锅炉旗面管角管爆管事故原因分析

通过分析DZL6-1.25-AⅡ型角管式链条炉排燃煤蒸汽锅炉水冷壁旗面管角管爆管事故产生的原因,从设计和制造以及运行的角度提出了相应的预防改进措施,说明了蒸汽锅炉运行过程中的注意事项。     

Study on Thermal Decomposition Characteristics of Ammonium Nitrate Emulsion Explosive in Different Scales

Numerous accidents of emulsion explosive (EE) are attributed to uncontrolled thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate emulsion (ANE, the intermediate of EE) and EE in large scale. In order to study the thermal decomposition characteristics of ANE and EE in different scales, a large-scale test of modified vented pipe test (MVPT), and two laboratory-scale tests of differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC) were applied in the present study. The scale effect and water effect both play an important role in the thermal stability of ANE and EE. The measured decomposition temperatures of ANE and EE in MVPT are 146°C and 144°C, respectively, much lower than those in DSC and ARC. As the size of the same sample in DSC, ARC, and MVPT successively increases, the onset temperatures decrease. In the same test, the measured onset temperature value of ANE is higher than that of EE. The water composition of the sample stabilizes the sample. The large-scale test of MVPT can provide information for the real-life operations. The large-scale operations have more risks, and continuous overheating should be avoided.     

乳化炸药专用蜡开发进展及市场预测

介绍了国内乳化炸药(包括乳化炸药和粉状乳化炸药)专用蜡的生产概况,分析了乳化炸药专用蜡的市场和发展前景.综述了乳化炸药专用蜡的开发进展,指出乳化炸药专用蜡的开发应形成系列化、标准化,从而提高乳化炸药的稳定性.     

Prediction of Explosive Performance Properties of z-DBBD and Its Isomers by Quantum Chemical Computations

Theoretical studies have been performed on TACOT, its benzofuroxan derivative z-DBBD, and three different isomers of z-DBBD. The corrected absolute and relative total energies of the geometry-optimized structures were calculated at the theoretical level of B3LYP/6-31G(d,p). The bond dissociation energies were correlated with sensitivity. Mulliken electronegativities (χ_M) and chemical hardness (η) were obtained by employing frontier molecular orbitals at the HF/6-31G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) theoretical level. Detonation performance analyses for z-DBBD (4,11-dinitro[1 Molchanova , M. S. , T. S. Pivina , E. A. Arnautova , and N. S. Zefirov . 1999 . Computer-aided search for high-density energetic compounds among hydrogen-free heterocycles . Journal of Molecular Structure (Theochem) , 465 : 11 – 24 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar],2 Kamlet , M. J. and S. F. Jacobs . 1968 . Chemistry of detonations. I. A simple method for calculating detonation properties of C H N O explosives . Journal of Chemical Physics , 48 : 23 – 25 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar],5 Kamlet , M. J. and H. J. Hurwitz . 1968 . Chemistry of detonations. IV. Evaluation of a simple predictional method for detonation velocities of C-H-N-O explosives . Journal of Chemical Physics , 48 : 3685 – 3692 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]]-oxadiazolo[3,4-e][1 Molchanova , M. S. , T. S. Pivina , E. A. Arnautova , and N. S. Zefirov . 1999 . Computer-aided search for high-density energetic compounds among hydrogen-free heterocycles . Journal of Molecular Structure (Theochem) , 465 : 11 – 24 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar],2 Kamlet , M. J. and S. F. Jacobs . 1968 . Chemistry of detonations. I. A simple method for calculating detonation properties of C H N O explosives . Journal of Chemical Physics , 48 : 23 – 25 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar],5 Kamlet , M. J. and H. J. Hurwitz . 1968 . Chemistry of detonations. IV. Evaluation of a simple predictional method for detonation velocities of C-H-N-O explosives . Journal of Chemical Physics , 48 : 3685 – 3692 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]]oxadiazolo[3′,4′:4,5]benzotriazolo-[2,1-a]benzotriazol-6-ium inner salt 1,8-dioxide), its presently considered isomers, and TACOT were performed. The results showed that the performance of all compounds (compounds 1–4) was as good as that of RDX. The power index results showed that z-DBBD and its isomers were better than TACOT, RDX, and HMX. Compounds 1–4 are all reasonable candidates for high-energy-density materials (HEDMs).     

爆燃压裂油井产能计算模型与增产效果分析

为了进一步提高爆燃压裂工艺设计与效果预测水平及工程应用效果,基于爆燃压裂原理和油藏渗流理论,利用保角变换方法,建立了爆燃压裂油井产能计算模型(包括流体从油藏边界渗流到爆燃裂缝的渗流外阻模型,和流体在裂缝中渗流入井的渗流内阻模型)并编制了计算软件。以低渗油藏油井F31-10井为例,计算、分析了油藏参数和爆燃裂缝参数对爆燃压裂油井增产效果的影响规律。研究结果表明:爆燃裂缝长度、裂缝数量和爆燃裂缝导流能力对油井增产效果有影响,影响程度由大到小依次是爆燃裂缝长度、裂缝数量和爆燃裂缝导流能力;在爆燃裂缝长度和裂缝数量一定的条件下,存在一个最佳的爆燃裂缝导流能力;爆燃压裂后油井增产倍数为1.365~2.115,且增加爆燃裂缝长度和爆燃裂缝数量比增加爆燃裂缝无因次导流能力对增产更有利。      

Characterization of RDX-Based Thermosetting Plastic-Bonded Explosive by Cone-Beam Microfocus Computed Tomography

In this study microfocus computed tomography (μCT), a nondestructive technique, was used for 3D characterization of cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX)-based thermosetting plastic-bonded explosives. Quantitative information on RDX crystals including the packing status of the crystal and binder system, as well as the inner structure characteristics of partially solidified and fully solidified samples, was obtained using cone-beam μCT technology. The CT images show that the CT value of RDX crystal grains was obviously higher than that of crystal powder/binder. The results also show that after vacuum casting and thermosetting, the RDX grains were dispersed evenly and there were no air pores or cracks observed in the sample. Small pores exist inside the RDX grains with a porosity of less than 0.3%. The analysis results indicate high quality of the explosive part after employing thermosetting molding. The binder system and RDX crystals were integrated sufficiently, yet the grain packing was not maximum. The estimated average density and maximal difference in density of the sample were both in accordance with the testing results by Archimedes’ method and it was proven that complete curing may enhance the overall density and density uniformity of the product.     

A Study on Low Permeability Formation's Permeability Variation Induced by Explosive Fracturing Technology

The variation of low permeability formation's permeability due to explosive fracturing treatments is studied and a basis to realize and evaluate the effect of the explosive fracturing treatments by contrasting and analyzing the test results of the samples' permeability before and after the explosion experiment is provided. The test result shows that the permeability of those samples increases significantly due to the explosive fracture treatments; the permeability increases as the distance to the explosion center grows at first, then decreases and at last keeps a constant value, which is also much bigger than the initial permeability value.     

Modeling Shock Desensitization of Composition B Explosive

The NOBEL multimaterial adaptive grid Eulerian hydrodynamic code was used to model a shaped charge jet formation, its interaction with a steel plate, and shock formation of a bow shock in front of the jet that shocks and desensitizes a cylinder of composition B explosive so that when the jet arrives it fails to initiate detonation. The jet passes through the composition B explosive cylinder, an air gap, and then initiates propagating detonation in a second composition B explosive cylinder that has not been desensitized by a preshock. The experimental arrangement was studied using X-ray radiography at the Material Research Laboratories in Melbourne, Australia.     

直缝埋弧焊管横向裂纹探伤分析

简要介绍了水柱式（射流）超声波探伤的工作方式及原理。分别采用手动超声波探伤、X射线拍片、荧光磁粉检查及金相分析等方法,对X65级?准 660 mm×12.7 mm直缝埋弧焊管生产过程中发现的焊缝横向裂纹进行了分析及识别。分析了横向裂纹的形成机理,并通过控制焊缝中S和P等有害杂质元素的含量,优化焊接工艺,做好焊接前原料（如板边坡口）的除锈等,改善焊接环境等措施,可有效防止和消除焊缝横向裂纹的产生,保证焊管焊缝质量。     

加油站爆炸性混合气体的成因及预防

在分析加油站爆炸性混合气体形成途径和影响因素的基础上，提出利用控制油气挥发、加强油气回收和监控等项措施减少和消除油气，为保证加油站的安全经营还应加强点火源的控制及加强工作人员劳动保护。     

Reaction Characteristic for Various Scale Explosive under Mild Impact

This work presents a varying trend of impact ignition threshold denoted by minimum impact velocity to trigger an ignition when the scale of the explosive changes. The effects of explosive scale factors on impact-induced reaction degree were investigated using Steven tests and numerical simulation for polymer-bonded explosive-C03 (a cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine [HMX]-based explosive) impacted by projectiles of various velocities. Two scale factors—that is, axial thickness and radius—were studied through various scale samples including Φ98 mm × 13 mm, Φ98 mm × 39 mm, Φ140 mm × 13 mm, and Φ140 mm × 39 mm. The velocities of projectiles and the impact and ignition processes were analyzed using a high-speed camera. The pressure histories were measured by embedded manganin pressure gauges and poly vinylidene fluoride stress gauges. The reaction overpressures of the explosive were obtained by blast pressure gauges to evaluate the reaction degree. The effects of explosive scale factor on reaction degree and characteristics under mild impact were summarized. In a certain range (larger than the diameter of the impact projectile), different sample diameters do not influence the velocity threshold, but the thickness of the samples does; that is, the velocity threshold increases with the thickness of the sample. The study also indicates that the ignition and explosion in Steven tests are mainly triggered by the overlapping of direct impact and reflected stress waves. Our numerical simulations results of pressure and ignition times are consistent with the experimental data. The obtained knowledge can be used to evaluate the safety of different scale HMX-based explosives under accidental impact or falls.     

Control of the Particle Size of Submicron HMX Explosive by Spraying in Non-Solvent

Preparation and characterization of cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine (HMX; octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine) submicron particles by spraying in non-solvent technology at different process parameters was investigated in this article. The results indicated that the process parameters, such as addition of surfactant, slurry, and anti-solvent temperatures; compressed air flow rate; slurry flow rate; stirring the anti-solvent; and nozzle diameter played important roles in controlling the performance of HMX submicron particles, such as particle size, size distribution, etc. The produced HMX particles by spraying in a non-solvent method were identified and characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that this method is simple for micronization of energetic materials and would be an effective method for large-scale preparation of submicron particles of HMX explosive. Finally, the optimum condition for the preparation of fine powder of HMX by spraying in a non-solvent method was proposed.     

基于置信度分析的碳酸盐岩裂缝综合检测

由于碳酸盐岩储集空间复杂多样,利用单一的参数或方法存在多解性且易受区域地质条件的限制。基于这一考虑,提出了基于置信度分析的多方法综合进行裂缝的检测。该方法利用测井的裂缝解释结果与各方法检测结果的相关性对不同的检测方法检测结果加权,从而提高了检测的可靠性。另外,该方法可适用于不同地区,避免了不同地区的地质条件对单一检测方法的限制。该方法应用于塔河地区,收到了良好效果。     

Kinetics of Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate by TG/DSC-MS-FTIR

The method of thermogravimetry/differential scanning calorimetry–mass spectrometry–Fourier transform infrared (TG/DSC-MS-FTIR) simultaneous analysis has been used to study thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP). The processing of nonisothermal data at various heating rates was performed using NETZSCH Thermokinetics. The MS-FTIR spectra showed that N₂O and NO₂ were the main gaseous products of the thermal decomposition of AP, and there was a competition between the formation reaction of N₂O and that of NO₂ during the process with an iso-concentration point of N₂O and NO₂. The dependence of the activation energy calculated by Friedman's iso-conversional method on the degree of conversion indicated that the AP decomposition process can be divided into three stages, which are autocatalytic, low-temperature diffusion and high-temperature, stable-phase reaction. The corresponding kinetic parameters were determined by multivariate nonlinear regression and the mechanism of the AP decomposition process was proposed.     

装填LLM-105炸药超高温射孔弹性能评价

在对块状晶形LLM-105炸药进行DSC和TGA热分析条件下,对装有该混合炸药的射孔弹进行常温、200℃/100h、220℃/100h和220℃/200h等4种环境温度条件下地面模拟装枪穿钢靶试验。不同温度环境下的块状晶形LLM-105炸药耐热性能良好,所装填的射孔弹经3种高温环境穿深,相比常温条件下的试验结果均有所降低,但降低率均小于8%,药剂无剧烈热分解、燃烧、爆炸现象。在上述3种高温条件下使用LLM-105混合炸药装填的超高温射孔弹耐热安全性良好。     

天然气管线爆炸事故的技术分析

以一起天然气管线爆炸事故的技术分析为例,阐述了造成爆管的主要原因,并提出了防范措施,对实际工作有一定的参考作用。     

抗爆建筑物设计的风险分析与对策

说明了进行抗爆建筑物设计之前进行的爆炸风险分析与评估,介绍了国外爆炸冲击波计算的几种方法,以及建筑物抗爆保护的评估、抗爆对策和主要措施。     

地应力对爆炸压裂影响规律的数值模拟研究

为了揭示地应力场对井内爆炸压裂作用下裂缝形成及分布的影响规律,进行了井内爆炸压裂室内模拟试验。基于弹塑性损伤理论建立了井内爆炸压裂数值计算模型,在借助试验结果验证模型准确性的基础上,研究探讨了地应力场对爆炸压裂作用下裂缝扩展规律的影响。研究结果表明:试验条件下,炮眼内炸药爆炸后并未对炮眼造成粉碎性破坏,且裂缝沿曲线扩展;爆炸压裂作用下井壁围岩中将产生长而宽的主裂缝和短而细的次裂缝;主裂缝扩展方向受地应力场控制,垂直于最小水平地应力方向;不同地应力场条件下,裂缝扩展范围及密度亦随之发生改变。 研究表明,准确掌握地应力大小及方位,有利于控制主裂缝的扩展及分布形态。      

Research on Equation of State For Detonation Products of Aluminized Explosive

The secondary reaction of the aluminum powder contained in an aluminized explosive is investigated, from which the energy loss resulted from the quantity reduce of the gaseous products is demonstrated. Moreover, taking the energy loss into account, the existing improved Jones-Wilkins-Lee (JWL) equation of state for detonation products of aluminized explosive is modified. Furthermore, the new modified JWL equation of state is implemented into the dynamic analysis software (DYNA)-2D hydro-code to simulate numerically the metal plate acceleration tests of the Hexogen (RDX)-based aluminized explosives. It is found that the numerical results are in good agreement with previous experimental data. In addition, it is also demonstrated that the reaction rate of explosive before the Chapman-Jouget (CJ) state has little influence on the motion of the metal plate, based on which a simple approach is proposed to simulate numerically the products expansion process after the CJ state.     

爆炸法修复变形套管的药量计算

针对油田生产中大量油井套管变形的特点，提出用爆炸胀形法修复变形套管的基本思路，给出了该方法的物理模型和炸药用量的计算公式，并用大庆油田的一个工程实例井资料验证了公式的正确性。