利用地下水灌溉农田的水量供需平衡计算

利用地下水进行农田灌溉时要进行地下水供需平衡计算，以保证农田灌溉用水量，避免造成水利设施和投资的浪费。     

高阳县水量汇总平衡工作探析

高阳县第一次水利普查办公室（以下简称水普办）在省、市水普办正确指导下,在县委、县政府的领导下,精心组织、扎实推进普查工作．于2012年6月中旬完成了《高阳县水利普查供用水量汇总和水量平衡分析报告》。高阳县全口径毛用水量1．013亿m^3．地下水供用水量1．018亿m^3．区域整体供用水量误差范围为0．53％．符合《第一次全国水利普查经济社会用水情况调查成果汇总技术规定》要求,     

优化配置合理利用水资源

八五三农场地下水资源缺乏，地下水严重超采，采取多种有效节水措施，充分利用过境水、桃花水、田间排水，降低了灌溉用水量，地表水灌区亩用水量450m^3，地下水资源亩用水量260m^3，达到了水资源的优化配置与利用。     

墨西哥的水资源规划与管理

墨西哥的水资源规划与管理主题词水利规划；水资源管理；水利政策；流域规划；墨西哥概述墨西哥国土面积约为２００万ｋｍ２，人口８５００万。全国年平均降水量７８０ｍｍ，年径流量４１７０亿ｍ’．拥有地下水再生资源５５０亿ｍ３，人均年用水量５０００ｍ３，相当于世...     

天津市水资源开发利用潜力与管理建议

以天津市1956—2016年水资源量和2010—2021年供用水量数据为基础，结合地表水和地下水取用水量控制指标，从水量层面剖析水资源开发利用潜力。研究表明，2010—2021年，天津市供用水格局发生了很大的变化，其他水源供水占比波动上升，地下水供水占比波动下降；用水大户由农业用水转变为生态环境用水。从整体上看，天津市地表水已不具备开发利用潜力；浅层地下水仍有一定的开发利用空间。在此基础上，提出以下管理建议：在“节水优先”的基础上，继续用足用好引滦水和引江水，最大程度置换深层承压水取用量；科学利用浅层地下水、微咸水和海水淡化水；加强水利信息化建设，提高水资源管理能力。     

屏南县水利普查水量平衡分析研究

该文简要介绍屏南县水利普查实施情况和供用水量平衡分析成果，分析了影响供用水量平衡分析成果的因素，并据此提出了改进建议，供下次水利普查参考。     

中美将合作研究海河流域地下水污染问题

根据中美科技合作协议附件7的精神，美国地调局代表团一”L3人，在团长利黑先生带领下，于1994年11月三2～25日对海河水利委员会进行了访问，探讨了海河流域和美国的格尔马拉地区建立地下水水质对照研究区，合作研究地下水的污染问题。海河流域是水资源区乏的地区，人均占有水资源量仅为全国人均的八分之一．解放以来，流域内进行了大规模的水利建设，取得了令世人瞩目的成就，地下水资源开发利用程度目前已达到国内七大流域之首。据统计，工农业及城镇生活用水中，地下水已占74．5％，在流域总用水量中，地下水亦占80％，地下水已成为主要…     

超采区农业取用地下水管理指标研究

地下水超采区治理中,节水管理是难点。农业用水水源多、复杂多变,不同区域地下水水位变化大。现状地下水取用水量控制指标、地下水水位控制指标是政府考核指标,取水许可的相关指标无法管理到每个用水户,简单的水量、水价管理指标难以应对农业用水的复杂性和差异性。为了明确不同区域的超采危害程度,提出了“超采用水当量”概念,可以“水利用电量”代表“超采用水当量”,并以“水利用电价格”作为地下水超采区的管理指标。     

河北省地下水开发利用现状及对策

分析了河北省各行业用水量及地下水用水量变化趋势,提出了较为合理的地下水保护对策,以达到改善地下水环境的目的。     

拉斯维加斯盆地的水资源保护

内华达州南部是美国西部发展最快的城市集中地区之一。到２０１０年，水资源将近告罄。拉斯维加斯建市初期，人均用水量高于干旱的西部其他大城市。其原因是人们以为水资源取之不尽，政府鼓励打井，满足城市发展需求，吸引游客；加之水资源执法不严，４０年代，第一次水资源危机时，采取过度开采地下水的办法应付，地下水过度开采带来地质问题。７０年代，第二次水资源危机，是通过增加从科罗拉多河取水解决。政府采取了用水配给、制订水利法规、加强研究和教育等措施，解决水资源保护问题。     

信息融合型页岩气开采区含水层富水性预测——以凤冈区块为例

页岩气在开采过程中不但容易污染地下水资源,而且还需要大量的水资源来保障水力压裂技术的用水量,因此预测页岩气开采区的地下水富水性对于合理保护和利用页岩气开采区的地下水资源具有重要的意义。在总结岩溶地区含水层富水性主要控制因素的基础上,利用层次分析方法(AHP)建立了融合多源信息的含水层富水性评价模型,确定了因素权重,然后利用地理信息系统(GIS)技术的信息处理和空间展示功能制作了各富水性影响因素专题图,并对各专题图进行了信息融合叠加,最终完成了凤冈页岩气开采区的含水层富水性评价预测。基于GIS技术的信息融合型含水层富水性评价方法可以有效地反映含水层富水性这一受控于多因素影响且具有非常复杂形成机理的非线性动力现象,可为页岩气开采区的地下水资源利用与保护提供依据。     

关于汾河灌区工程维修养护的思考

灌区工程管理养护水平直接关系着灌区效益的发挥,文中对汾河灌区工程维修养护现状进行分析,结合当前水利工程管养体制改革,在汾河灌区工程维修养护实施策略、组织管理机制、工程造价和工情信息管理等方面提出了建议。     

The Effect of Geological Heterogeneity and Groundwater Table Depth on the Hydraulic Performance of Stormwater Infiltration Facilities

Urbanization has led to a substantial change in the hydrological cycle of urban catchments. Increased runoff and urban flooding, decreased direct subsurface infiltration and groundwater recharge, deterioration of water quality are among the major effects of this alteration. To alleviate these effects, Low Impact Development (LID) practices have been frequently adopted for stormwater management. Among LID infrastructures, infiltration facilities are particularly challenging to design and model due to the considerable amount of uncertainties related to the hydrogeological configuration of installation sites. To date, analysis on how soil heterogeneity, groundwater table depth, and thickness of the unsaturated zone affect the hydraulic performance of infiltration facilities are lacking. To address this knowledge gap, a series of numerical experiments under transient variably water saturated conditions were performed for a hypothetical infiltration facility. Numerical simulations showed that i) infiltration rates increase considerably as the initial depth of the groundwater table increases, ii) the contribution of the bottom of the facility to the infiltration of water is generally higher than the sides, iii) the presence of a less conducting soil layer at a short depth from the bottom of the facility reduces infiltration rates dramatically, iv) the complete clogging of the bottom of the facility has a dramatic impact on the hydraulic performance, v) the stochastic heterogeneity of the soil controls the overall stormwater infiltration process through the facility, and the hydraulic performance may largely deviate from the case when heterogeneity is absent.

     

运城市地下水开发利用状况及其分析

分析了运城市地下水开采状况,通过对比地下水资源量、可开采量、开采量,分析地下水开采情况,论述了由于地下水超采造成的生态环境问题,提出了加强地下水管理的意见和建议。     

大区域地下水模拟的理论和方法

大区域地下水数值模拟中，存在时空尺度选择和信息不足问题。本文在融合地质统计、逆问题理论和地下水运动理论的基础上，提出了建立大区域地下水运动模拟的理论和方法。提出了大区域地下水有限元计算的时空尺度理论公式。针对信息不足，提出了大区域地下水位推定的方法。根据推定的地下水位，运用逆解析理论对大区域地下水含水层导水系数进行逆推定。本文将所提出的方法运用到日本北海道Sarobetsu湿地地下水模拟中，结果表明所提方法用于计算大区域湿地不恒定地下水得到较满意的结果。     

地下水取水工程二元管理结构浅析

目前,我国开发利用地下水结构不合理,大量的地下水资源用于农业灌溉,使得地下水资源未发挥出其特性。同时,超采地下水引起的地质环境问题愈演愈烈。地下水取水工程整体管理水平和能力与其客观要求仍有相当距离。二元制地下水取水工程管理制度可以为制定科学的管理手段及法规条例提供定量化的数据和技术支撑。     

A New Groundwater Management Model by Coupling Analytic Element Method and Reverse Particle Tracking with Cat Swarm Optimization

The performance of groundwater management models mostly depends upon the methodology employed to simulate flow and transport processes and the efficiency of optimization algorithms. The present study examines the effectiveness of cat swarm optimization (CSO) for groundwater management problems, by coupling it with the analytic element method (AEM) and reverse particle tracking (RPT). In this study, we propose two coupled simulation-optimization models, viz. AEM-CSO and AEM-RPT-CSO by combining AEM with RPT and CSO. Both the models utilize the added advantages of AEM, such as precise estimation of hydraulic head at pumping location and generation of continuous velocity throughout the domain. The AEM-CSO model is applied to a hypothetical unconfined aquifer considering two different objectives, i.e., maximization of the total pumping of groundwater from the aquifer and minimization of the total pumping costs. The model performance reflects the superiority of CSO in comparison with other optimization algorithms. Further, the AEM-RPT-CSO model is successfully applied to a hypothetical confined aquifer to minimize the total number of contaminant sources, within the time related capture zone of the wells, while maintaining the required water demand. In this model, RPT gets continuous velocity information directly from the AEM model. The performance evaluation of the proposed methodology, illustrates its ability to solve groundwater management problems.     

建立在水动力关系基础上桃河阳泉段河道渗漏补给量的计算

阳泉市桃河上游河谷冲洪积层孔隙地下水，以其涌水量大、开采成本低成为当地的重要供水水源。其资源量除受河流径流量的大小影响外，更与河水与地下水的动力关系密切相关，本文根据两者间的水动力关系分为顶托渗漏和自由渗漏两个过程，并根据实测渗漏量计算出含水层参数，进而结合当地的水井工程布置情况，对河流渗漏量进行了计算。     

Simulation-Optimization Modelling for Sustainable Groundwater Management in a Coastal Basin of Orissa, India

The Balasore coastal groundwater basin of Orissa in eastern India is under a serious threat of overdraft and seawater intrusion. Two optimization models were developed in this study for the efficient utilization of water resources in Balasore basin during non-monsoon periods: (a) a non-linear hydraulic management model for optimal pumpage, and (b) a linear optimization model for optimal cropping pattern in integration with a calibrated and validated groundwater flow simulation model. Based on the simulation-optimization modeling results, optimal pumping schedules, cropping patterns, and corresponding groundwater conditions are presented for three scenarios viz., wet, normal and dry years. It was found that optimal pumping schedules and corresponding cropping patterns differed significantly under the three scenarios, and the groundwater levels improved significantly under the optimal hydraulic conditions compared to the existing condition. In dry years, the groundwater levels under the present pumping pattern and the optimal pumpage indicated that the non-monsoon pumpage should not exceed the optimal pumpage in the absence of remedial measures in the basin. It is concluded that in order to ensure sustainable groundwater utilization in the basin, the optimal cropping pattern and pumping schedule should be adopted by the farmers.     

Application of Bayesian Decision Networks for Groundwater Resources Management Under the Conditions of High Uncertainty and Data Scarcity

This paper presents management of groundwater resource using a Bayesian Decision Network (BDN). The Kordkooy region in North East of Iran has been selected as study area. The region has been sub-divided into three zones based on transmissivity (T) and electrical conductivity (EC) values. The BDN parameters: prior probabilities and Conditional Probability Tables - CPTs) have been identified for each of the three zones. Three groups of management scenarios have been developed based on the two decision variables including “Crop pattern” and “Domestic water demand” across the three zones of the study area: 1) status quo management for all three zones represent current conditions; 2) the effect of change in cropping pattern on management endpoints and 3) the effect of future increased domestic water demand on management endpoints. The outcomes arising from implementing each scenario have been predicted by use of the constructed BDN for each of the zones. Results reveal that probability of drawdown in groundwater levels of southern areas is relatively high compared with other zones. Groundwater withdrawal from northern and northwestern areas of the study area should be limited due to the groundwater quality problems associated with shallow groundwater of these two zones. The ability of the Bayesian Decision Network to take into account key uncertainties in natural resources and perform meaningful analysis in cases where there is not a vast amount of information and observed data available – and opportunities for enabling inputs for the analysis based partly on expert elicitation,emphasizes key advantages of this approach for groundwater management and addressing the groundwater related problems in a data-scarce area.