Magneto-rheological accumulator for temperature compensation in hydropneumatic suspension systems

Hydro-pneumatic suspension systems consist of two fluids acting upon each other, usually gas over oil. In these systems, a compressible gas such as nitrogen is used as the springing medium, while a hydraulic fluid is used to convert the pressure to force. One of the problems associated with hydro-pneumatic systems is the effect of temperature change on the spring characteristics, which results in a variation in the spring rate and ride height. The important characteristics of a gas chamber filled with gas or air are to maintain the setting pressure, with very small variations, even for long strokes. This paper presents a magneto-rheological (MR) accumulator that can adjust the pressure of the gas chamber through the use of an MR device. To analyze the characteristics of the gas chamber, mathematical modeling based on the energy equation for a gas in a closed container is carried out. Further, a prototype of the MR device is designed and manufactured, and its performance is evaluated. The theoretical results are validated by conducting experiments in the laboratory environment. It is demonstrated that the MR accumulator can effectively compensate for the pressure variations caused by an increase in the gas temperature. Moreover, this research provides new information about the applicability of the MR accumulator to devices that use conventional accumulators.     

汽车磁流变减振器设计准则探讨

提出了微型汽车磁流变减振器的设计准则,建立了磁流变减振器的理论分析模型来预估减振器阻尼力的大小。测试结果表明,减振器的阻尼力由粘性阻尼力和磁场阻尼力组成,随着磁场强度的增加,减振器的阻尼力也增大,基本上符合理论预估值,说明所建立的理论分析模型是可行的。     

基于有限元仿真的磁流变阻尼器性能研究

对双线圈活塞式磁流变阻尼器结构和工作原理进行分析,应用ANSYS软件对阻尼器磁场有限元仿真,证明励磁线圈电流异向时磁场的利用效率更高,并且建立电流异向时阻尼间隙磁感应强度和电流的函数表达式,结合阻尼力模型和磁流变液的材料特性,得出阻尼力关于电流值和活塞运动速度的理论关系。通过阻尼器台架试验,对理论关系进行验证,结果表明:理论值准确的描述了阻尼力变化规律。为磁流变阻尼器设计及改进提供方法。     

车用磁流变减振器的研制

针对车用磁流变减振器现存的阻尼特性不理想、油封易磨损泄漏、磁流变液静置沉降以及磁路结构不尽合理等主要问题,提出了加装单向滑阀、组合密封器、静置稳定装置和多级磁路式电磁活塞等改进措施。以Passat B5轿车前悬架减振器作为设计对象,对磁流变减振器的电磁磁路和液压结构进行了改进设计,最后通过各项性能试验得到了较为满意的结果,表明了双筒滑阀式磁流变减振器的可行性和有效性。     

高耗能自解耦式MR阻尼器的设计及性能试验

为设计制作基于土木建筑结构振动控制的高耗能自解耦式磁流变(magneto-rheologcal,简称MR)阻尼器,通过对阻尼器设计的关键技术、阻尼器的性能试验及力学模型的参数识别进行研究,得知在副活塞中设置解耦装置可使阻尼器在不同的振幅下具有不同的刚度和阻尼特性,在主活塞中将永久磁场和电流磁场结合起来实现阻尼器的逆向控制的设计思路是可行的,铜制隔磁环的设置保证了磁力线沿理论设计的路径穿行,又使线圈避免与磁流变液的长期接触腐蚀,从而提高其耐久性。通过对阻尼器采用基于反正切函数的MR阻尼器模型进行参数识别,得到了与试验结果吻合的MR阻尼器的力学模型。     

重型多轴车辆互连油气悬架特性分析

以重型多轴车辆互连悬架系统为研究对象,建立了四轴互连油气悬架液压系统数学模型。模型中考虑了管路沿程压力损失、局部压力损失和油缸活塞杆运动摩擦力的影响,并进行仿真分析,通过台架试验验证了模型的正确性。基于互连油气悬架液压系统数学模型,对比分析了垂向和侧倾工况下互连悬架和独立悬架的刚度和阻尼特性,以及对互连悬架阻尼特性进行参数化分析。结果表明：在垂向工况下,互连悬架蓄能器内气体体积变化量相当于各活塞杆进出油缸的体积,与独立悬架蓄能器内气体体积变化量相等,因此互连悬架与独立悬架刚度特性相同,但其阻尼力大于独立悬架;侧倾工况下,互连悬架在增加侧倾刚度的同时也明显增大了阻尼力。两种工况下,独立悬架阻尼特性不变,互连悬架阻尼力随单向阀直径增大、阻尼阀直径增大、油管直径增大、油缸内径减小和活塞杆直径增大而减小。     

磁流体行为指数对磁流变冲击阻尼器性能的影响

根据应用于火炮的冲击型磁流变(MR)阻尼器的特点,基于Herschel-Bu lkley本构模型,建立了某25 mm火炮磁流变后坐阻尼器的平行板一维层流模型,获得了不同磁场作用下阻尼力随活塞速度的变化规律。根据某单管25 mm火炮的后坐运动方程,计算了不同MR流体行为指数下,火炮的后坐位移和后坐速度,评价了MR流体行为指数对后坐阻尼器行为的影响。     

Optimal design of Magneto-Rheological damper comparing different configurations by finite element analysis

Magnetorheological (MR) damper is one of the most advanced applications of semi active damper in controlling vibration. Due to its continuous controllability in both on and off state its practice is increasing day by day in the vehicle suspension system. MR damper’s damping force can be controlled by changing the viscosity of its internal magnetorheological fluids (MRF). But still there are some problems with this damper such as MR fluid’s sedimentation, optimal design configuration considering all components of the damper. In this paper both 2-D Axisymmetric and 3-D model of MR Damper is built and finite element analysis is done for design optimization. Different configurations of MR damper piston, MR fluid gap, air gap and Dampers housing are simulated for comparing the Dampers performance variation. From the analytical results it is observed that among different configurations single coil MR damper with linear plastic air gap, top and bottom chamfered piston end and medium MR fluid gap shows better performance than other configurations by maintaining the same input current and piston velocity. Further an experimental analysis is performed by using RD-8041-1 MR Damper. These results are compared with the optimized MR Damper’s simulation results, which are clearly validating the simulated results.     

基于性能最优的磁流变阻尼器励磁线圈缠绕方法研究

双线圈活塞式磁流变阻尼器是一种通过励磁线圈产生磁场,以控制输出阻尼力的器件,其励磁线圈的缠绕方法直接影响磁流变阻尼器磁场分布和动态响应时间。在磁流变阻尼器性能模型的研究基础上,以阻尼动力和动态性能为最优目标,分析了两励磁线圈多种缠绕方法对阻尼间隙的磁场分布和控制电路的响应时间的影响,综合考虑了外界控制电路的电流负担和电能损耗,获得了励磁线圈采用反向串联的最优缠绕方法。研究结果为磁流变阻尼器的结构设计和参数优化提供了参考依据。     

Vibration control of a class of semiactive suspension system using neural network and backstepping techniques

In this paper, we address the problem of designing the semiactive controller for a class of vehicle suspension system that employs a magnetorheological (MR) damper as the actuator. As the first step, an adequate model of the MR damper must be developed. Most of the models found in literature are based on the mechanical behavior of the device, with the Bingham and Bouc-Wen models being the most popular ones. These models can estimate the damping force of the device taking the control voltage and velocity inputs as variables. However, the inverse model, i.e., the model that computes the control variable (generally the voltage) is even more difficult to find due to the numerical complexity that implies the inverse of the nonlinear forward model. In our case, we develop a neural network being able to estimate the control voltage input to the MR damper, which is necessary for producing the optimal force predicted by the controller so as to reduce the vibrations. The controller is designed following the standard backstepping technique. The performance of the control system is evaluated by means of simulations in MATLAB/Simulink.     

Finite Difference Solution of Response Time Delay of Magneto-rhelological Damper

Magneto-rhelological(MR) dampers are devices that employ rheological fluids to modify their mechanical properties. Their mechanical simplicity, high dynamic range, lower power requirements, large force capacity, robustness and safe manner of operation in cases of failure have made them attractive devices for semi-active real-time control in civil, aerospace and automotive applications. Time response characteristic is one of the most important technical performances of MR dampers, and response time directly affects the control frequency, application range and the actual effect of MR dampers. In this study, one kind of finite difference solution for predicting the response time of magneto-rheological dampers from "off-state" to "on-state" is put forward. A laminar flow model is used to describe the flow in the MR valve, and a bi-viscous fluid flow model is utilized to describe the relationship of shear stress and shear rate of MR fluid. An explicit difference format is used to discretize the Novior-Stoks equation, and stability condition of this algorithm is built by Von-Neumann stability criterion. The pressure gradient along the flow duct is solved by a dichotomy algorithm with iteration, and the changing curve of the damping force versus time of MR damper is obtained as well. According to the abovementioned numerical algorithm, the damping forces versus time curves from "off-state" to "on-state" of a cylindrical piston type MR damper are computed. Moreover, the MR damper is installed in a material test system(MTS), the magnetic field in the wire circles of the MR damper is "triggered" when the MR damper is imposed to do a constant speed motion, and the damping force curves are recorded. The comparison between numerical results and experimental results indicates that this finite difference algorithm can be used to estimate the response time delay of MR dampers.     

基于磁流变技术的发动机隔振控制

悬置阻尼和刚度可调对发动机在宽频范围内实现积极隔振具有重要意义.在建立发动机3自由度隔振模型基础上,提出用可调阻尼的磁流变阻尼器和可调刚度的磁流变弹性体构成磁流变并联悬置系统,以降低发动机对基座的垂向传递力和抑制横向动反力矩为目标,设计出用仿人智能思想在线修改参数的垂直隔振模糊自适应控制器,并对各磁流变并联悬置的刚度和阻尼进行协调控制.用Matlab对发动机整机隔振进行仿真,搭建出发动机隔振台架试验系统,在宽频激励条件下对不同悬置的隔振效果进行对比研究.仿真表明基于磁流变并联悬置的发动机隔振控制具有明显的优势,台架试验结果表明相对于橡胶和液压悬置,磁流变液悬置能在较宽频范围把力和力矩的绝对传递率降低到约30%以内,可提高乘坐舒适性.     

车辆单筒充气磁流变减振器的阻尼力数学模型及试验仿真

介绍一种车辆单筒充气磁流变减振器的结构和工作原理,其内部的磁流变液材料是一种新型的智能材料,其流变特性可随所加载磁场强度的变化而变化,并且这一过程是可逆的,用磁流变液制成的减振器具有体积小、阻尼力大、动态范围广和频响高等优点。研究利用磁流变液的非牛顿宾汉流体模型和流体运动微分方程,建立反映单筒充气磁流变减振器阻尼力特性的数学模型;对单筒充气磁流变减振器进行台架试验,得到不同电流的减振器示功特性图;通过试验测得磁流变减振器的仿真参数,然后在Matlab软件环境下完成阻尼力数学模型的仿真;试验的示功特性与数学模型仿真进行分析比较,结果表明仿真数据与试验数据较吻合,验证了建立的单筒充气阻尼力数学模型的正确性。     

Design and analysis of a new magneto rheological damper for washing machine

In this article, a new magneto rheological (MR) sponge damper is proposed for suppression of vibrations in a washing machine. The article presents design optimization of geometric parameters of MR sponge damper (MRSD) using the finite element analysis (FEA) and first order derivative techniques for a washing machine. The article explains the hysteresis behavior and the relationship of damping force with input current for the proposed MRSD. Moreover, the characteristics of the MRSD such as energy dissipation and equivalent damping coefficient are investigated experimentally in terms of input current and excitation amplitude. The passive dampers installed in washing machine are ineffective in reducing unwanted vibrations at resonant frequencies due to real time unbalanced mass. For this purpose, a test setup is established in order to compare the performance of passive dampers with the proposed MRSDs in a washing machine. It is noticed that MRSDs reduce average vibrations of 75.61 % in a low frequency band, whereas in a high frequency band, the MRSDs lessen average vibrations of 30.57 % in a washing machine. In order to determine the performance of proposed design MRSD, a detailed comparison of the performance parameters, such as total damping force, passive force, maximum average vibrations after suppression by MR dampers, maximum current and power ratings is provided with the existing designs of MR damper for washing machine from the literature.     

Semi-active Sliding Mode Control of Vehicle Suspension with Magneto-rheological Damper

The vehicle semi-active suspension with magneto-rheological damper(MRD) has been a hot topic since this decade, in which the robust control synthesis considering load variation is a challenging task. In this paper, a new semi-active controller based upon the inverse model and sliding mode control(SMC) strategies is proposed for the quarter-vehicle suspension with the magneto-rheological(MR) damper, wherein an ideal skyhook suspension is employed as the control reference model and the vehicle sprung mass is considered as an uncertain parameter. According to the asymptotical stability of SMC, the dynamic errors between the plant and reference systems are used to derive the control damping force acquired by the MR quarter-vehicle suspension system. The proposed modified Bouc-wen hysteretic force-velocity(F-v) model and its inverse model of MR damper, as well as the proposed continuous modulation(CM) filtering algorithm without phase shift are employed to convert the control damping force into the direct drive current of the MR damper. Moreover, the proposed semi-active sliding mode controller(SSMC)-based MR quarter-vehicle suspension is systematically evaluated through comparing the time and frequency domain responses of the sprung and unsprung mass displacement accelerations, suspension travel and the tire dynamic force with those of the passive quarter-vehicle suspension, under three kinds of varied amplitude harmonic, rounded pulse and real-road measured random excitations. The evaluation results illustrate that the proposed SSMC can greatly suppress the vehicle suspension vibration due to uncertainty of the load, and thus improve the ride comfort and handling safety. The study establishes a solid theoretical foundation as the universal control scheme for the adaptive semi-active control of the MR full-vehicle suspension decoupled into four MR quarter-vehicle sub-suspension systems.     

Safe arm design with MR-based passive compliant joints and visco—elastic covering for service robot applications

In this paper a safe arm with passive compliant joints and visco—elastic covering is designed for human-friendly service robots. The passive compliant joint (PCJ) is composed of a magnetorheological (MR) damper and a rotary spring. In addition to a spring component, a damper is introduced for damping effect and works as a rotary viscous damper by controlling the electric current according to the angular velocity of spring displacement. When a manipulator interacts with human or environment, the joints and cover passively operate and attenuate the applied collision force. The force attenuation property is verified through collision experiments showing that the proposed passive arm is safe in view of some evaluation measures.     

活塞偏心倾斜对双筒液压减振器动态阻尼特性影响分析*

考虑活塞偏心和倾斜后活塞与缸筒之间的摩擦与润滑因素,研究充气式双筒液压减振器动态阻尼特性;建立活塞偏心和倾斜的双筒式液压减振器的动态阻尼特性数学模型和动压润滑方程,求解减振器动态阻尼特性数学方程;采用雷诺空化边界条件,对Reynolds方程采用五点差分法进行离散,利用超松弛迭代法(SOR)迭代求解,得到摩擦阻尼力;分析活塞偏心距比、活塞倾斜角度,活塞倾斜时活塞运动速度、活塞半径、活塞宽度等因素对摩擦阻尼的影响,以及各摩擦因素对减振器动态阻尼特性的影响。结果表明:活塞偏心和倾斜时,随活塞速度、偏心距比、活塞倾斜角度、活塞宽度等的增加,减振器活塞与缸筒之间的油膜摩擦力均增加,而随活塞半径的增加,油膜摩擦力减小。减振器活塞发生倾斜时,会造成阻尼力的大幅增加,严重影响车辆行驶的舒适性能,且活塞速度越快,对舒适性影响越严重。     

车辆减振器油液微小内泄漏分析

针对车辆减振器油液内泄漏问题,对其内部油液微小内泄漏开展仿真与试验分析。通过数学模型对活塞与缸筒环形缝隙中流体进行理论受力分析,运用Autodesk Inventor软件建立减振器内部环形间隙流体几何模型,利用CFD仿真技术对环形间隙流体三维模型开展仿真分析,通过改变流场速度、压力、湍流动能及温度参数,分析得到影响减振器油液微小内泄漏的主要影响因素;采用伺服示功机对不同活塞速度和环形间隙下的油液内泄漏进行试验测试。结果表明:活塞静止时,节流口速度、压力、湍流动能的变化对环形间隙油液内泄漏影响较大,温度变化影响较小;活塞运动时,泄漏量随活塞速度、活塞与缸筒之间的间隙的增大而增大,因此在加工精度允许条件下,可通过减少活塞与缸筒间的间隙来减小泄漏量。     

滞回模型磁流变减振器半主动悬架模糊控制

为了获得磁流变减振器便于控制的精确力学模型,在正弦激励下对磁流变减振器进行了特性试验,利用试验数据拟合了一种滞回模型,以此来表示磁流变减振器的动态响应特性,比较由此模型仿真和实测的阻尼力,表明此模型既能较好地描述其滞回特征,亦能简单明了地表达逆向动态特性,可在开环控制策略下容易地获得理想的阻尼力,利用此模型设计了一个开环控制策略下的模糊控制器,比较所设计的模糊控制器和天棚控制器及被动悬架的性能,采用四分之一悬架模型采进行分析和仿真,随机路面激励下的数值仿真进一步证实了此控制器的有效性,其综合性能比天棚控制和被动悬架均有较大幅度的提高.     

潜艇浮筏隔振系统的控制研究

为带有电流变阻尼器的双层浮筏隔振系统设计了一种半主动模糊滑模控制器。根据滑模运动方程稳定的Hurwitz判据选择了滑模面系数,并根据滑模到达条件设计了半主动模糊滑模控制器。仿真分析了浮筏隔振系统在扫频激励信号下的力传递率及双频激励信号下输入力和输出力的曲线。仿真结果表明：半主动模糊滑模控制下浮筏隔振系统的减振效果要远好于最优被动阻尼系统。