孔径较小,在15～18μm左右,密度低至0.0413 g/cm³,压缩强度可达0.33 MPa,导热系数低至0.03159 W/(m·K),具有最优异的综合性能。     

Nafion改性多级孔径石墨烯气凝胶制备与性能研究（英文）

通过溶胶–凝胶法制备了孔径小于1μm的多级孔径新型石墨烯气凝胶。制备过程中,首先通过Nafion对氧化石墨烯(GO)表面进行化学修饰,并利用乙二胺还原制备石墨烯水凝胶,最终通过冷冻干燥形成石墨烯气凝胶。实验发现Nafion可以有效减少制备过程中氧化石墨烯的团聚,使石墨烯气凝胶形成多级孔径形貌。所得石墨烯气凝胶的孔径可控制在1μm以内,远小于传统石墨烯气凝胶材料的孔径(20~100μm)。这种具有独特结构的石墨烯气凝胶表现出优异的性能,例如高比表面积,高孔隙率,其电化学电容性能相对传统气凝胶提高了约40%。     

聚酰亚胺纤维增强SiO2气凝胶的制备及表征

以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为硅源,聚酰亚胺(PI)纤维为增强相,采用溶胶-凝胶和超临界干燥工艺制备出PI纤维增强SiO_2气凝胶复合材料,利用傅里叶红外光谱分析仪、N2吸附脱附仪、场发射扫描电子显微镜、万能试验机、热重分析仪及导热系数测量仪表征了气凝胶化学组成、微观结构、力学及热学性能。制备的气凝胶具有低密度、高表面积和较好的隔热性能、热稳定性及压缩性能。PI纤维含量为3%(质量分数,下同)时气凝胶密度为0. 13 g/cm3,比表面积高达997 m2/g,平均孔径为18. 2 nm。常温下导热系数为0. 029 1 W/(m·K),室温到500℃范围内质量损失5%,抗压强度为0. 21 MPa。气凝胶轻质、高比表面积及较好的热学与力学性能使其在舰船的隔热保温领域具有广阔的应用前景。     

MXene/硅橡胶复合材料的制备及导热性能

随着5G时代的来临,各类电子元器件发热功率明显增大。因此,电子元器件及设备的散热问题亟待解决,使得对高导热材料的需求日益迫切。为此,利用化学刻蚀法制备二维MXene材料(Ti3C2Tx),采用标准溶液共混法,将制备得到的MXene与硅橡胶复合,得到MXene/硅橡胶复合材料,研究了MXene添加量对MXene/硅橡胶导热性能的影响。使用SEM和XRD对MXene进行结构表征,并测试纯硅橡胶与MXene/硅橡胶复合材料的力学性能、导热导电性能和热稳定性等。结果表明：化学刻蚀法成功制备了呈经典“手风琴”层状结构的MXene,当MXene添加量为2.00wt%时,MXene/硅橡胶复合材料的热导率最高可达1.32 W/(m·K),是纯硅橡胶的4.55倍,此时,体积电阻率降低4个数量级,力学性能和热稳定性也得到了显著提高。     

耐高温二氧化硅气凝胶复合材料制备及其导热研究

以二氧化硅溶胶为前驱体,利用树脂转移模塑成型(Resin transfer molding,RTM)工艺制备了二氧化硅气凝胶复合材料.对制备的气凝胶复合材料进行了结构表征;对气凝胶复合材料的隔热性能和耐高温性能进行了试验考核,结果显示,20 mm厚材料经过900℃、1000 s的石英灯考核后背温为186℃,材料经过1100℃、1000 s的马弗炉试验后线收缩率为1.2％,该气凝胶复合材料具有优良的隔热性能和耐高温性能.研究了温度对气凝胶复合材料导热的影响,结果表明,气凝胶复合材料的导热系数随温度的升高逐渐增大,900℃导热系数为室温的5倍.研究了气体环境对气凝胶复合材料导热的影响,发现氮气环境下气凝胶复合材料的导热系数随温度的变化与空气环境基本相同.     

温和条件可控制备三维还原氧化石墨烯凝胶及其性能

为了实现石墨烯类三维气凝胶在温和环境条件下的大面积可控制备和高性能化,本文应用水合肼作为还原剂,通过低温预冷冻结合室温自然干燥,实现了室温还原自组装法可控制备直径30 cm的大面积三维还原氧化石墨烯(3D-RGO)气凝胶。该方法制备条件温和,不需任何加热条件和特殊冷冻干燥设备。通过对气凝胶制备过程中还原时间、预冷冻时间、预冷冻温度和反应容器进行控制,可以有效调节气凝胶的形状、表面浸润性、体积收缩率等,实现3D-RGO气凝胶的可控制备。该气凝胶不会出现明显的体积收缩和结构破裂,为具有约500μm的稳定孔径和3.8 mg/cm³的低密度的蜂窝状结构,并能够从90%的压缩应变下快速地恢复到初始状态,其干燥过程体积收缩率<5%;同时该石墨烯气凝胶展现良好稳定的导电性,在压缩应变从0%增加到90%时,其导电率从17.3 S/m增加至115.2 S/m。这种方法经济高效且易于制备出大面积的3D-RGO。     

碳纤维增强SiO2气凝胶复合材料的制备及保温性能研究

以正硅酸乙酯（TEOS）为前驱体,无水乙醇和去离子水为溶剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了SiO₂气凝胶,再以不同含量(0,1%,3%和5%（质量分数）)短切碳纤维为增强材料,在胶凝完成后,经过表面改性,采用常压干燥工艺,制备了碳纤维增强SiO₂气凝胶复合材料。采用XRD、SEM、FT-IR和孔径测试等方法对制备所得复合材料的微观结构、形貌、孔径分布和导热性能进行了测试分析。结果表明,碳纤维增强SiO₂气凝胶复合材料为典型的非晶态结构,属于毛细凝聚特征的介孔材料,碳纤维的掺杂并没有改变SiO₂气凝胶的晶态结构;未掺杂碳纤维的SiO₂气凝胶的颗粒相互堆搭,掺入碳纤维的SiO₂气凝胶颗粒的孔隙明显减小,孔洞结构较为完整,碳纤维的掺入填充了大尺寸孔隙,有助于气凝胶孔径分布区间的收窄,当碳纤维的含量为3%（质量分数）时,颗粒分布最佳;随着碳纤维含量的增加,复合材料的导热系数呈现出先降低后升高的趋势,当碳纤维的含量为3%（质量分数）时,样品的导热系数最低为0.019 W/（...     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.     

新闻(英文)

正China and Greece Sign the Standardization Cooperation Agreement Witnessed by Chinese Premier Li Keqiang and Greek Prime Minister Antonis Samaras,AQSIQ Minister Zhi Shuping and ELOT Chairman and Executive Director Angelos Tolkas signed the SAC-ELOT Standardization Cooperation Agreement.The Agreement is one of the critical cooperation documents signed during Li Keqiang’s visit in Greece,encouraging China and Greece to