脉冲电晕等离子体烟气脱硫工业试验研究

利用建造在四川绵阳科学城热电厂的最大烟气处理量为20000m^3/h的脉 冲电晕等离子体烟气脱硫工业中试验装置，研究了影响脱硫效率的因素，获得了最佳工艺参数。研究结果表明，当烟气温度在65－70℃，烟气水分含量约10％，氨硫化学剂量比为1：1，烟气停留时间大于6s、能耗 低于5Wh/Nm^3等条件下，脱硫率达85％以上。     

双塔双循环工艺在脱硫系统改造中的应用

山西某厂现有4台焦化炉及配套的脱硫系统,脱硫系统中1~#与2~#脱硫塔互为备用,3~#与4~#脱硫塔互为备用。因为生产条件变化,烟气量及烟气中的SO₂浓度增加,已有的脱硫系统不能满足生产变化后的烟气脱硫需求,为了达到环保超低排放的要求,需要对脱硫系统进行升级改造。本方案不对原脱硫系统进行改造,而在现有的脱硫塔进口串联1个1级脱硫塔,采用双塔双循环工艺进行脱硫,在连接烟道设置的烟道脱水装置大部分拦截来自1级脱硫塔的被烟气夹带的浆液,再通过底部排放口排入1级脱硫塔持液段。经实践证明,双塔双循环工艺在脱硫系统改造中的运用取得了理想的效果,可供燃中、高硫煤机组超低排放改造借鉴。     

湿法烟气脱硫塔能效特性研究

针对湿法烟气脱硫能效规律欠缺问题,以150 MW超低排放机组湿法脱硫塔为研究对象,基于脱硫设备的主要能耗和脱硫效率构建了脱硫能效指标——脱硫能效值,并采用数值模拟和理论分析相结合的方法,探究了液气比、入口烟气量、烟气流速、入口SO₂质量浓度、烟气温度等参数以及不同喷淋层组合方式对脱硫能效特性的影响规律。结果表明：脱硫能效值为0.22~0.96 kg/（kW·h）,并随入口SO₂质量浓度增加呈正比例变化,随喷淋层组合数、液气比和入口烟气温度增加呈反比例变化,随入口烟气量和塔内烟气流速增加先上升后下降。研究结果可为脱硫技术评价和脱硫系统节能运行提供参考。     

贝壳湿法烟气脱硫可行性研究

长期作为垃圾抛弃的贝壳的化学成分与石灰石相似,其氧化钙的质量分数在54%以上,且含有利于提高脱硫效率的碱性氧化物,因此,可以考虑将贝壳用作湿法烟气脱硫的脱硫剂。基于传统的烟气脱硫方法石灰/石灰石法,钠碱法等方面考虑,分别对贝壳微粒直接进行烟气脱硫与贝壳煅烧后进行烟气脱硫进行了可行性研究分析。以贝壳作脱硫剂可同时解决抛弃的贝壳造成的环境污染问题,达到以废治污的目的。由于贝壳中钠等化合物的存在,利用贝壳进行烟气脱硫不但具有石灰/石灰石烟气脱硫法的低成本性,而且钠等化合物在浆液中的不断累积对脱硫过程还具有强化的作用,并有利于抑制设备结垢。     

燃煤电厂超低排放湿法脱硫治霾影响分析

根据燃煤电厂湿法脱硫出口污染物排放浓度及其排放绩效,分析了超低排放湿法脱硫的治霾效果,阐明了湿法脱硫有利于减少SO₂、颗粒物、SO₃的排放量,这些污染物都是形成雾霾的前体物,表明超低排放湿法脱硫对雾霾治理有积极的贡献。同时,烟气超低排放具有协同治理有色烟羽的能力,对于有色烟羽治理应采取因地制宜的策略。煤电行业广泛开展烟气超低排放改造后,大气污染物排放量持续减少,空气环境质量逐年改善,湿法脱硫、烟气超低排放功不可没。     

膜吸收法烟气同时脱硫脱硝试验研究

采用自行研制的新型错流式气-液膜接触器,以NaClO2海水溶液为吸收液,分别以NaHCO3/Ca(OH)2/Ca(ClO)2为添加剂,对电厂燃煤烟气开展膜吸收法烟气同时脱硫脱硝现场试验研究.考察了吸收液流量、浓度、活化时间、初始pH以及烟气流量、SO2浓度等因素对脱硫脱硝效果的影响.试验表明:增大吸收液流量和浓度,NOx和SO2脱除率升高;延长吸收液活化时间,增大烟气流量,脱硫脱硝率略有降低;吸收液初始pH升高,脱硫率几乎不变,而脱硝率却略有降低;随着SO2浓度增大,脱硝率出现极值点;另外,添加剂NaHCO3/Ca(OH)2/Ca(ClO)2对NaClO2氧化吸收NOx和SO2均有增强作用.采用膜气体吸收技术,可实现烟气同时脱硫脱硝,具有一定应用潜力.     

烟气脱硫烟道的优化设计

针对国内火电机组的实际情况,约95％的火电厂采用湿法烟气脱硫技术（FGD）,采用干法烟气脱硫技术的火电机组比较少,在湿法烟气脱硫技术中,基本上都采用石灰石-石膏法脱硫技术,原因是该技术成熟稳定,应用业绩最多且国内石灰石矿产量丰富,作为吸收剂的成本非常低。本文对烟道设计进行了探讨。     

添加铁渣对钠基脱硫剂性能影响的研究

利用Na_2CO_3和铁渣制备出复合脱硫剂进行湿法烟气脱硫的实验研究。采用正交分析法探讨了脱硫反应的温度、脱硫时磁力转子的搅拌速度、Na_2CO_3与铁渣的混合比例以及铁渣粒径四因素对脱硫效率的影响程度。结果表明:复合脱硫剂的最佳反应组合为脱硫反应温度80℃、脱硫反应时磁力转子搅拌速度200r/min、Na_2CO_3∶铁渣=5∶1、铁渣粒径160目。     

湿式烟气脱硫效率测试技术

湿式烟气脱硫工艺是燃煤锅炉及炉窑烟气脱硫应用广泛的工艺,通常测试烟气脱硫效率需要测试烟道截面积、烟气动压、烟气静压、烟气流速、烟气湿度、烟气温度、现场大气压力、现场环境温度、二氧化硫质量浓度等技术参数。该测试方法影响因素多,过程繁琐且精度较差。研究表明,应用钙法湿式工艺脱硫时,脱硫塔前后烟气中一氧化碳的量是不变的。根据此特点,将技术规范规定的烟气脱硫效率公式进行数学变换,推导出通过测试脱硫塔前后烟气中的二氧化硫与一氧化碳的质量浓度计算脱硫效率的公式,从而减少了技术规范规定方法的多参数测试引起的误差,提高了脱硫效率测试结果的准确性,同时,也提高了测试速度。     

乌海热电厂脱硫系统提效改造

由于国家火电厂烟尘排放标准提高及机组燃用煤种变化目前乌海热电厂2×200MW机组配套烟气脱硫系统无法满足《火电厂大气污染物排放标》（GB13223—2011）规定排放求,2014年进行脱硫系统提效改造,本次改造煤种硫分按脱硫系统入口1．8％设计（脱硫装置入口SO2浓度按6000mg／m^2）,改造完成投运后,脱硫系统出SO2排放浓度小于200mg／m^3。     

Effect of magnetic field treated water on mortar and concrete containing fly ash

This research investigates the workability and compressive strength of mortar and concrete, which were mixed with magnetic field treated water (MFTW) and contained fly ash. MFTW was obtained by passing tap water through a magnetic field. Test variables included the magnetic strength of water, fly ash content in place of cement, water-to-cementitious material ratio (W/CM) and curing age.Results show that the compressive strength of mortar samples mixed with MFTW is higher than those prepared with tap water. The best compressive strength increase of concrete is achieved when the magnetic strength of treated water is of 0.8 and 1.2 T. The compressive strength increase of concrete prepared with MFTW is more significant at early age.     

早龄期复合胶凝材料的裂纹扩展阻力分析

研究了不同组成的复合胶凝材料硬化浆体(硅酸盐水泥,硅酸盐水泥 粉煤灰,硅酸盐水泥 矿渣,硅酸盐水泥 硅灰,硅酸盐水泥 硅灰 粉煤灰)早龄期时裂纹扩展阻力的发展,探讨了粉煤灰掺量对裂纹扩展阻力的影响.结果表明:早龄期时,在相同水胶比条件下,掺加硅灰使胶凝材料体系裂纹扩展阻力明显降低,在低水胶比条件下,掺加一定量的粉煤灰能够明显增加体系的裂纹扩展阻力,掺加20%的粉煤灰能使胶凝材料具有较高的裂纹扩展阻力.     

水化龄期及光源类型对TiO2水泥砂浆降解罗丹明B性能的影响研究

采用干混法制备了掺TiO₂水泥砂浆,测试了砂浆力学性能,研究了TiO₂掺量、水化龄期、光源类型及光强等因素对罗丹明B降解性能的影响。结果表明,随TiO₂掺量增加,砂浆对罗丹明B的降解率增加,而砂浆强度则呈先增加后降低规律。在相同TiO₂掺量条件下,砂浆对罗丹明B的降解率随水化龄期延长而降低。与水化3 d试件相比,水化28、180 d掺5%TiO₂水泥砂浆对罗丹明B的降解率分别降低7.84%、11.21%。砂浆对罗丹明B的总降解率随光源类型、光强的变化不明显,但其降解速率随紫外线光强的增大而显著提高。在波长(λ=365 nm)、光射时间(60 min)均相同的条件下,与20 W紫外灯相比,200 W紫外灯照射下的掺5%TiO₂水泥砂浆对罗丹明B的降解率提高约80%。与太阳光相比,200 W紫外灯照射60 min砂浆对罗丹明B的降解率为85.54%,仅降低约1.46%。     

混凝土设计参数对氯盐环境下钢筋锈蚀的影响研究

研究了混凝土设计参数包括水胶比、胶凝材料组成、保护层厚度和混凝土氯离子含量等对氯盐环境下混凝土中钢筋锈蚀的影响。通过模拟氯盐环境下混凝土中钢筋所处的锈蚀环境,并以一定的方法加速混凝土中钢筋的锈蚀,采用电化学测试手段(钢筋腐蚀电位和钢筋腐蚀电流密度)来评价各设计参数对钢筋锈蚀的影响。结果表明,水胶比越小、保护层厚度越大、混凝土氯离子含量越小、使用矿物掺合料能有效延缓钢筋开始锈蚀时间,并在不同程度上减小钢筋的锈蚀速率。试件在试验一段时间后被破损,将钢筋周围砂浆制样并进行SEM扫描电镜元素分析试验,进一步验证电化学测试方法的准确性及钢筋的锈蚀程度。     

Effect of ground granulate blast-furnace slag on corrosion performance of steel embedded in concrete

Corrosion of steel in concrete is one of the major causes of premature deterioration of reinforced concrete structures, leading to structural failure. To prevent the failure of concrete structures because of corrosion, impermeable and high performance concretes should be produced various mineral admixtures. In this study, plain and reinforced concrete members are produced with mineral admixtures replacing cement. Ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS) has replaced cement as mineral admixture at the ratios of 0%, 25% and 50%. The related tests have been conducted at the ages of 28 and 90, after exposing these produced plain and reinforced concrete members to two different curing conditions. The unit weight, ultrasonic pulse velocity, splitting tensile and compressive strength tests are conducted on plain concrete members. Half-cell potential and accelerated corrosion tests are also conducted on reinforced concrete members. According to the test results, it is concluded that the curing age and type are important and corrosion resistant concrete can be produced by using GGBFS mineral admixture at the ratio of 25%.     

Influence of aggregate fraction in the mix on the reliability of the rapid chloride permeability test

The present paper elucidates the influence of aggregate content of the mix on the reliability of rapid chloride permeability test (RCPT) results. For this purpose, test specimens prepared with mixes varying in total aggregate content were subjected to soaking test, RCPT and electrical resistivity measurements, and the results from these tests were compared and conclusions drawn. The RCPT results indicated the plain cement concrete to be relatively more resistant against chloride penetration than the plain cement mortar, whilst the opposite was true according to the 90-day soaking test results. The above trend did not change despite the addition of silica fume (SF) to the concrete and mortar mixes. The lower aggregate content or higher paste content of plain cement mortar and the mortar with SF is shown to mislead the RCPT results. The higher paste content in the above mix promotes the conduction of higher charge as a result of lower electrical resistivity. Thus the results derived from the present investigation emphasize the need to consider the volume fraction of aggregate in the mix with and without SF while interpreting the RCPT results. Furthermore, regardless of the total aggregate and SF content in the mix, the total charge passed (from the RCPT) through the mix decreased exponentially with increasing electrical resistivity. On the other hand, for those mixes containing either SF or a high volume fraction of aggregates the linear correlation between the total charge passed and chloride penetration coefficient (K) was poor. However, for the mix with relatively lower aggregate content and with no SF the charge passed was well correlated linearly with K.     

自密实混凝土拉压徐变比较试验研究

对32根梁式自密实混凝土试件进行三点弯曲持续加载,对测得梁体受拉区和受压区应变数据进行累加,得到自密实混凝土受拉徐变的发展特征曲线,并得到自密实混凝土梁拉压徐变比;研究了自密实混凝土养护龄期、水胶比和粉煤灰掺量对拉压徐变度比值的影响。通过试验结果的分析得到:无论是开放状态还是密封状态下,自密实混凝土拉伸徐变都略小于压缩徐变,除拉压基本徐变比随粉煤灰掺量的增大略微增加外,拉伸徐变与压缩徐变的比值随着养护龄期、水胶比和粉煤灰掺量的增大而减小;最后拟合得到拉压徐变比值的计算式,为工程应用提供一定的参考。     

Long-term strength development of concrete in arid conditions

A long-term investigation into the development of the compressive strength of various concretes, subjected to Kuwait hot and arid environmental conditions is reported. The main parameters investigated included, w/c ratio, cement type and content, and admixture type and its dosage. Other parameters investigated included the effects of using different water curing periods, curing compounds, and casting season. Forty-seven different mixes were placed on the roof of the laboratory building and were exposed to the environment. Compression tests on 100 mm cubes were carried out over a period in excess of five years.The results generally showed that the compressive strength of the concrete increased with age. The gain in strength at 1800 days above that at 28 days varied considerably depending on the concrete constituents and curing procedure. Concretes made with white Portland cement achieved higher compressive strengths than those made with ordinary or sulphate resisting Portland cements. Also, the type and dosage of admixture influenced the compressive strength of concrete. An increase in the water-curing period was more effective in improving the 28-day compressive strength than the 1800-day strength. The use of curing compounds or silica fume appeared to influence the early age strength more than the long-term strength. Compression test results from selected mixes at the age of 10 years indicated that there was little or no increase in strength during the previous five years.     

An explanation for the negative effect of elevated temperature at early ages on the late-age strength of concrete

Elevated curing temperature at early ages usually has a negative effect on the late-age strength of concrete. This article aims to study the mechanism of this phenomenon. The results show that elevated curing temperature at early ages has a negative effect on the late-age strength of hardened cement paste, but it has a greater negative effect on the late-age strength of cement mortar. After elevated temperature curing at early ages, the late hydration of cement is hindered, but the late reaction of fly ash is not influenced. Owing to the continuous reaction of fly ash, the late-age pore structure of cement–fly ash paste under elevated curing temperature is finer than that under standard curing temperature, and the late-age strength of cement–fly ash paste under elevated curing temperature is higher. However, the late-age strength of cement–fly ash mortar under elevated curing temperature is lower. Apparently, there are differences between the effects of elevated curing temperature on hardened paste and mortar. It is the deterioration of transition zone between hardened paste and aggregate that makes the negative effect of elevated curing temperature on the mortar (or concrete) be greater than the hardened paste. As the water-to-binder ratio decreases, the negative effect of elevated curing temperature on the transition zone tends to be less.     

Surface modified microcrystalline cellulose from cotton as a potential mineral admixture in cement mortar composite

The objective of the work is to examine the performance of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) modified microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) fiber, derived from cotton, as a mineral admixture that could be compatible in cement mortar composites. The effectiveness of surface modification of MCC is characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, FTIR, TGA and SEM techniques. The present silane based surface modifier (TEOS) minimizes the water uptake and acts as a pozzolan, that could result in additional calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H) linkages. This is reflected by the enhancement in the mechanical properties of the cement mortar composite. A dramatic two fold enhancement of flexural strength and almost 45% increase of compressive strength are observed in the case of TEOS-MCC when compared with the cement mortar composites without any mineral admixture there by validating the method chosen. The enhancement of compressive and flexural strength could be due to proper dispersion of smaller size MCC fibers within the pores of the cement mortar composite. When an optimized amount of chemical admixture (polycarboxylate ether (PCE) superplasticizer) is used along with TEOS- MCC a greater enhancement in flexural strength and compressive strength is observed with good workability, at a lower water/cement ratio.