Quantitative Determination of Ambroxol Hydrochloride in Syrups by RP-HPLC and UV Spectroscopy

Abstract

RP-HPLC and UV Spectroscopy methods for the quantitation of ambroxol hydrochloride in syrups have been developed. Both methods were precise and accurate. A number of inactive ingredients present in the synthetic syrup did not interfere with the assay procedures. Although the methods had also good recovery for commercial syrups, but it was difficult to determine which method was more accurate than the other.     

Prediction of thawing times for foods of simple shape

A set of 104 experimental measurements of thawing time were made over a wide range of conditions for slab, infinite cylinder and sphere shapes of a food analogue material. These results were used to assess existing thawing time prediction methods. Versions of both the finite difference and the finite element numerical methods that accounted for continuously temperature-variable thermal properties gave accurate predictions. No previously published simple prediction formula was found that was both sufficiently accurate and expressed in a form suitable for it to be adopted as a general thawing time prediction method. Four accurate, but simple, empirical formulae based on Plank's equation were developed. These formulae predicted thawing times that were both highly correlated with those predicted by the numerical methods and agreed with the experimental data to within ±10% at the 95% level of confidence. The agreement was more limited by uncertainties in the experimental and thermal property data than by inaccuracy in the prediction formulae. Significantly more accurate simple formulae are unlikely to be developed unless more accurate experimental data are available.     

Development and validation of a rapid HPLC method for the determination of ketotifen in pharmaceuticals

In the present study, a simple, sensitive, rapid, and stability-indicating high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with ultraviolet detection for the analysis of ketotifen was developed and validated. The method was applied to the determination of ketotifen in pharmaceutical formulations (tablets and syrups). The HPLC method utilized isocratic elution technique with a reversed phase C8 column, detection at 297 nm and a mixture of methanol, triethylamine phosphate buffer (pH 2.8; 0.04 M), and tetrahydrofuran (43: 55: 2, v/v/v) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min. Total analysis time was about 7 min with typical retention time of ketotifen of about 5 min. The method was validated for selectivity, linearity, accuracy, and precision following International Conference of Harmonization, 1996 (ICH) recommendations. Due to its simplicity and accuracy, the method can be used for routine quality control analysis.     

Development and Validation of a Rapid HPLC Method for the Determination of Ketotifen in Pharmaceuticals

ABSTRACT

In the present study, a simple, sensitive, rapid, and stability-indicating high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with ultraviolet detection for the analysis of ketotifen was developed and validated. The method was applied to the determination of ketotifen in pharmaceutical formulations (tablets and syrups). The HPLC method utilized isocratic elution technique with a reversed phase C8 column, detection at 297 nm and a mixture of methanol, triethylamine phosphate buffer (pH 2.8; 0.04 M), and tetrahydrofuran (43: 55: 2, v/v/v) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min. Total analysis time was about 7 min with typical retention time of ketotifen of about 5 min. The method was validated for selectivity, linearity, accuracy, and precision following International Conference of Harmonization, 1996 (ICH) recommendations. Due to its simplicity and accuracy, the method can be used for routine quality control analysis.     

Coating of Puffed Wheat by a Tumbling Method a Fluidized Bed Technique

Puffed wheat, traditionally consumed as a ready-to-eat breakfast cereal, is normally covered with sweet coatings. To make it more appealing to different tastes and consumers, the coating may also have colored ingredients added. Due to the rugged surface of puffed wheat, colored coats do not totally cover the particulate, causing problems of appearance that may affect overall quality. There is a need to develop uniform coats in order to improve physical properties, such as color and texture. Puffed wheat was coated with sweetened chocolate syrups by tumbling and a fluidized bed. Different proportions of sugar, cocoa, and starch were used to develop the cover and obtain an optimum formulation. The coated wheat was characterized by instrumental techniques. The developed product using the fluidized bed technique presented a firmer consistency and a more uniform color than the tumbling-coated and the commercial wheat.     

Radial basis function approximation methods with extended precision floating point arithmetic

Radial basis function (RBF) methods that employ infinitely differentiable basis functions featuring a shape parameter are theoretically spectrally accurate methods for scattered data interpolation and for solving partial differential equations. It is also theoretically known that RBF methods are most accurate when the linear systems associated with the methods are extremely ill-conditioned. This often prevents the RBF methods from realizing spectral accuracy in applications. In this work we examine how extended precision floating point arithmetic can be used to improve the accuracy of RBF methods in an efficient manner. RBF methods using extended precision are compared to algorithms that evaluate RBF methods by bypassing the solution of the ill-conditioned linear systems.     

Coating of Puffed Wheat by a Tumbling Method a Fluidized Bed Technique

Puffed wheat, traditionally consumed as a ready-to-eat breakfast cereal, is normally covered with sweet coatings. To make it more appealing to different tastes and consumers, the coating may also have colored ingredients added. Due to the rugged surface of puffed wheat, colored coats do not totally cover the particulate, causing problems of appearance that may affect overall quality. There is a need to develop uniform coats in order to improve physical properties, such as color and texture. Puffed wheat was coated with sweetened chocolate syrups by tumbling and a fluidized bed. Different proportions of sugar, cocoa, and starch were used to develop the cover and obtain an optimum formulation. The coated wheat was characterized by instrumental techniques. The developed product using the fluidized bed technique presented a firmer consistency and a more uniform color than the tumbling-coated and the commercial wheat.     

Prediction of freezing and thawing times for multi-dimensional shapes by simple formulae part 2: irregular shapes

Calculated and experimental data for multi-dimensional irregular shapes wer used to assess various methodologies to include the effect of shape in empirical freezing and thawing time prediction methods. The principles underlying two existing geometric factors, EHTD and MCP, were found to be valid; so there seems to be no need for other approaches. Used in conjunction with accurate slab freezing and thawing time prediction methods, the proposed empirical formulae for EHTD and MCP gave accurate predictions for all of the two-dimensional shapes and most of the three-dimensional shapes tested, except those with oval cross-sections in the third dimension. This was attributed to the lack of data for this group of shapes.     

论商品商标翻译的原则与方法

从商标翻译的原则和方法两方面探讨了在商品包装设计中商标翻译的运用策略,以期达到正确、忠实、准确地翻译商标,增强商品竞争力,帮助企业取得良好经济效益。     

基于样条插值的爆破振动时域波形预测方法

针对现有的爆破振动预测方法存在工程现场适用性差,不易于应用,无法准确预测完整的爆破振动信号在爆破时间段内的振动历程等问题,提出了一种基于样条插值的爆破振动预测方法。通过爆破中质点峰值速度、炸药量与爆心距的关系式,建立监测波形与预测波形的关系,对实测数据波形时域部分进行三次样条插值得到插值函数和预测目标点波形。通过实验和工程实践对该方法进行验证,并与传统的爆破振动预测方法进行质点峰值速度比对,结果表明:该爆破振动预测方法能够完整且较好地预测振动信号在爆破时间段内的振动历程,预测效果优于传统的爆破振动预测方法。     

基于样条插值的爆破振动时域波形预测方法

针对现有的爆破振动预测方法存在工程现场适用性差,不易于应用,无法准确预测完整的爆破振动信号在爆破时间段内的振动历程等问题,提出了一种基于样条插值的爆破振动预测方法。通过爆破中质点峰值速度、炸药量与爆心距的关系式,建立监测波形与预测波形的关系,对实测数据波形时域部分进行三次样条插值得到插值函数和预测目标点波形。通过实验和工程实践对该方法进行验证,并与传统的爆破振动预测方法进行质点峰值速度比对,结果表明:该爆破振动预测方法能够完整且较好地预测振动信号在爆破时间段内的振动历程,预测效果优于传统的爆破振动预测方法。     

Thermal design calculations for food freezing equipment—past, present and future: Calculs thermiques pour la conception de congélateurs industriels: le passé, le présent et le futur

The literature on methods for thermal design of food freezing equipment is reviewed with emphasis on two questions: what do those who design, build and commission freezers most need from researchers in terms of improved design calculation methods, and what are the most limiting factors in determining whether a particular freezer design will satisfactorily freeze the product at the required throughput rate? Freezing time prediction methods have been significantly improved over the last two decades and are now infrequently the factor most limiting accurate design. There is a much greater need for more accurate thermophysical properties and better information on heat transfer coefficients for a variety of practical situations. The failure of many industrial freezers to deliver the design conditions to product in all parts of the freezer is also important. Future research should address the full range of factors limiting accurate freezer design, which may mean less emphasis on freezing time prediction.     

Analysis and Application of Incremental Division Algorithms for a Digital Time-to-Speed Converter in Paper Speed Measurements

In modern paper making, accurate methods for measuring speed are of remarkable importance. The use of a time-to-speed converter for speed measurement leads to considerably shorter measuring times and more accurate results than are achieved with conventional methods. In this paper, algorithms usable in digital time-to-speed converters are analyzed, classified, and compared. Finally, the design of a time-to-speed converter based on the algorithm most suitable for paper speed measurement is described.     

A comparative study of Young’s modulus of single-walled carbon nanotube by CPMD, MD and first principle simulations

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), due to their exceptional magnetic, electrical and mechanical properties, are promising candidates for several technical applications ranging from nanoelectronic devices to composites. Young’s modulus holds the special status in material properties and micro/nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) design. The excellently regular structures of CNTs facilitate accurate simulation of CNTs’ behavior by applying a variety of theoretical methods. Here, three representative numerical methods, i.e., Car–Parrinello molecular dynamics (CPMD), density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics (MD), were applied to calculate Young’s modulus of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) with chirality (3,3). The comparative studies showed that the most accurate result is offered by time consuming DFT simulation. MD simulation produced a less accurate result due to neglecting electronic motions. Compared to the two preceding methods the best performance, with a balance between efficiency and precision, was deduced by CPMD.     

计及塑性接触层的法向接触刚度等效方法

采用典型的粗糙体——刚性面接触模型,针对完全弹性和理想弹塑性两种材料,分析了一般法向接触刚度等效方法是否准确,发现了一般方法在处理弹塑性接触时存在较大差并揭示了其中的本质原因。通过引入界面接触层,提出了接触界面等效的新方法并验证了其准确性,最终实现了对原系统的准确动力等效。通过实例采用两种等效方法对比分析了对动力系统振动特性的影响,为工程实际中含接触界面系统的动力学研究提供了参考。     

Determining ADC effective number of bits via histogram testing

A new application for one of the widely known A/D converter (ADC) dynamic testing methods, namely the histogram method, is discussed. After computing the transition voltages of the ADC transfer characteristics, the effective number of bits is computed. Simulation shows that this method more accurately characterizes the ADC used for arbitrary input signals, compared to the fast Fourier transform (FFT) and sine-fit methods which characterize the ADC in the light of an input sinusoid. The technique outperforms sinewave fitting as it gives more accurate results, while avoiding convergence problems of the iterative curve fitting algorithm. The FFT method was verified to be the least accurate. Simulation indications that the histogram method is better than the sine-fit method are presented     

Numerical evaluation of Hankel transforms for oscillating functions

Six methods for the numerical calculation of zero-order Hankel transforms of oscillating functions were evaluated. One method based on Filon quadrature philosophy, two published projection-slice methods, and a third projection-slice method based on a new approach to computation of the Abel transform were implemented; alternative versions of two of the projection-slice methods were derived for more accurate approximations in the projection step. These six algorithms were tested with an oscillating sweep signal and with the calculation of a three-dimensional diffraction-limited point-spread function of a fluorescence microscope. We found that the Filon quadrature method is highly accurate but also computationally demanding. The projection-slice methods, in particular the new one that we derived, offer an excellent compromise between accuracy and computational efficiency.     

岩石动态力学参数测试综述

岩石工程实践中,受动力荷载的作用现象比较普遍,例如工程爆破、自然地震及岩爆等。为了工程安全并兼顾经济效益的最大化,在这些工程问题的设计和施工中需要使用准确的岩石动态力学破坏强度及断裂韧度等力学性质。由于岩石动力测试较静态测试复杂得多,国际岩石力学学会岩石动力学专业委员会(ISRM-CRD)2012年才首次推出了岩石动态测试推荐方法,包括岩石动态压缩、动态拉伸及动态断裂方法。夏开文近几年在岩石动力实验室测量方面做了一系列工作,得到了国际同行广泛的认可,并执笔编写了ISRM动力测试推荐方法。夏开文作为新一届的国际岩石力学学会岩石动力学专业委员会(2011²015)主席,负责继续推动把更多切实有效的岩石动力测试方法建议为国际岩石力学学会(ISRM)推荐方法。在此背景下,我们结合多年来的研究工作,总结一些准确可靠的岩石动力学测试方法,希望能被应用到我国的工程爆破实践中,以期进一步提高我国工程爆破施工的高效性和安全性。     

Locating the Crack Tip Using Displacement Field Data: A Comparative Study

Abstract: The evaluation of stress intensity factors from experimentally determined crack‐tip stress or displacement fields almost always requires that the location of the crack tip is identified beforehand. In this work, a study has been performed to compare how different methods to locate the crack‐tip position from the displacement field around a crack tip obtained by digital image correlation influence the estimation of stress intensity factors. The methods used were two constrained Newton type methods: the trust‐region reflective Newton method and quasi‐Newton method; an unconstrained direct search method: the Nelder–Mead Simplex method; a constrained genetic algorithm; and a constrained Pattern Search (PS) method. It is shown that the Newton type methods are less accurate compared with the direct search methods studied. The PS method was found to be the most accurate. Furthermore, the PS method was found to be about twice as fast as the Simplex method and 10 times faster than a Genetic Algorithm for the same computing hardware and the same input data.     

基于快速独立分量分析的模态振型识别方法研究

摘要：快速、准确地识别出结构的模态参数,特别是结构的振型是结构损伤精确识别与健康监测的重要前提。大多的模态参数识别时域方法都是从曲线拟合的角度或解算特征值的过程来实现。振型向量通过求解各阶模态的留数获得,这些方法依赖于模态频率与模态阻尼的识别。本文提出一种模态振型的直接提取方法,该方法基于快速独立分量分析技术,以模态响应之间的独立性构造目标函数,通过优化目标函数寻求振型向量的最优解,直接从结构自由响应或脉冲响应的数据矩阵中提取结构的振型向量。三自由度数值算例表明该方法有效,具有很高的识别精度且对测量噪声具有很好的鲁棒性。