新型高压水射流原盐粉碎设备研制

为提高高压水射流原盐粉碎设备的生产能力,降低能耗,通过采取改进物料混合喷嘴、改进加料和射流工作方式等措施,改进了单射流——物料侧进式高压水射流原盐粉碎设备的结构,设计开发出多射流——物料中进式高压水射流原盐粉碎设备。实验结果表明,多射流——物料中进式高压水射流原盐粉碎设备生产能力达到7.50t/h,产率为54.63%,比能耗降低到4.22kW.h/t,泵电机的效率达到93%。多射流——物料中进式高压水射流粉碎设备的研制成功为原盐水力粉碎新技术的工业化奠定了基础。     

高压水射流粉碎原盐

高压水射流粉碎技术是近年发展起来的一项新型粉碎技术。文中介绍了水射流粉碎机理和新研制的后混合靶式水射流粉碎装置 ,并通过原盐粉碎实验证明 ,水射流粉碎具有效率高、工艺简单、产品粒度可调等特点 ,是一项具有良好发展前景的粉碎技术。     

A novel process for preparation of ultra-clean micronized coal by high pressure water jet comminution technique

A novel process for the preparation of ultra-clean micronized coal is presented in this paper. High pressure water jet mill replacing the ball mill is employed for coal comminution in the new preparation process, which is the essential difference from the traditional one. To compare the new preparation process with the traditional one, the comparison experiments were performed, with froth flotation tests of the fine particles ground by both mills using 0# diesel oil and n-dodecane as collector, 2-octanol as frother, and sink–float separation tests using mixtures of carbon tetrachloride–benzene and carbon tetrachloride–bromoform as dense liquid. Different parameters including combustible recovery, ash content of the clean coal, separation efficiency, and energy consumption were investigated based on the two different preparation processes. The results show that the new preparation process has high combustible recovery, low ash content of the product, high separation efficiency, and low energy consumption compared with the traditional one.The comminution mechanism of high pressure water jet mill is introduced in this paper. The high pressure water jet comminution technique has great potential in coal pulverization, having the advantages of low energy consumption, low iron content, and low equipment wear.     

废旧轮胎粉碎技术及其应用进展

世界各国的废旧轮胎数量日益增加,废旧轮胎堆放不仅造成环境污染,还导致橡胶资源浪费,对废旧轮胎进行合理的回收利用已经势在必行。现阶段,粉碎废旧轮胎以制备胶粉因工艺优势而成为废旧轮胎的主要回收方式。综述国内外粉碎废旧轮胎制备胶粉技术,详细介绍干法粉碎和湿法粉碎技术及相关工艺,其中干法粉碎包括常温和低温粉碎,湿法粉碎主要包括RAPRA法、常温浸混粉碎法、全水相法和高压水射流冲击粉碎法。对主要粉碎设备及其粉碎原理进行概述。指出全水相法因制得的胶粉性能更加优异,且工艺成本低及环保性表现突出,有望成为未来废旧轮胎粉碎技术主要发展方向。     

Effective comminution of diatomaceous earth in a vertical type jet mill

Comminution characteristics of diatomaceous earth have been investigated in a vertical type jet mill of pilot plant scale; the diameter of the chamber of mill is 26.3 cm. Fluidization of the particles in the chamber has been proposed to enhance the comminution efficiency of the jet mill by promoting the effective contacting of powders with compressed air as well as the chamber wall. Effects of the pressures or densities of pulverizing-air and fluidizing-air and comminution time on the mean size of the particles and the rate of comminution have been examined. The statistical analysis of pressure fluctuations in the chamber of the mill has been utilized to predict the characteristics of the vertical-type jet mill taking advantage of the fluidization technique. The particle size and comminution rate have been correlated with the operating variables, respectively.     

Interactions of phase equilibria,jet fluid dynamics and mass transfer during supercritical antisolvent micronization

Supercritical antisolvent (SAS) precipitation has been successfully used in the micronization of several compounds. Nevertheless, the role of high-pressure vapor–liquid equilibria, jet fluid dynamics and mass transfer in determining particle size and morphology is still debated. In this work, CO₂ has been adopted as supercritical antisolvent and elastic light has been used to acquire information on jet fluid dynamics using thin wall injectors for the investigation of the liquid solvents acetone and DMSO at operating conditions of 40 °C in the pressure range between 6 and 16 MPa. The results show that two-phase mixing after jet break-up is the phenomenon that characterizes the jet fluid dynamics at subcritical conditions. When SAS is performed at supercritical conditions a transition between multi-phase and single-phase mixing is observed by increasing the operating pressure. Single-phase mixing is due to the very fast disappearance of the interfacial tension between the liquid solvent and the fluid phase in the precipitator. The transition between these two phenomena depends on the operating pressure, but also on the viscosity and the surface tension of the solvent. Indeed, single-phase mixing has been observed for acetone very near the mixture critical point, whereas DMSO showed a progressive transition for pressures of about 12 MPa.In the second part of the work, a solute was added to DMSO to study the morphology of the microparticles formed during SAS precipitation at the different process conditions, to find a correlation between particle morphology and the observed jet. Expanded microparticles were obtained working at subcritical conditions; whereas spherical microparticles were obtained operating at supercritical conditions up to the pressure where the transition between multi- and single-phase mixing was observed. Nanoparticles were obtained operating far above the mixture critical pressure. The observed particle morphologies have been explained considering the interplay among high-pressure phase equilibria, fluid dynamics and mass transfer during the precipitation process.     

A novel process for preparation of an ultra-clean superfine coal–oil slurry

A novel process for the preparation of an ultra-clean superfine coal–oil slurry is presented. The process uses a high-pressure water-jet mill and a pumping slurry jet mill for coal superfine comminution. The mean diameter of coal particles in the slurry is 2.71 μm, and the ash content is 1.05%. The stability, rheological behavior, and heat value of the slurry are investigated. The results show that the ultra-clean superfine coal–oil slurry has a high heat value, a high level of stability, and low viscosity. The slurry can be used as fuel in a high-speed diesel engine. The total energy consumption of comminution of the coal particles to reduce the mean diameter from 3 mm to about 2.71 μm is 124 kW h per ton, which is lower than the total energy consumption by traditional ball mills by about 50–70%.     

Reaktionstechnik bei industriellen Hochdruckverfahren

Reaction engineering in industrial high-pressure processes . The essential task of industrial chemistry is to transform cheap raw materials into high-quality materials and substances economically. From the very beginning, the chemical industry has used the energy sources coal, oil, and gas as the starting point for synthesis. These substances are introduced into the product line through high-pressure reactions. Joint developments in catalytic chemistry reaction kinetics, and plant design have permitted construction and operation of high-capacity, high-pressure plants at remote sites, where coal, oil, and gas are won. Industrial high-pressure chemistry is thus capable of transforming in situ raw materials that could be used otherwise into high-value products worth transporting to energy-poor regions and whose distribution is secured. The second part of this paper considers the technical limits of pumps, compressors, and high-pressure reactors. Approximate estimates of investment costs as a function of the pressure as process parameter are given for a high-pressure process step. Aspects to be taken into consideration during design, construction, and installation of factory-built high-pressure reactors are considered in condensed form in the last part.     

高压水射流粉碎矿物的机理研究

前混合式高压水射流粉碎是水射流粉碎的一种重要方法,分析和实验研究表明：加入到高压水中的物料颗粒在受到高的静水压力后以高速射出,使积聚在颗粒中的弹性应变能迅速释放,进而使颗粒粉碎,因此压力释放效应是高压水射流粉碎的一个重要机理。     

Optimization of the Classifying Efficiency of Spiral Jet Mills by Investigating the Flow Conditions and the Grinding Performance

The achievable grinding fineness of spiral jet mills does not only depend on the comminution efficiency in the region of the nozzle jets but is also significantly affected by the separation efficiency in the region of the product outlet. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the influences of the product outlet diameter and different particle trap rings on the flow conditions and the grinding performance, optimizing the classifying efficiency of spiral jet mills. The velocity fields analyzed by particle image velocimetry and the experimental grinding results show that the classification process can be optimized by both reducing the product outlet diameter and installing a particle trap ring.     

Comminution of Organic Material

The comminution of materials of bioorganic origin such as organic solids, biological agglomerates or micro‐organisms is described in this work. The intent of this disintegration process is to release products, to improve the product quality or to enhance biological degradation processes. Special analytical techniques based on biochemical parameters are required in order to characterize the result of the comminution of organic materials. These techniques supplement techniques that are known from the comminution of brittle inorganic materials. The defined stressing of single particles can be used to characterize the comminution properties of solid bioorganic materials. The disintegration of micro‐organisms has been investigated in the fields of biotechnological product release and biodegradability of wastewater sludges. It is possible to optimize the operational parameters of stirred ball mills based on stress intensity and stress number in order to reduce the energy input and to improve product release.     

A rigid double-tailed surfactant preparation method and its application in clean fracturing fluid

Using 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene, thionyl chloride and long-chain tertiary amine as the main raw materials, a facile preparation method and formulation of a rigid double-tailed surfactant for clean fracturing fluid were developed. The temperature resistance test and the determination of hydrogen spectrum reveal that the clean fracturing fluid with the prepared surfactant as thickener has excellent salt and temperature resistance. The shear viscosity of the best product at 120°C and 170 s⁻¹ is not less than 65 mPa s, which meets the requirements of 25 mPa s for the field construction of clean fracturing fluid.     

高压氢气储运设施泄漏喷射火过程预测模型及其验证

近年氢能已迅速成为能源领域“新宠”,正在迎来快速发展的战略机遇期,但氢安全问题仍然是制约其发展的关键,尤以高压氢气储运设施泄漏后引发喷射火灾害较为突出。为了探究高压氢气泄漏过程并对其引发喷射火灾特性参数变化进行评估,本文采用理论分析和实例验证相结合的方法对两起高压氢气泄漏实验案例（90 MPa氢气瓶和6 MPa氢气管道）进行了研究。结果表明：通过模型精度检验,Abel-Nobel气体状态方程适用于当前常用的多种高压氢气储运设施泄漏过程的描述。基于Abel-Nobel气体状态方程、火焰尺寸模型、辐射分数模型和热辐射模型构建的高压氢气泄漏喷射火过程预测模型对实验案例中的泄漏出口气体质量流量、氢喷射火焰长度和辐射热场等的模拟计算结果与实验测量数据基本一致,验证了模型有效性及所含假设合理性。另外在计算中还需要结合实际情况充分考虑高压氢气储运设施发生泄漏时产生的能量损失以及等温流动过程,从而对模型预测精度进行修正。上述结论对于工程实际、氢能安全利用以及灾害预防等具有重要现实意义。     

有机膨润土的制备及其在涂料中的应用

以内蒙古某地天然膨润土为原料，探讨了有机膨润土制备的最佳工艺并用红外光谱仪对产品进行了表征。流变性实验表明，有机膨润土是一种非牛顿型触变体系，对改善涂料的使用性能非常有效。     

高压水射流清洗机的选配分析

随着高压水射流清洗机在我国的广泛应用,如何更合理的选用高压水射流清洗机和配置高压水射流清洗系统成为必须考虑的问题,本文提出了高压清洗机的四种选配条件,并从高压泵、胶管、喷射枪具三个方面进行了高压水射流清洗系统的选配分析.     

聚醚酮合成产物中二苯砜的浸取工艺

以二苯砜为溶剂合成聚醚酮时,反应结束后,产物、溶剂、副产物、原料等掺杂在一起,常温下形成固体混合物。为了将产物与其它物料分离,通常将混合固体粉碎,首先用溶剂将二苯砜浸出,然后再经蒸馏、干燥,回收二苯砜。本研究从脂肪提取工艺、抽提工艺、蒸煮工艺及循环等工艺出发,探索了聚醚酮合成产物中二苯砜的浸出过程。试验结果表明改进脂肪提取工艺是浸出二苯砜的最适宜工艺,其过程简单,控制容易,整批物料处理周期为2.16 h,丙酮消耗量为0.03 L,物料粉化率为零。同时,明确了浸取过程的机理,为二苯砜浸出的工业生产过程的工艺设计奠定了基础。     

气流粉碎机粉碎室速度场研究

本文建立了气流粉碎机粉碎室结构与流动参数间的函数关系,确立了速度场的变化规律,所得结论不仅与Rink等人采用静压测孔推算的速度分布十分吻合,而且还得到作者用激光多普勒测速技术对流场进行速度测试的进一步验证.     

The application of the attainable region analysis to comminution

The aim of any comminution circuit is to produce material of a desired particle size distribution (PSD) at a minimum operational cost. Currently, the comminution process is energy intensive and operates at very low efficiency when the input energy is compared to the breakage achieved. The attainable region (AR) technique has been successfully used to solve optimization problems simultaneously with the process synthesis formulation of reactor systems. The AR looks at the fundamental processes of a given system and determines all the possible outputs to which the objective function can be applied and an optimal process solution selected.Particle breakage, separation (classification) and mixing are identified as the three fundamental processes of interest taking place during comminution. Breakage and mixing processes are used in this paper to illustrate the applicability of the AR theory in comminution. We develop a fundamentally based model which is equipment independent to describe breakage. Specific energy is the independent variable and the production of particles with a certain PSD is the objective function. We use geometric construction to represent this PSD as a point in an n-dimensional space in relation to an input specific energy. Output PSDs are dependent on the input PSDs, allowing connectivity of the batch grinding stages to form a pseudo-continuous process.Specific energy is used as the control variable to obtain sharper product PSDs. It is shown that the same net energy consumed in the system can produce different product PSDs. Therefore, this implies that the design of comminution circuits should achieve better control of the specific energy. Once the candidate AR is constructed, operational process targets can be defined more accurately. This establishment of targets permits a measure of the actual process efficiency against a theoretical target. The advantage of the AR method lies in its ability to develop not only the performance of the optimal circuit but also the operational conditions to be used in the optimal process circuit. This also answers the process synthesis question of the type of equipment to be used which is a function of the specific energy.     

FRIPP加氢生产超清洁溶剂油技术

介绍抚顺石油化工研究院开发的高压一段、中压两段及高压一段串联加氢法生产清洁溶剂油技术,利用此技术生产的清洁溶剂油产品质量达到国外同类产品的水平.在清洁溶剂油生产技术中,加氢法具有原料来源广泛,产品质量优良,生产过程无特殊环保问题等特点,将得到广泛的应用.