Compatibility of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10,12-Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane with a Selection of Insensitive Explosives

Thermal techniques (differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the vacuum stability test (VST)), according to STANAG 4147, and non-thermal techniques (Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry and X-ray diffractometry (XRD)) were used to examine compatibility issues for 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) with a selection of insensitive explosives, including nitroguanidine (NQ), 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyridine-1-oxide (ANPyO), 2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TATB), 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) and 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide (LLM-105). DSC measurements showed that ANPyO, TATB, NTO and LLM-105 were compatible with CL-20. The compatibility of CL-20/NQ, CL-20/TNT, CL-20/ANPyO, CL-20/TATB, CL-20/NTO and CL-20/LLM-105 mixtures was further explored using the VST, which revealed that all the selected insensitive explosives were compatible with CL-20. Possible chemical interactions were suspected for CL-20/TATB from the FTIR results and for CL-20/NTO from XRD analysis. In summary, ANPyO and LLM-105 demonstrated the optimal compatibility with CL-20.     

储氢材料及其在含能材料中的应用

详细介绍了储氢材料品种，其中包括苯和甲苯有机液体氢化物，氢化硼和氢化铝络合物，超级活性炭，碳纳米纤维和碳纳米管的纳米碳材料，镧（稀土）系列、钛铁系列、镁系列等金属及合金氢化物，多孔聚合物等；并简单介绍了这些储氢材料的制备方法、在含能材料中应用时存在的问题及改进方向。重点介绍了多孔聚合物储氢材料的特点及合成方法，提出金属氢化物和多孔聚合物应作为储氢材料在含能材料中应用的重点研究对象。     

Safer and Performing Energetic Materials Based on Polyaniline-Doped Nanocomposites

Nanothermites, combining a fuel with an oxidizer at the nanoscale, represent a class of energetic material that has been attracting increasing attention over the past decade. This intensive interest is due to their tuneable pyrotechnic performance, making the materials promising candidates for ordnance applications. However, the extreme mechanical and electrostatic sensitivities of energetic composites make handling them hazardous. In this study, a realistic desensitization method is suggested via the addition of polyaniline while maintaining an interesting combustion velocity in contrast to the literature values. This investigation claims a major scientific breakthrough in the preparation of safer energetic nanocomposites.     

A Validation Study of the General Amber Force Field Applied to Energetic Molecular Crystals

Molecula dynamics is a well-established tool to computationally study molecules. However, to reach predictive capability at the level required for applied research and design, extensive validation of the available force fields is pertinent. Here we present a study of density, isothermal compressibility and coefficients of thermal expansion of four energetic materials (FOX-7, RDX, CL-20 and HMX) based on molecular dynamics simulations with the General Amber Force Field (GAFF), and compare the results to experimental measurements from the literature. Furthermore, we quantify the accuracy of the calculated properties through hydrocode simulation of a typical impact scenario. We find that molecular dynamics simulations with generic and computationally efficient force fields may be used to understand and estimate important physical properties of nitramine-like energetic materials.     

Synthesis of Heterocyclic Ylids as Candidates for Energetic Materials

Concise syntheses of nitrogen-rich pyridinium and 1,2,4-triazolium N-imides are reported. Substrate scope and various imide-stabilizing electron withdrawing groups are examined. Energetic properties of the target molecules were studied by heats of combustion.     

New Energetic Derivatives of 1-Amino-3-Nitroguanidine

Two new energetic derivatives of 1-amino-3-nitroguanidine were synthesized. The furoxan moiety and 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl moiety were introduced to the nitroguanidine frame. The resulting compounds 3-methyl-4-((2-(N′-nitrocarbamimidoyl)hydrazono)methyl)-1,2,5-oxadiazole-2-oxide (1, C₅H₇N₇O₄) and N′-nitro-2-(2,4,6-trinitrobenzylidene)hydrazinecarboximidamide (2, C₈H₆N₈O₈) were characterized by infrared (IR) spectroscopy, multinuclear nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG), as well as elemental analysis. The structure of 1 was confirmed by X-ray diffraction. Both compounds possess good thermal stability with the decomposition onset temperature above 180°C. Their sensitivity and explosive properties were investigated by experimental and theoretical methods.     

不同品牌超低温液压油相容性研究

为评价不同品牌液压油在设备中能否混用,文章研究了中国石油、中国石化、美孚和壳牌等4家公司生产的超低温液压油之间的相容性。液压油混合比例参照MIL-PRF-17331K规范,考察了混合后油品的外观、运动黏度、倾点、泡沫特性、防锈性和抗磨性等性能变化。结果表明:中国石油液压油分别与中国石化、美孚液压油具有良好的相容性。     

橡胶与润滑油的相容性考察

橡胶与润滑油接触后的体积和硬度会发生变化,可能会导致密封失效。考察了橡胶与润滑油的相容性,在应用中要考虑两者的匹配问题。     

航空液压油与橡胶的相容性考察

采用SH/T0436方法评价了15号航空液压油的橡胶相容性。15号航空液压油的橡胶相容性与10号航空液压油的相容性相当。     

三次采油中驱油剂与防膨剂配伍性的研究

研究了三次采油中驱油剂与防膨剂的配伍性.首先考察了驱油剂对驱油剂防膨剂防膨效果的影响,再研究了防膨剂对驱油剂界面张力及驱油效率的影响.结果表明,驱油剂基本上不影响防膨剂的使用效果;防膨剂使驱油剂的界面张力降至更低,同一种防膨剂对于不同驱油剂的驱油效率有不同的影响,驱油剂A驱油效率略有提高,驱油剂B驱油效率降低到13.97%,驱油剂C驱油效率大幅降低.     

酸化液配伍性评价研究

为评价区块储层自身的敏感性及酸化液对储层的损害程度,通过对区块储层地质资料进行分析,利用室内酸化液配伍性评价手段,结合使用X-衍射、扫描电镜、多功能显微镜等分析仪器,从2区块储层地质特征入手,进行了室内配伍性评价试验.试验结果表明,锦607块是一个速敏、酸敏程度均较弱的储层,锦99块是一个速敏较弱、酸敏程度中等偏弱的储层;土酸可以在锦607块兴隆台油层使用,15%盐酸在锦607块于楼油层使用效果较好,10%和15%盐酸在锦99块酸化效果也较好,但由于其储层黏土矿物总量高,水敏性强,酸化前应在前置液中加入黏土稳定剂,抑制黏土膨胀.     

Thermal behavior and compatibility study of dihydroxylammonium 3,4-dinitraminofurazan

A large number of nitramino-featured energetic salts have been reported and some of them show promising properties. Among them, the dihydroxylammonium 3,4-dinitraminofurazan (HADNAF) is easy to synthesize and shows high calculated detonation performances and acceptable thermal stability. The non-isothermal kinetics parameters of HADNAF including the apparent activation energy (E) and pre-exponential factor (A) of the exothermic decomposition reaction, and activation entropy (ΔS^≠), activation enthalpy (ΔH^≠), activation Gibbs free energy (ΔG^≠) at T_P0 of the reaction and the critical temperature of thermal explosion (T_b) were obtained by Kissinger’s and Ozawa’s method, respectively. Additionally, the compatibility of HADNAF with other materials (e.g. TNT, RDX, HMX, B, Mg) was tested by DSC method.     

姬塬油田注入水与地层水配伍性研究

姬塬长8储层在采用清水进行注水开发过程中,存在注水压力高、吸水指数低、注水见效慢、注采严重失衡等问题,严重影响油田开发效果。本文在对该区块注入水、地层产出水组成分析的基础上,将结垢趋势预测和室内模拟实验相结合,详细分析评价了注入水与地层水的配伍性。配伍性实验结果表明:姬塬长8储层地层水为CaCl2水型、注入水为Na2SO4水型;地层水与注入水以任意比例混合后,在30℃下均无垢生成,80℃下均产生了碳酸钙结垢而无硫酸钙垢形成。结垢趋势预测结果表明:在30℃下地层水与注入水混合后基本不生成碳酸钙垢;在50℃下,随着地层水比例的增加,碳酸钙结垢趋势增加,当地层水与注入水之比为4∶6 10∶0时,显示会有碳酸钙垢生成;在80℃下,碳酸钙垢趋势明显增加,地层水与注入水以任意比例混合后均会产生碳酸钙垢;在30℃、50℃、80℃下地层水与注入水以任意比例混合后均无硫酸钙垢结垢趋势存在。综上所述,姬塬长8储层注入水与地层水配伍性差、结垢是造成姬塬长8储层注水压力高的主要原因之一。     

Use of Adjustable-Gap On-Line and Off-Line Slit Rheometers for the Characterization of the Wall Slip and Shear Viscosity Behavior of Energetic Formulations

It is difficult to characterize the rheological behavior of energetic suspensions due to their viscoplasticity and wall slip. The use of the rectangular slit geometry, as an on-line or off-line rheometer is advantageous provided that the surface to volume ratio of the slit die can be systematically varied to allow the wall slip corrections to be made. Here two rectangular slit rheometers designed and built to handle the rheological behavior of energetic suspensions are presented. The gap of these rheometers is variable to give the user the ability to vary the gap and hence the wall shear rate, thus enabling wall slip corrections to be made. A series of pressure transducers, flush with the wall, are used to determine the pressure drop over the fully developed flow region and hence the wall shear stress directly from the fully developed pressure gradient. The ability to independently vary the mass flow rate and the gap opening allows one to carry-out the wall slip corrections and hence obtain the wall slip velocity versus the shear stress data, which can then be used as the boundary condition during the simulation of the die and extrusion flows and at the same time allow the determination of accurate shear viscosity data. A set of data systematically collected with an on-line slit rheometer with a continuously adjustable gap to characterize the wall slip velocity as well as the shear viscosity material function of a LOVA formulation as a function of deformation rate, solvent concentration, and temperature is used to illustrate the working principles of the on-line and off-line adjustable-gap rheometers.     

聚合物表面活性剂与油藏匹配性及液流转向能力研究

为研究聚合物表面活性剂(聚表剂)与聚合物增黏、抗盐和驱油能力差异大的原因,采用FT-IR谱、SEM电镜表征两者的分子结构和聚集形态,通过岩心物理模拟实验与核磁共振技术分析两者的注入性、传导性、液流转向和驱油能力.结果表明:聚表剂因存在网状聚集体结构,相同质量浓度(500～2 000 mg/L)的聚表剂黏度是聚合物的3～...     

基质沥青与SBS相容性的预测

沥青与SBS的相容性是改性沥青的一个重要参数,相容性的优劣对于沥青能否与SBS共混制得性能良好的改性沥青产品,以及改性沥青能否保持良好的储存稳定性有重要的影响。相容性好的沥青容易与SBS共混形成稳定的胶体结构,制得稳定性良好的改性沥青产品;反之,则不利于SBS的稳定分散。如果能够事先预测SBS与沥青的相容性,则对于改性沥青的研究和生产具有指导意义。研究采用了两种方法预测基质沥青与SBS的相容性,一是借助溶解度参数计算方法,二是对比分析沥青的族组成与相容性的相关性。     

An Overview of the Rheological Behavior and Characterization of Energetic Formulations: Ramifications on Safety and Product Quality

The characterization of the flow and deformation behavior (rheology) of energetic materials is a significant challenge. This challenge stems first from the ubiquitous viscoplasticity and the concomitant wall slip of concentrated suspensions of energetic formulations, which involve either a gel phase (for example, solvated nitrocellulose) or high degrees of solid fill (most energetic formulations attempt to approach the maximum packing fraction of the solid phase). The rheological behavior of such suspensions is very sensitive to the microstructure of the suspension during processing, as well as myriad of factors including the migration of the binder and the particles, mixing history, and entrainment of air into the suspension. Although difficult, one needs to generate a detailed understanding of the flow and deformation behavior of various energetic formulations to eliminate or minimize the hazards associated with their processing using both batch and continuous technologies and in assuring an acceptable product quality. In the following, an overview of the various factors, which are important in the rheological characterization of energetic formulations, is provided along with their ramifications on the safety of the processing of the energetic formulation and various determinants of quality.     

商河油田商二区注入水与储层配伍性研究

针对商河油田商二区注水并储层注入能力下降问题．通过室内静态评价实验以及岩心流动实验．研究了该油田注入水与储层的配伍性。结果表明：商二区储层注入水与地层水混合后有结垢趋势．注入水与储层原油配伍性较好，与储层岩石接触后无粘土膨胀现象；注入水水质指标中细菌含量、固体颗粒含量较大，引起渗透率下降，建议油田在注水过程中加强防垢措施，改善水质。     

Compatibility assessment and decomposition kinetics of nitrocellulose with eutectic mixture of organic stabilizers

ABSTRACT

Organic eutectics, as well as aniline-based compounds, were recently found to be efficient stabilizers for solid propellants. In the current work, compatibility of nitrocellulose (NC) with the conventional stabilizer (Diphenylamine (DPA)), one aniline-based compound (N-(2-ethanol)-p-nitroaniline (ENA)), and their eutectic composition (Diphenylamine + N-(2-ethanol)-p-nitroaniline) have been investigated by thermal techniques according to well-known standards. The compatibility and thermal stability of NC mixtures were further explored using stability tests, kinetic modeling via different isoconversional methods, and the determination of the isokinetic temperature. DPA was found to be highly compatible with NC, whereas compatibility issues appeared once ENA, as well as the eutectic (DPA+ENA), are present in the NC mixture. Moreover, the obtained results suggest an incompatibility between the stabilizers (ENA and DPA) in the eutectic mixture. Finally, it was found that the thermal stability of the NC-based energetic materials was adversely affected if a compatibility problem is observed between the stabilizers and nitrocellulose.     

河水与长6地层水混合特征研究

为了降低河水与长6地层水混合水回注长6地层时因结垢造成的伤害,通过离子含量、结垢量及垢型、混合水失钙率分析等,研究了陕北油田某采油厂河水和长6层产出水的混合性质;运用岩心流动实验评价了混合水对长6地层岩心的伤害。结果表明：长6地层水的矿化度为80000 mg/L以上,河水矿化度为120 0 mg/L左右; 30℃下,河水、长6地层水的体积比为6:4时,混合水的失钙率及结垢量最高,分别为9.5%和36 mg/L;处理过的混合水与长6地层水以体积比7:3混合后的失钙率及结垢量最低,分别为0.59%和 21.5 mg/L;经过处理的混合水悬浮含量、含油量分别由处理前的68 mg/L、115 mg/L降低到处理后的2.6 mg/L、3.7 mg/L,且注入体积为1～15 PV时,岩心伤害率为14.29%,低于20%。