东阿县沿黄区孔隙地下水化学特征及成因分析

基于东阿县牛角店镇、乐平铺镇等地区38组孔隙水样品和3组黄河水样品,采用水化学离子比法和氢氧同位素分析法,系统分析了东阿县沿黄区孔隙水化学特征的形成机理及黄河水对孔隙水的影响。结果表明,研究区孔隙地下水以HCO₃-Na型为主,含水层中主要发生硅酸盐岩溶解和碳酸岩溶解过程;黄河水入渗、大气降水的入渗和水-岩相互作用是区内地下水化学成因的主导因素;区内地下水化学与同位素特征反映出研究区内黄河影响带范围在18 km以内,影响带范围内地下水参与外界循环不积极,主要受黄河水的补给,地下水化学组成主要受黄河水和水-岩相互作用的影响,在影响带范围外地下水化学组成受到大气降水的影响程度增大。     

井陉地区岩溶地下水水化学特征及其影响因素分析

基于2018年9月采集的24件丰水期地下水样品分析测试结果,综合运用数理统计、Piper三线图、相关性分析、Gibbs图和主要离子比值法等分析井陉地区岩溶地下水水化学特征及其影响因素。结果表明,岩溶地下水的主要阴阳离子为HCO3-、SO24-、Ca2+,水化学类型主要为SO4·HCO3-Ca、HCO3·SO4-Ca型;局部地区出现地下水点状污染,超标水点分布在工矿企业和农田等地区,主要影响指标为总硬度、硫酸盐和硝酸盐;地下水水化学主要受水岩作用控制,但也受人为因素、地下水径流方向及地表水影响。其中水岩作用主要以碳酸盐岩、硫酸盐岩和岩盐矿物风化溶解为主,也存在不同程度的阳离子交换作用;人为因素主要以工矿业污染为主。研究结果为井陉地区岩溶地下水污染防治提供了理论参考。     

青海省共和县地下热水水文地球化学特征研究

以青海省共和县地下热水为研究对象,对所取得的水样进行水化学以及氢氧同位素测试,并分析测试结果。结果表明：共和地区地下热水水化学类型以Cl-Na型为主;地下热水受到浅表层氧化作用的影响较大,所处环境的封闭性较差,有浅层地下水或地表水的混合;地下热水受大气降雨补给;地下热水热源和水源不是同一来源;地下热水未达到水岩平衡状态,估算出地下热水热储温度在37.59~108.22 ℃之间,循环深度为500~2000 m,属于中低温地热系统。     

基于关键控制因子的地下水补给源判别方法

为了在缺乏同位素数据时更简单准确地识别地下水补给源,使用因子分析法对水化学数据进行降维,利用层次分析法与熵值法加以辅佐确定关键控制因子,结合判别分析理论构建地下水补给源判别模型,提出一种地下水补给来源识别的新方法。结合日照市五莲地区地下水水化学数据,选取TDS、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、K~+、Na~+、Cl~-、SO_2~(4-)、HCO_3~-、NO_3~-为判别指标,确定了使该地区丰水期碎屑岩类孔隙裂隙水与基岩裂隙水水化学特征发生改变的外部补给水源为松散岩类孔隙水,对该地区的水资源开发利用具有指示意义。     

淇县地区地下水化学特征及其影响因素分析

为了解淇县地区地下水化学特征,选取57个水样数据,运用统计分析、相关性分析以及Gibbs方法分析了淇县地区地下水水化学特征。结果表明,淇县地区从山区到平原地下水更新速度逐渐变慢,EC逐渐升高;TDS与Na~+、Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)、HCO_3-相关性很高;深层地下水整体呈HCO_3-Ca·Mg型水,浅层地下水化学整体呈水平分带性,从淇河上游HCO_3-Ca型水到淇河中游的HCO_3-Ca·Mg型水再过渡到淇河下游的HCO_3·Cl-Ca·Mg和HCO_3·SO4-Ca·Mg·Na型水;局部地区出现地下水点状污染。淇县地区水化学主要受岩性控制,局部地区受水动力条件及人为因素影响。研究成果可为淇县地区地下水污染防治提供参考。     

地下水与煤层气相互关系研究进展

煤层气赋存受多种因素共同控制,地下水便是其中之一。地下水和煤层气可共生、可伴生,煤层气的形成、运移、富集以及资源评价、开采各个方面与地下水及水文地质条件息息相关。水文地质条件对煤层气赋存的影响主要是水动力场和水化学。水动力对煤层气的影响主要是水力封堵控气作用和水力封闭控气作用,水化学对煤层气的影响因素主要包括地下水的矿化度、矿物成分、矿物离子组分﹑同位素种类、p H值等。通过对地下水化学特征的分析,阐明了煤层气的运移、富集成藏规律。按煤层气开采时段分析了对地下水的影响:施工期对地下水的影响主要存在于钻井施工环节,如引发地震使地下水浑浊、破坏含水层结构、钻井液泄漏污染地下水以及大量消耗水资源;运营期对地下水的影响主要是甲烷泄漏污染地下水、返排液污染地下水以及地下水水位和流场改变。     

泰莱盆地水环境同位素分布特征及其意义

通过对泰莱盆地不同水体进行采样测试,分析其氢氧同位素特征,应用环境同位素理论研究了盆地不同水体之间的差异与联系,并针对盆地的不同地段、不同水体的环境同位素特征,采用数理统计、δD-δ~(18)O关系图和典型剖面分析的方法,结合当地水文地质条件,分析了泰莱盆地的"三水"转化关系。结果表明,泰莱盆地周边山区为大气降水补给,地下水沿径流途径向盆地内部排泄区汇集,在盆地内地下水常通过地表"天窗"或以泉的形式补给地表水,盆地内部地势相对平缓,蒸发作用较强。     

白城市浅层高氟地下水分布特征及富集机理

为分析白城市浅层地下水氟含量的分布特征和富集机理,采用Piper三线图、Kringing插值、Pearson分析、氯碱指数、Gibbs图等方法讨论了研究区F-分布规律和富集机理。结果表明,长石类矿物的溶解为F-富集提供了碱性环境。研究区F-浓度由外部向内部增大,其对应的主要水化学类型由HCO3-Ca·Na型过渡至HCO3-Na型。地下水化学成分的形成作用成为制约地下水氟富集的重要因素。方解石的沉淀和石膏的溶解影响着萤石的溶解与沉淀,蒸发浓缩作用和离子交换作用为最终高氟地下水中阳离子是Na+提供了依据。     

泰莱盆地地下水水化学特征及水质评价

为分析泰莱盆地地下水水化学特征及水质现状,选取2017年丰水期140件水样,其中,孔隙水样47件、岩溶水样61件和裂隙水样32件,运用数理统计、Piper三线图、箱型图等方法,分析了研究区主要离子及水化学特征,并运用模糊综合评价法、Wilcox图解法评价了水质现状及灌溉水质。结果表明,泰莱盆地主要阳离子为Ca~(2+)、Na~+,占阳离子总数的80%以上,主要阴离子为HCO_3~-、SO_4~(2-),占阴离子总数的67%以上,其中NO3-含量也相对较高;水化学类型以HCO3·SO4-Ca型水为主;pH值整体呈弱碱性,TDS存在孔隙水岩溶水裂隙水的关系,这与地下水径流条件有关;Ⅳ、Ⅴ类水样占总水样的29.3%,影响因子为SO_4~(2-)、NO3-、TDS、总硬度,其主要影响因素为人为活动;绝大部分区域均属于好—可用及以上级别,合理利用地下水灌溉可有效预防土壤盐碱化问题。     

柳林泉域岩溶水水化学及碳硫同位素特征

以2011年5月的同位素取样及水化学分析资料为基础,利用Piper三线图和同位素测年、示踪等方法,分析了柳林泉域内岩溶水的水化学和碳硫同位素特征。结果表明,沿泉域的补给区—径流区—排泄区—滞流区一线,岩溶水离子含量由碱土金属离子、弱酸为主逐渐过度到以碱金属离子、强酸为主;水化学类型由HCO3 Ca·Mg型向Cl·SO4 Na型转变;岩溶水14C年龄由现代水增加到7 000年左右;岩溶水放射性流速由5.72 m/a减至0.68 m/a,减少了8.4倍;岩溶水中34S含量与石膏中的34S含量接近,结合当地的水文地质条件,可推测岩溶水中硫酸根离子主要来源于中奥陶统石膏岩的溶解。     

牟汶河中上游河水离子组成特征及其影响因素

为研究牟汶河中上游河水化学特征,分析河水离子来源,采集21组干流和支流河水样品,利用数理统计、Piper三线图及沿流程组分变化图分析主要离子组分、水化学类型及水化学空间变化特征;利用Gibbs图和离子比值相关性分析水化学组分控制因素.结果表明,河水离子组分以Ca2+、Na+、Mg2+、SO42-、HCO3-、Cl-为主...     

北京市平谷平原地下水水位动态统计预测模型

通过分析北京平谷平原水文地质条件、地下水水位动态特征和水位动态的影响因素,分别采用多元线性回归模型、季节分解模型对山前平原和中部平原建模分析,并预测了平谷地下水水位动态。结果表明,在现有条件下山前平原的水位变化不明显,中部平原水位下降较多。     

内陆平原区越流系统中水盐运移过程反演

为深入研究内陆平原区地下水水化学组分的形成机制,基于55组地下水样品分析结果和7组岩芯样品参数,采用数理统计、离子比例系数法和数值法,反演地下水水盐运移过程.结果表明,研究区地下水阳离子在粘性土中的浓度通量总是先增加后减小,50 m处的浅层地下水中Na+含量在含水介质中表现为富集,80～110 m的地下水中Ca2+含量...     

Electrochemical processes in a high power Li-SO2 source

Some factors defining the specific characteristics of a high power Li-SO₂ chemical current source have been studied.

The solid-phase product of the cathodic reduction of SO₂ passivates the electrode surface, but it is gradually dissolved after de-energizing. Hence

Perchlorate solutions have been compared with bromide solutions. The rate of the cathodic reduction of SO₂ is higher in perchlorate solutions. The

The discharge capacity is higher in acetonitrile solutions as compared with those based on propylene carbonate. In this case the capacity increase is i

The polarization curve obtained at a porous inert cathode during the reduction of SO₂ has areas of intrakinetic, intradiffusion, external kinetic a

The anodic behaviour of a lithium electrode is determined by the properties of the film passivating its surface. Polarization resistance at anodic diss     

Optimization of process parameters for preparation of powdered activated coke to achieve maximum SO2 adsorption using response surface methodology

Powdered activated coke (PAC) is a good adsorbent of SO₂, but its adsorption capacity is affected by many factors in the preparation process. To prepare the PAC with a high SO₂ adsorption capacity using JJ-coal under flue gas atmosphere, six parameters (oxygen-coal equivalent ratio, reaction temperature, reaction time, O₂ concentration, CO₂ concentration, and H₂O concentration) were screened and optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM). The results of factor screening experiment show that reaction temperature, O₂ concentration, and H₂O (g) concentration are the significant factors. Then, a quadratic polynomial regression model between the significant factors and SO₂ adsorption capacity was established using the central composite design (CCD). The model optimization results indicate that when reaction temperature is 904.74°C, O₂ concentration is 4.67%, H₂O concentration is 27.98%, the PAC (PAC-OP) prepared had a higher SO₂ adsorption capacity of 68.15 mg/g while its SO₂ adsorption capacity from a validation experiment is 68.82 mg/g, and the error with the optimal value is 0.98%. Compared to two typical commercial activated cokes (ACs), PAC-OP has relatively more developed pore structures, and its S_BET and V_tot are 349 m²/g and 0.1475 cm³/g, significantly higher than the 186 m²/g and 0.1041 cm³/g of AC1, and the 132 m²/g and 0.0768 cm³/g of AC2. Besides, it also has abundant oxygen-containing functional groups, its surface O content being 12.09%, higher than the 10.42% of AC1 and 10.49% of AC2. Inevitably, the SO₂ adsorption capacity of PAC-OP is also significantly higher than that of both AC1 and AC2, which is 68.82 mg/g versus 32.53 mg/g and 24.79 mg/g, respectively.     

低低温电除尘及高效电源协同烟气处理技术的应用

为研究低低温电除尘及高效电源协同烟气处理技术的应用效果,以一循环流化床锅炉为研究对象,通过试验方法,对协同烟气处理技术投运前后烟气中的粉尘颗粒特性及排放质量浓度进行了测量及对比,并对该技术投运后的经济性进行了分析。结果表明:协同烟气处理技术投运后,机组排放的粉尘质量浓度由49.5 mg/m³降低至10.7 mg/m³,可显著提高除尘器的除尘效率;可降低机组供电标煤耗2.835 g/(kW·h),年节煤量1473.5 t;可进一步减少CO₂,SO₂,NO_x及粉尘等污染物的排放;可节约用电160 kW·h/h,每年节约电量6.16×10⁵ kW·h。     

A model analysis of clean development mechanisms to reduce both CO2 and SO2 emissions between Japan and China

It is necessary for Japan to support the development of desulfurization policies of China to solve global and local environmental problems. This study proposes a “double clean development mechanism” to reduce both CO₂ and SO₂ emissions at the same time. The purpose of this study is to investigate the consequences for both countries' energy economies of following double clean development mechanism between Japan and China. A dynamic optimization model is developed to estimate the effects of Japanese investments in China for carbon dioxide recovery-disposal and emission desulfurization technologies. The simulation results suggest that a double clean development mechanism can effectively mitigate the damage caused by SO₂ emissions because the clean development mechanism itself can reduce SO₂ emissions, e.g. by switching to fuels. However, China might not be willing to accept restrictions on SO₂ emissions. This study also examines whether China will be able to maintain high growth rates with a clean development mechanism under the CO₂ and SO₂ restriction. The analysis shows that increasing the upper limit of investment from Japan to China can enhance the economies of the both nations. The effect of nuclear power installation on economic performance is also investigated for the both nations.     

Electron-beam flue-gas treatment for multicomponent air-pollution control

During coal combustion, different pollutants such as fly ash, sulfur oxides (SO₂ and SO₃), nitrogen oxides (NO_x=NO+NO₂) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted. These pollutants are harmful to the environment and human health. Therefore different air-pollution-control technologies are used. Usually these technologies are designed for removing only a single pollutant. An integrated system for SO₂, NO_x and VOC simultaneous emission control is presented in the paper. The technology uses a high-energy electron-beam from an accelerator and ammonia to treat simultaneously SO₂ and NO_x, the obtained by-product can be used as a fertilizer. The industrial-demonstration plant at EPS Pomorzany in Szczecin is under optimization tests now. Moreover, the tests carried out with the pilot plant at EPS Kawêczyn have demonstrated the possibility of volatile-organic-compounds destruction and their final toxicity reduction.     

Does fossil fuel combustion lead to global warming?

Tropospheric sulfate aerosols produced by atmospheric oxidation of SO₂ emitted from fossil fuel combustion scatter solar radiation and enhance the reflectivity of clouds. Both effects decrease the absorption of solar radiation by the earth-atmosphere system. This cooling influence tends to offset the warming influence resulting from increased absorption of terrestrial infrared radiation by increased atmospheric concentrations of CO₂. The sulfate forcing is estimated to be offsetting 70% of the forcing by CO₂ derived from fossil fuel combustion, although the uncertainty of this estimate is quite large--range 28 to 140%, the latter figure indicating that the present combined forcing is net cooling. Because of the vastly different atmospheric residence times of sulfate aerosol (about a week) and CO₂ (about 100 years), the cooling influence of sulfate aerosol is exerted immediately, whereas most of the warming influence of CO₂ is exerted over more than 100 years. Consequently the total forcing integrated over the entire time the materials reside in the atmosphere is net warming, with the total CO₂ forcing estimated to exceed the sulfate forcing by a factor of 4 (uncertainty range 2 to more than 10). The present situation in which the forcing by sulfate is comparable to that by CO₂ is shown to be a consequence of the steeply increasing rates of emissions over the industrial era.