小孔等离子弧焊接热场瞬时演变过程的数值分析

根据小孔等离子弧焊接的工艺特点,考虑等离子弧对熔池的“挖掘”作用,提出了一种新的焊接热源模型（TPAW）,以描述和反映等离子弧作用下“倒喇叭”状焊缝横断面的特点以及等离子弧热流沿工件厚度方向的分布．在此基础上,对小孔等离子弧焊接热场进行了有限元计算,分析了引弧后熔池及周围温度场的瞬时演变过程．计算出的小孔等离子弧焊缝形状与实验结果基本吻合,达到准稳态的时间与实验测试值一致．     

K-PAW准稳态过程小孔与熔池动态行为的数值模拟

基于流体动力学原理,同时考虑电弧压力、表面张力、电磁收缩力、浮力和重力等因素影响,建立了随小孔深度增加热力作用二次变化的三维瞬态计算模型.利用上部双椭球体下部锥体的组合式体积热源描述等离子电弧对焊接工件的热作用,提出了可以维持小孔稳定的"孔内固体搅动式"计算方法.为了提高计算效率,建立了相对焊缝纵截面对称的计算区域;计算过程利用流体体积函数(VOF)法追踪小孔边界,基于FLUENT软件对穿孔型等离子弧准稳态焊接过程进行了数值模拟,得到了准稳态焊接过程中小孔、熔池及流场的动态变化行为,分析了穿孔型等离子弧焊接(K-PAW)准稳态过程的稳定性,探讨了影响小孔稳定的工艺因素,最后进行了计算模型的验证实验.结果表明,在设定的焊接工艺参数下,3.0 s之后焊接过程达到准稳态,准稳态焊接过程中小孔前壁熔池较薄,平均厚度为0.6 mm,且小孔前壁有一定倾斜现象,使得背面小孔中心相对焊接中心向后偏移,焊接不同时刻偏移量在0.46~0.97 mm之间波动.在准稳态焊接过程中熔池内存在稳定的逆时针涡流,计算所得的背面小孔宽度与实验结果吻合良好.     

三维静态锥体热源穿孔等离子弧焊接熔池的数值模拟

采用三维静态锥体热源对穿孔等离子弧焊接过程进行数值模拟.研究了三维锥体热源作用下焊接熔池流体流场、熔池内金属的流动方式以及熔池流体运动速度的变化.并与高斯热源条件下的模拟结果做比较.最后进行PAW焊接工艺试验,通过测量尾焰信号及焊缝尺寸等判断焊接熔池特征,将理论计算结果与试验测量值进行比较.     

基于数学模型的等离子弧焊接动态热源分析

通过建立等离子弧焊接熔池的三维数学模型,并以小孔动态演变过程与热源模型之间的相互耦合作用为基础,研究熔池内部的传热和流动过程,并由此建立出热源的动态模型。小孔形状尺寸可以通过体积流函数法得到,同时可建立小孔形状与热源模型之间的耦合关系。得到等离子弧焊接的温度场、流场和小孔的动态演化规律后,实验验证了焊接横断面熔池形状尺寸和小孔的穿孔形状尺寸的理论结果。     

铝合金LB-VPPA复合焊接残余应力场预测

针对双高能束激光-变极性等离子弧(LB-VPPA)复合焊接热源,基于SYSWELD软件热源模型二次开发功能,在理论分析LB-VPPA复合焊接热源电弧形态的基础上,建立了“双椭球体+三维锥体+圆柱体”热源模型,通过正、反极性不同特性热源模型的循环加载,准确计算出了LB-VPPA复合焊接温度场. 根据热弹塑性理论对相应节点应力的瞬时演变及焊后残余应力分布进行了数值计算,并通过实际焊接工艺试验获得的焊缝截面及残余应力的实际测量,验证了数值计算的准确性. 通过分析对比10 mm厚5A03铝合金VPPA焊和LB-VPPA复合焊接残余应力场发现,LB-VPPA复合焊由于能量更加集中,高温区更为密集,虽然最大纵向残余应力相对较大,但呈最大残余拉应力的区域面积较VPPA焊小. 研究结果对铝合金LB-VPPA复合焊接工艺的研究及实际应用具有一定的指导意义.     

穿孔等离子弧焊接熔池流动和传热过程的数值模拟

考虑熔池与小孔的耦合作用,建立了穿孔等离子弧焊接三维瞬态熔池流体流动和传热过程的数学模型.采用流体体积函数法追踪小孔的形状与尺寸,利用焓-孔隙度法处理凝固熔化过程中的相变潜热以及动量损耗问题.针对穿孔等离子弧焊接的工艺特点,建立了随小孔深度动态调整的组合式体积热源模式.对8 mm板厚的不锈钢工件进行了穿孔焊接工艺实验和数值模拟,获得了等离子弧焊接过程中熔池出现、小孔形成、流场与温度场演变、工件熔透与穿孔等动态过程的基础数据,展示了小孔穿孔前后熔池流体流动规律.工件背面小孔形状尺寸以及焊缝横断面的数值模拟结果与实验测试结果基本吻合.     

焊接热过程和冶金过程

小孔等离子弧焊接热场的有限元分析；混流式水轮机转轮焊接过程数值模拟的特殊性分析；全焊接球阀生产中平板对焊试验温度场的计算；3mm LY12与10mm LF2搅拌摩擦焊温度场模拟分析比较；热功率正态分布时衰面热源的集中程度评价[俄]。     

激光-等离子弧复合焊温度场的数值模拟

利用峰值热流随深度衰减的高斯体热源与高斯面热源相结合的方法,建立了激光等离子弧复合焊三维运动热源模型,重点考虑了由热源间距引起的激光束与等离子弧之间相互作用对热源模型的影响.基于所建立的热源模型对2 mm厚1420铝锂合金板的激光等离子弧复合焊接温度场进行了有限元分析,得到了不同热源间距条件下焊接区域的温度场分布.结果表明,仿真结果与试验结果相符合,证明了该热源模型是反映了客观实际的.此工作对于激光电弧复合焊接传热及工艺研究具有指导意义.     

铝合金变极性等离子弧焊应力场数值分析

以传热学及热弹塑性有限元分析法为理论基础,利用ANSYS有限元分析软件,对铝合金变极性等离子弧焊接温度场、应力场进行数值模拟. 建立 "高斯+双椭球"热源模型,通过正反极性不同尺度热源模型的循环加载,实现对焊接温度场及其应力场较准确的计算;焊后在焊缝的纵、横方向选取不同的点进行残余应力实际测量. 结果表明,不同路径上焊接残余应力值其分布规律与理论基本相同;实际测量结果同计算结果进行比较,二者数值相差较小,说明数值分析的计算结果具有一定的理论指导意义.     

穿孔等离子弧焊接热场和流场的数值模拟

考虑熔池和小孔的耦合作用,建立了穿孔等离子弧焊接热过程的三维瞬态模型.采用焓孔隙度法处理了凝固熔化过程中相变潜热以及动量损耗问题.基于流体体积函数法（VOF）对小孔界面实施追踪.对等离子弧焊从小孔形成到穿孔的瞬态演变行为、熔池流场的动态变化过程进行了数值模拟.开展了穿孔等离子弧焊接试验,对数值模拟结果进行了试验验证.结...     

基于SYSWELD的穿孔等离子弧焊接温度场有限元分析

K－PAW焊接时形成具有“倒喇叭”状的焊缝．根据K－PAW的焊缝形状特点,通过比较多种热源作用模式,得到了适合于K—PAW焊接的组合式体积热源作用模式,即,沿板厚方向,工件的上部采用双椭球体热源,下部为中心轴热流峰值线性递增的圆柱体热源．将“双椭球体＋峰值递增圆柱体”组合式热源应用于SYSWELD软件与K—PAW焊接热...     

Numerical analysis of keyhole establishment time in keyhole plasma arc welding

Numerical analysis of keyhole shape and keyhole establishment time is of great significance for selection and optimization of the process parameters in keyhole plasma arc welding. In this paper, a three-dimensional transient model is developed to analyze the evolutions of keyhole shape and keyhole establishment time in continuous current plasma arc welding process. Firstly, a combined volumetric heat source model is used to simulate the transient variation of temperature field. And then the surfaced formation equation is adopted to calculate dynamic features of the keyhole shape and keyhole establishment time inside weld pool, in which the force action on weld pool surface is considered. Experiment is conducted to validate the numerical simulation results. The predicted keyhole size and keyhole establishment time are in agreement with the experimental measurement. And the calculated fusion zone geometry is consistent with the measured one.     

铝合金变极性等离子弧穿孔横焊焊缝成形规律分析

以穿孔等离子弧焊接过程中形成的穿孔熔池为研究对象,根据熔池热源形态的特点,采用数值模拟与试验相结合的手段研究横焊位置下的铝合金变极性等离子弧焊缝成形.由于焊接速度波动和工件厚度的影响,体热源作用下的穿孔熔池背面存在最高温度点和最大熔宽截面相背离的现象;因此通过对穿孔熔池背面进行分区和定义,提出温宽偏离度概念,即熔池背面最高温度点和最大熔宽截面的偏离程度,用以描述穿孔熔池状态及焊缝成形;通过调节焊枪角度来改变焊接过程中的温宽偏离度,在其它参数不变的情况下减轻重力在焊接过程中对焊缝成形的影响,实现变极性等离子弧穿孔焊接在横焊位置上的良好成形.     

Finite element analysis of keyhole plasma arc welding based on an adaptive heat source mode

An adaptive heat source mode is proposed to account for the keyhole effect and the characteristics of volumetric distribution along the direction of the workpiece thickness. Finite element analysis of the temperature field in keyhole plasma arc welding is conducted and the weld geometry is obtained. The predicted results are in agreement with the measured ones.     

Modeling the keyhole shape and dimension in plasma arc welding

It is of great significance to model the keyhole shape and dimensions to optimize the plasma arc welding process parameters. In this study, through employing a combined volumetric heat source mode, the weld pool in keyhole plasma arc welding is determined firstly, and then the dynamic force-balance condition on the interface between the plasma jet and the molten metal is dealt with in describing the keyhole formation inside the weld pool. The effects of welding current on the shape and size of keyhole are numerically analyzed. The sharp transformation from a partial keyhole to a full-penetration keyhole is quantitatively demonstrated.     

Analysis of keyhole geometry in plasma arc welding

The key problem for numerical simulation of plasma arc welding （PAW） process is to develop a suitable and adaptive volumetric heat source mode which reflects the physical characteristics of keyhole PAW. To this end, the keyhole geometry under different PAW process conditions must be predicted. In this paper, a mathematical model for determining the keyhole shape is developed with considering the mass and momentum conservation of the in-keyhole plasma jet as well as the pressure equilibrium at the plasma jet/liquid metal boundary. A suitable heat source model related to the keyhole shape is applied to the calculation of PAW weld dimensions. The predicted results are in good agreement with the experimental ones.     

小孔型等离子弧焊接条形气孔形成机理

等离子弧焊接中厚钢板时,常存在焊接工艺窗口窄问题. 在中厚不锈钢板小孔型等离子弧焊(keyhole plasma arc welding,K-PAW )中发现,离子气体流量较弱而使匙孔未打开,形成盲孔时,会在焊缝内产生平行于焊接方向的长条形气孔,形成条形气孔时,等离子弧形态发生明显变化,电弧面积增加且波动更为剧烈,出现向后的反射. 使用高速摄影装置研究了条形气孔的形成过程.结果表明,中厚板等离子弧焊中,条形气孔是在一定的焊接速度和较低的电弧能量下,熔池前壁倾角较大,等离子弧受熔池前壁反射作用冲击熔池后壁,使熔池后壁发生弯曲,并在一定的凝固条件下保留,产生平行长气孔. 对条形气孔的研究有助于为匙孔等离子弧焊接中匙孔形成条件及机制提供新认识.     

Measurement method of the arc welding current and voltage

Plasma arc welding can realize high-speed welding, deeper weld penetration and, furthermore, smaller thermal distortion. For these reasons, plasma arc welding is employed for keyhole welding. However, it has been pointed out that it is difficult to obtain the stability of the welding. In this study, we have developed a unified plasma arc welding model for analysing the welding mechanism and influence of the torch design and operation conditions of the arc on the welding process. In this paper, the keyhole welding of a thick aluminium plate employing the plasma arc was numerically analyzed for clarifying the mechanism determining the keyhole size which is important for improving the stability of the process. As a result, it was found that the keyhole size is determined mainly by a force balance between the surface tension of a weld pool and metal vapour pressure.