Scientific information structure of the subject of powder metallurgy

Conclusions The subject structure described in this article has already been examined by a number of senior members of the staff of the Institute of Materials Science and by the Scientific Council for Powder Metallurgy. The system is not rigid. As it fills up and requests for information begin to flow in, it will change Some classes will be eliminated or merged together (empty classes), while others will be expanded and further subdivided (full classes). In this development the reaction of users of information (subscribers to the service) must play a vital part, and the authors will therefore be extremely glad to receive comments of any nature on the proposed structure of the subject.Translated from Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya, No. 3(171), pp. 91–96, March, 1977.     

Gene structure prediction using information on homologous protein sequence

In this paper a new approach for the prediction of protein coding gene structures is described. The principal scheme of prediction is as follows: first, the exons with the best potential are predicted in a sequence with unknown functions and a list of potential amino acid fragments coded by these exons is formed. Second, testing the homology between each amino acid fragment from the list and proteins from the SWISS-PROT database of amino acid sequences. One protein with the best homology is chosen out of all the homologous sequences. Third, reconstruction of the exon-intron structure, basing it on its homology with the chosen protein sequences. The method was tested on an independent control set (20 genes). The results were as follows: 21% of real exons were lost and 3% of non-real exons were found. This system can be used to refine the results of gene prediction systems, especially if highly homologous proteins are found in the amino acid sequence database.     

试析国有企业治理结构与会计信息失真

文章论述了会计信息失真的成因并提出了治理会计信息失真的对策，阐明了会计工作是国有企业治理结构中的重要一环。     

Study of characteristics of the antigen structure of different mycobacteria (epitope mapping) with monoclonal antibodies]

Although the use of a metallic stent in the treatment of benign tracheobronchial stenosis has been reported as a useful and safe technique, the incorporation of wire stents into the airway may be irreversible and is associated with problems. The authors' experience in a patient with incorrectly positioned metallic stent in the right main bronchus, which was successfully treated with bronchial sleeve resection, is presented.     

Molecular typing of mycobacteria

Molecular typing is now widely used in mycobacteriology as a significant addition to conventional epidemiological studies. Several methods are available that differ with respect to their discriminating power and to the genetic marker used. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) done using the IS6110 insertion sequence has been widely used for typing Mycobacterium tuberculosis. More recently, short repetitive DNA sequences have been used as RFLP markers, as well as for other typing methods involving gene amplification. One of these methods, the inter-direct repeat (DR)-based spoligotyping method, is rapid, directly applicable to clinical specimens, and highly discriminating.     

Microbiology of nontuberculosis mycobacteria

Recognition of differences, particularly in color and other growth characteristics, between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other related organisms has led to the identification of the nontuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM). The Runyon Classification, based largely on the presence (or absence) of pigment and rate of growth, was a convenient system for classifying these organisms. Subsequent biochemical analysis has facilitated more precise speciation. However, many of these tests are complex and time consuming and beyond the capacity of most laboratories other than reference centers. The need for accurate identification has become clear because of differences in pathogenicity and treatment between various species and even subspecies of NTM. The recent appearance of rapid diagnostic tests and highly specific genetic identification systems have created new opportunities and challenges with respect to the identification of NTM. This article provides a historic context for the microbiologic study of the organisms, describes key features of the most commonly encountered NTM, notes several important new technical innovations in this field, and considers common clinical issues in relation to the microbiology of NTM.     

The acceptance of information into attitude structure.

This study examines the relation between attitude position and the acceptance of information. 169 college students served as Ss. The experimental group listened to arguments about racial segregation in a manner intended to produce involvement in the situation while the control group spent time with tasks unrelated to segregation. Attitudes toward negro housing segregation were determined both before and after these procedures and at the conclusion all Ss listed good and bad consequences resulting from integration. Some of the major findings were that in the control group attitude position is significantly related to relevant items of information which is accepted and that the amount of information knows does not vary consistently with attitude position. Additional findings are presented and discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Problem structure and the use of base-rate information from experience.

This article is concerned with the use of base-rate information that is derived from experience in classifying examples of a category. The basic task involved simulated medical decision making in which participants learned to diagnose hypothetical diseases on the basis of symptom information. Alternative diseases differed in their relative frequency or base rates of occurrence. In five experiments initial learning was followed by a series of transfer tests designed to index the use of base-rate information. On these tests, patterns of symptoms were presented that suggested more than one disease and were therefore ambiguous. The results reveal a consistent but complex pattern. Depending on the category structure and the nature of the ambiguous tests, participants use base-rate information appropriately, ignore base-rate information, or use base-rate information inappropriately (predict that the rare disease is more likely to be present). To our knowledge, no current categorization model predicts this pattern of results. To account for these results, a new model is described incorporating the ideas of property or symptom competition and context-sensitive retrieval. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Recent advance in the isolation of mycobacteria]

Two systems, the newly developed Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT) and biphasic Septi-Chek AFB based on liquid media, proved to be significantly better than the egg-based solid media for the isolation of mycobacteria from clinical specimens. The isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by MGIT occurred 8 days previous to the isolation by the conventional Ogawa method. These results indicate that the MGIT system is efficient for the recovery of mycobacteria.     

Expression of the Bacillus subtilis sacB gene confers sucrose sensitivity on mycobacteria

Expression in mycobacteria of the structural gene sacB, which encodes the Bacillus subtilis levansucrase, was investigated. sacB expression is lethal to Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium bovis BCG in the presence of 10% sucrose. sacB could thus be used as a counterselectable marker in mycobacteria.     

The structure of somatosensory information for human postural control

The goal of the present study was to determine the properties of the somatosensory stimulus that alter its temporal coupling to body sway. Six standing subjects were tested while touching a metal plate positioned either directly in front of or lateral to the subject. In each condition, the plate moved 4 mm at 0.2 Hz in either the medial-lateral (ML) or anterior-posterior direction (AP). The results showed that coupling between body sway and touch plate movement was strongest when the touch plate moved in a direction along the longitudinal axis of the arm. Coupling strength was weaker when the touch plate moved perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the arm. The results consistently show that a radial expansion stimulus was more effective than a lamellar-type stimulus at the fingertip. Moreover, somatosensory information from a surface is interpreted in terms of the orientation of the contact limb and the potential degrees of freedom available through its movement.     

Clinical significance of the isolation of rapidly growing mycobacteria

BACKGROUND: To assess the clinical significance of the isolates of rapid-growing mycobacteria in a Universitary hospital from Madrid (Spain). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Review of medical records from patients with isolates of rapid-growing mycobacteria identified between 1979 and 1996 in the Microbiology department of the Fundación Jiménèz Díaz (Madrid, Spain). RESULTS: Rapid-growing mycobacteria were isolated from 28 patients during the study period (13 M. chelonae, 10 M. fortuitum, 2 M. mucogenicum, 1 M. marinum, 1 M. smegmatis and 1 M. flavascens). Clinical records of 26 patients were reviewed, being the isolate significative in 10 cases (5 soft tissue infections, 2 peritonitis in patients undergoing Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis [CAPD], 1 urinary tract infection, 1 osteomyelitis and 1 catheter-related soft-tissue infection). No patient was HIV+. All infections cured except 2 of them (the urinary tract infection and the osteomyelitis). Catheter withdrawal was needed in 3 cases (peritonitis in CAPD and catheter-related soft-tissue infection), apart from proper antimicrobial therapy. CONCLUSION: The most frequent rapid-growing mycobacteria isolated were those of the M. fortuitum complex. In our experience, isolation of rapid-growing mycobacteria from skin and soft-tissue samples was usually clinically significant, while isolates from respiratory tract, gut and blood cultures are always nonsignificant.     

Genetic determination of the meso-diaminopimelate biosynthetic pathway of mycobacteria

The increasing incidence of multiple-drug-resistant mycobacterial infections indicates that the development of new methods for treatment of mycobacterial diseases should be a high priority. meso-Diaminopimelic acid (DAP), a key component of a highly immunogenic subunit of the mycobacterial peptidoglycan layer, has been implicated as a potential virulence factor. The mycobacterial DAP biosynthetic pathway could serve as a target for design of new antimycobacterial agents as well as the construction of in vivo selection systems. We have isolated the asd, dapA, dapB, dapD, and dapE genes involved in the DAP biosynthetic pathway of Mycobacterium bovis BCG. These genes were isolated by complementation of Escherichia coli mutations with an expression library of BCG DNA. Our analysis of these genes suggests that BCG may use more than one pathway for biosynthesis of DAP. The nucleotide sequence of the BCG dapB gene was determined. The activity of the product of this gene in Escherichia coli provided evidence that the gene may encode a novel bifunctional dihydrodipicolinate reductase and DAP dehydrogenase.     

The effect of conceptual structure and commitment on exposure to discrepant information.

Sixty-eight subjects from the extremes of the abstract-concrete conceptual structure dimension took part in a mock jury study. After reading a summary of a murder trial, indicating their verdicts, and writing a (signed or unsigned) paragraph to support their positions, subjects were asked to indicate their willingness to read an article discrepant with their verdicts. As predicted, concrete subjects indicated less willingness than did abstract subjects (p     

The effects of environmental information and decision unit structure on felt tension.

Treated 4 measures of felt tension, derived from a factor analysis of the R. L. Kahn et al (1964) tension index, as variables dependent on information inputs from the environment and on the group structure of the decision unit. In an experimental simulation of a military conflict, information load and information specificity were manipulated to control the environment of 48 3-man decision groups (72 ROTC students and 72 US Air Force Academy cadets) structured as either committees of coequals or 2-level hierarchies. Salient findings from the analysis suggest that (a) "role overload tension" is positively related to information load, while "generalized tension" is positively related to information load only when information specificity is low; (b) "information deprivation tension" is inversely related to information specificity for bureaucratically structured groups but not for unstructured groups, and "generalized tension" is inversely related to information specificity only at high information loads; and (c) "role overload tension" and "role ambiguity tension" are lower in groups with a structured hierarchy. (22 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

规范和模式:信息系统结构的社会学视角

以淘宝网为例,以吉登斯的社会结构化理论为支撑,采用社会学的分析方法对信息系统中的规范和模式进行了探讨,并认为,信息系统所呈现出的显著的社会性是其所处社会系统的反映,规范和模式是二者共有的结构元素和特性,对于它们的研究可为信息系统研究带来一定的启示.