Thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate using Monte Carlo methods

One of the most intriguing aspects of ammonium perchlorate (AP) decomposition is its incomplete decomposition at low temperatures, in which the decomposition halts at a level of approximately 30%. Various theories have been proposed to explain this observation based on physical and chemical arguments. Here we consider the notion that geometry itself might contribute to this limiting value. Percolation theory involves the “connectedness” of a geometric lattice, and a network is said to percolate if it is connected continuously end-to-end. It has been demonstrated that in a cubic lattice, percolation occurs at a site density of ~31.1%, remarkably similar to the limiting void fraction in AP. A Monte Carlo (MC) algorithm using simple rules has been developed and applied to particle decomposition. The MC simulations result in porosity evolutions that are reminiscent of actual AP behavior in terms of the overall limiting porosity which is developed, the effect of particle size, and the sigmoidal time response.     

Reactions of Dibenzylamine Neat and in Supercritical Fluid Solvents

Abstract

The reactions of dibenzylamine (DBA) were studied neat and in methanol and water solvents. Neat pyrolysis afforded toluene and benzylidenebenzylamine (BBA) as the major low-molecular -weight products. Subsequent neat pyrolyses of BBA and benzylamine (a primary product of DBA pyrolysis) allowed formulation of a consistent free-radical mechanism for DBA reaction. Reaction in supercritical methanol yielded benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, and N-methylamine in addition to those products observed from neat pyrolysis.     

Reactions of Dibenzylamine Neat and in Supercritical Fluid Solvents

The reactions of dibenzylamine (DBA) were studied neat and in methanol and water solvents. Neat pyrolysis afforded toluene and benzylidenebenzylamine (BBA) as the major low-molecular -weight products. Subsequent neat pyrolyses of BBA and benzylamine (a primary product of DBA pyrolysis) allowed formulation of a consistent free-radical mechanism for DBA reaction. Reaction in supercritical methanol yielded benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, and N-methylamine in addition to those products observed from neat pyrolysis.     

Facile preparation of Cr2O3 nanoparticles and their use as an active catalyst on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate

ABSTRACT

Cr₂O₃ nanoparticles were prepared by repeated wet mechanical milling technique. Three drying methods, oven drying, vacuum drying, and vacuum freeze-drying were comparatively used to dry Cr₂O₃ nanoparticles. These processes can be easily scaled up to 10-kg quantities. It took only 2–3 h to cut bulk size to nanometer by milling. The obtained Cr₂O₃ nanoparticles are semi-spherical and homogeneous with an average size of 30 nm measured by SEM and TEM and show similar diffraction peak positions to bulk one investigated by XRD. The TG/DSC study indicated that, compared with bulk Cr₂O₃, Cr₂O₃ nanoparticles obtained by oven drying and vacuum drying, the catalytic performance of Cr₂O₃ nanoparticles obtained by vacuum freeze-drying is the best in lowering the peak temperature of high temperature decomposition and the activation energy, while increasing the apparent decomposition heat and the reaction rate constant of ammonium perchlorate (AP) due to their good dispersion and large specific surface area. The possible catalytic mechanism of Cr₂O₃ on the thermal decomposition of AP was proposed by TG-MS analysis. These findings showed that wet mechanical milling technique combined with vacuum freeze-drying technology is suitable for efficient preparation of Cr₂O₃ nanoparticles, which could be a promising additive for accelerating the thermal decomposition of AP.     

Effect of la2o3, pr2o3 and nd2o3 on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate

Abstract

The effect of ‘p’ type rare earth oxides with partially filled ‘f’ orbitals like La₂O₃, Pr₂O₃ and Nd₂O₃ on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) has been studied using isothermal and non-isothermal methods of thermal analysis. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetry (TG) results reveal that these oxides influence the thermal decomposition pattern of AP significantly and bring down the decomposition temperature substantially. Isothermal studies showed substantial acceleration of the decomposition of AP with the incorporation of these oxides as little as 0.05%. Isothermal data were analyzed using various kinetic models. The activation energy for the catalyzed decomposition of AP was significantly lower. The catalytic effect is explained on the basis wherein the ‘p’ type oxides act as conduites through metal cation in the electron-transfer mechanism for AP decomposition.     

Two potential energetic compounds: Ammonium superoxide and ammonium ozonide

Abstract

Two proposed ionic compounds, NH₄O₂ and NH₄O₃, are discussed in terms of several properties related to energetic performance. These include oxygen content, moles of gas produced and heat released upon decomposition, and specific impulse. The heat release was calculated in each instance using the predicted lattice energy, which was obtained from the computed electrostatic potential on the surface of the negative ion. NH₄O₂ is found to be superior to HMX in each property considered, while NH₄O₃ is better than HMX in some and comparable in the others.     

HRCY-1型互溶温度测定仪的开发研制

从炼油厂润滑油工艺的实际出发，研究生产工艺中的互溶温度的原理，开发了一套互溶温度测定仪，并给出了较为详细的研制方案。并就实际应用情况进行了分析。     

Isothermal thermal decomposition of the HMX-based PBX explosive JOL-1

ABSTRACT

Isothermal thermal decomposition method was used to study the thermal behavior of the HMX-based PBX explosive JOL-1. The gas pressure versus time curves of the isothermal decomposition of JOL-1 were obtained within the temperature range of 90°C to 130°C. Kinetic parameters such as activation energy and frequency factor for the thermal decomposition of JOL-1 were obtained using the Arrhenius equation and model-fitting method. The model-fitting method further proved that the isothermal decomposition of JOL-1 at 90°C, 100°C, 110°C, 120°C, and 130°C is consistent with the No. 8 mechanism function, namely, the anti-Jander equation, controlled by 3D diffusion. The storage life of JOL-1 was estimated by the Semenov equation and the extent of reaction reached 0.1–0.4%. Results showed that the effective storage life of JOL-1 at 25°C, 40°C, and 60°C are 68 years, 10 years, 1 year, respectively, when the extent of reaction reached 0.1%.     

HRCY-1型互溶温度测定仪的开发研制

从炼油厂润滑油工艺的实际出发,研究生产工艺中的互溶温度的原理,开发了一套互溶温度测定仪,并给出了较为详细的研制方案。并就实际应用情况进行了分析。     

Thermal Decomposition Behaviors and Burning Characteristics of Composite Propellants Prepared Using Combined Ammonium Perchlorate/Ammonium Nitrate Particles

The thermal decomposition behaviors and burning characteristics of propellants prepared with combined ammonium perchlorate (AP)/ammonium nitrate (AN) particles greatly depended on the AN content (χ) of the AP/AN sample. The thermal decomposition behaviors of the propellants prepared with the combined samples almost matched those of the propellants prepared by physically mixing AP and AN particles, while their burning characteristics differed. The use of combined AP/AN particles decreased the heterogeneity of the combustion waves of the AP/AN propellants because of the difference in the combustion wave structure. In contrast, the addition of Fe₂O₃ caused unsteady combustion of the propellants prepared using samples with χ values lower than 8.1%.     

季铵型Gemini表面活性剂的研究及应用

综述了季铵型Gemini表面活性剂的合成方法、理化性能（包括界面吸附、表面活性、临界胶束浓度、微观形态、协同效应等）,并介绍了其在杀菌、缓蚀、驱油、助染等方面的应用。     

铵盐对循环氢压缩机运动部件的磨损及控制

详细介绍了铵盐晶体颗粒对压缩机通流部件的磨损 ,对造成磨损的机理进行了研究 ,并结合实际使用情况提出了减轻磨损的措施。     

肉豆蔻酸单乙醇酰胺硫酸酯铵盐的合成和性能

在芳烃类溶剂与羰基化合物催化剂存在下,以肉豆蔻酸和乙醇胺为原料,氨基磺酸作硫酸化剂,制备了肉豆蔻酸单乙醇酰胺硫酸酯铵盐（MMAS）。以单因素优选法对影响MMAS收率的因素进行了筛选,确定了合成MMAS的优化条件：反应温度105℃,反应时间50min,n（肉豆蔻酸单乙醇酰胺）：n（氮基磺酸）：n（催化剂）=1：1．18：0．8。在此条件下,MMAS收率可达95．79％。对制备的MMAS的应用性能测定表明,其具有优良的表面活性。     

丛式井防碰技术在金县1-1油田的应用

针对金县1-1油田油藏呈条带状分布、开发层位相近,断层众多、井眼轨迹受限,滚动开发、靶点调整频繁,槽口众多、隔水管锤入偏斜,浅部地层松软、造斜难度大等定向井作业难题,综合实施槽口优选和钻井顺序优化、防碰设计精细化、井眼轨迹控制、操作规范化等关键技术措施,形成了一套系统的丛式井防碰技术。该技术在金县1-1油田48口丛式井防碰绕障作业中取得了成功应用,并已推广到辽东湾地区丛式井钻完井作业中,有效保证了钻完井作业的顺利进行,对今后海上其他地区丛式井防碰作业具有借鉴意义。     

Thermal decomposition of RDX: A critical review

A critical assessment is given of the likely modes of thermal decomposition of RDX. Previous publications by other authors report that thermally decomposed RDX produces nitroxide and nitronylnitroxide radicals as intermediates. These results are discussed, and it is suggested that these radicals are not primary decomposition products, but are formed by the reaction of the radical products of thermal decomposition with molecular oxygen.     

番禺气田三甘醇酸化问题分析及解决措施

番禺30-1气田三甘醇脱水装置在生产运行一段时间后发现因三甘醇酸化而影响脱水效果,使外输干气含水量上升的问题。介绍了三甘醇脱水工艺的流程,并运用色谱法测定了贫富甘醇的组分,分析了三甘醇酸化的原因,提出了三甘醇酸化问题的解决措施,经现场应用取得了良好的效果。三甘醇酸化问题的解决,降低了三甘醇损耗,保证了脱水系统正常运行,为解决类似工程问题提供了借鉴。     

The Properties of Ammonium Dinitramine (ADN): Part 2: Melt Casting

A melt casting technique for ammonium dinitramine (ADN) and ADN/aluminum was developed. ADN proved relatively easy to cast, when 1% of magnesium oxide was used as a stabilizer and crystallization kernels. Densities of ADN/MgO 99/1 were 92 to 97% of theoretical mean density (TMD) and those of ADN/Al/MgO 64/35/1 were between 95 and 99% of TMD. Sedimentation of Al in the melt was prevented and the particle wetting was ensured by selecting a suitable particle size for Al. No gelling agents or other additives were used. The casting process and factors influencing it are discussed.     

新型表面活性剂双季铵盐的特性及应用

双季铵盐是具有特殊结构的新型表面活性剂,简要介绍了双季铵盐的分子结构及合成方法。综述了双季铵盐的特性包括(表面活性、水溶性、流变性、增溶性及协同效应)及其在缓蚀杀菌、石油开采、助染及污水浮选等领域的应用。     

三苯乙烯基苯酚聚氧乙烯醚硫酸酯铵盐的合成与性能研究

以三苯乙烯基苯酚聚氧乙烯醚和氨基磺酸为原料,合成了三苯乙烯基苯酚聚氧乙烯醚硫酸酯铵盐。讨论了反应温度、反应时间、原料配比、催化剂种类、催化剂用量等因素对产率的影响,通过正交试验优化了合成工艺。在三苯乙烯基苯酚聚氧乙烯醚与氨基磺酸摩尔比为1:0.98～1.00,反应温度120℃,以尿素为催化剂、用量(每摩尔醚)为0.05 mol,反应时间2 h的条件下,产物收率为89.56％。测定了产物的表面活性和应用性能,并对其性能进行了分析。