基于非靶标代谢组学的沙棘油真实性鉴别技术

采用非靶标代谢组学的方法，基于超高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱（ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry，UPLC-QTOF-MS）开展沙棘油真实性鉴别技术研究。化学计量学分析表明，通过正交偏最小二乘判别分析可以对沙棘油及其对照油（葵花籽油、菜籽油和大豆油）进行有效区分；根据离子丰度和质量数进一步筛选和鉴定，得到不同种类食用油的14 种特征标识化合物，包括有机酸、醇类等，其中沙棘油有6 种，葵花籽油有3 种，菜籽油有4 种，大豆油有1 种。结果表明，基于UPLC-QTOF-MS非靶标代谢组学的方法可以用于沙棘油及其对照油的有效鉴别。     

Sea buckthorn berries: A potential source of valuable nutrients for nutraceuticals and cosmoceuticals

Sea buckthorn (Hippopha? rhamnoides L.), an ancient crop with modern virtues has recently gained worldwide attention, mainly for its nutritional and medicinal value as the berries contain different kinds of nutrients and bioactive compounds including vitamins, fatty acids, free amino acids and elemental components. This review briefly summarises the current literature and discusses its potential as a crop and its post harvest processing. The available compositional data regarding sea buckthorn berries is tabulated to produce a comprehensive source of recent information on chemical and medicinally important constituents of different origin and varieties. The presence of valuable chemicals and nutritionally important constituents in sea buckthorn berries, and from the scientific knowledge of their importance, it is clear that sea buckthorn berry is one of the most important sources of these constituents, and should be used as alternative nutritional sources in the commercial market. Similarly in depth investigation on the effect of processing on the total nutrient content of sea buckthorn berries species growing in different agro-ecological regions needs to be carried out. Thus, several important knowledge gaps identified in this paper would give impetus to new academic and R&D activities, in turn generating innovative job profile in food and cosmoceutical industries.     

沙棘油功效成分及药理功能研究进展

沙棘具有悠久的药用历史,沙棘油根据来源不同分为沙棘籽油和沙棘果油。沙棘果油和沙棘籽油均含有丰富的不饱和脂肪酸、生育酚、β-类胡萝卜素和甾醇类物质。研究表明,沙棘油具有丰富的药理功能,对心脑血管和胃肠道的保护作用,滋润皮肤、促进皮肤组织再生和上皮组织愈合、改善皮肤衰老现象的作用,缓解干眼症和辅助保护化学性肝损伤的作用。除此以外,沙棘油还具有一定的抗炎、抗氧化、增强免疫力的功能。通过对沙棘果油和沙棘籽油的功效成分、药理功能及其开发利用现状等进行综述,以期为沙棘油功能产品开发提供一定的理论基础和依据。     

Seeds recovered from by-products of selected fruit processing as a rich source of tocochromanols: RP-HPLC/FLD and RP-UPLC-ESI/MSn study

Tocochromanol composition was analysed in the seeds of nine various fruits: apple (Malus domestica Borkh.), red currant (Ribes rubrum L.), gooseberry (Ribes uva-crispa L.), grape (Vitis vinifera L.), pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), Japanese quince (Chaenomeles japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. ex Spach), sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.), watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai) and canary melon (Cucumis melo L.), recovered from by-products of fruit industry. The concentration range of subsequent tocopherols (Ts) and tocotrienols (T3s) was as follows: 1.29–29.30, 0.00–11.68, 0.42–95.11, 0.00–7.66, 0.03–5.03, 0.00–0.18 and 0.00–6.68 mg/100 g of seed dry weight for α-T, β-T, γ-T, δ-T, α-T3, β-T3 and γ-T3, respectively. The δ-T3 was not detected in any of the tested seeds. All tocochromanols were successfully separated by rapid RP-HPLC/FLD method and confirmed by the RP-UPLC-ESI/MS³ technique.     

Mineral content of some herbs and herbal teas by infusion and decoction

Sage (Salvia fruticosa L.), anise (Pimpinella anisum L.), Hawthorn (Crataegus orientalis), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), mountain tea (Sideritis spp), basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), lime flower (Tilia cordata), nettle (Urtica dioica L.), thyme (Thymbra spicata), coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), rosehip (Rosa canina L.), mentha (Mentha piperita L.), balm (Melissa officinalis L.), tea (Camelia sinensis L.) (Black and green), sena leaf (Casia angustifolia), camomile (Matricaria chamomilla), tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.), cinnamon (Cinnamomum casia) and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.) were used as plant material in this study. Decoction was applied to R. canina, A. dracunculus and C. casia, and infusion was applied to other plant materials. Ten, 15 and 20 min were used as a time parameter for both infusion and decection. Inductive coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AEs) has been used for the determination of the elements in all infusions, decoctions and plant material.     

Effect of an acid treatment on the phytochemical and antioxidant characteristics of extracts from selected Lamiaceae species

Aqueous-methanol extracts were prepared from basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), bay (Laurus nobilis L.), oregano (Origanum vulgare L.), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), sage (Salvia officinalis L.), savory (Satureja hortensis L.) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) by maceration and their phytochemical and antioxidant characteristics were assessed. Each extract was submitted to an acid treatment (1.2 N HCl in 50% methanol) to determine whether such a process had an effect upon their chemistry and antioxidative efficacy. The treatment appeared to have improved the antioxidant potency of the extracts in general; however, there were some exceptions. The treatment did not increase the Fe(III) reductive activity of the extracts from basil or bay samples nor the ability of the oregano and sage extracts to scavenge 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals at pH 7.4. The Folin-Ciocalteu phenol content of the basil extract was not increased with acid treatment.     

Postprandial response on fatty meal is affected by sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides) supplementation: NMR metabolomics study

Nuclear magnetic resonance fingerprinting (¹H NMR) combined with different statistical tools was used to assess the effect of phenolics-rich sea buckthorn berries on postprandial plasma and urine after consumption of a fatty meal and to obtain information about the absorption and excretion of ethyl-O-β-d-glucopyranoside and various inositols in sea buckthorn berries. Analyses of plasma samples indicated the delayed postprandial increase of lipid levels and the restrained increase of 3-hydroxy butanoic acid and N-acetyl glycoproteins when sea buckthorn meal was compared to control. The rise of acetic acid concentration and the occurrence of methyl-O-β-d-glucopyranoside and ethyl-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, but no inositols, were noticed after sea buckthorn meal in plasma. The methylglucoside was detected for the first time in plasma in relation to sea buckthorn containing diet, and the compound has subsequently been identified for the first time in sea buckthorn. Analyses of postprandial urine samples revealed a lower creatinine and dimethylamine concentrations and a higher hippuric acid concentration in urine after the berry meal when compared to the control. Excretion of the ethylglucoside in urine was detected after the sea buckthorn meal which indicates that this alkyl sugar is not efficiently metabolized by human body.     

3种藏药乙醇提取物对食用油脂抗氧化性的研究

在日常食用的菜籽油、酥油、猪油、花生油、大豆油中添加播娘蒿、红花岩黄芪和繁缕3种藏药的乙醇提取物,以Vc为对照,测定不同时期油脂的过氧化值,以研究3种藏药乙醇提取物对食用油脂的抗氧化作用.结果表明,3种藏药的乙醇提取物均有一定的抗氧化作用.     

沙棘籽油微胶囊的制备及氧化稳定性评价

沙棘籽油是一种富含不饱和脂肪酸的功能性油脂,容易氧化变质。本文将添加天然抗氧化剂与微胶囊制备技术相结合,改善沙棘籽油的氧化稳定性,延长货架期。首先测定了沙棘籽油的组成成分,然后以沙棘籽油为芯材,添加经过筛选的天然抗氧化剂L-AP,以辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉钠,酪蛋白酸钠及麦芽糊精等为壁材制备沙棘油微胶囊,并通过65 ℃烘箱加速保藏实验评价其氧化稳定性。结果表明:沙棘籽油中不饱和脂肪酸含量占总脂肪酸的80.6%±2.10%;制备沙棘籽油微胶囊的最佳配方为辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉钠15%、酪蛋白酸钠5%、麦芽糊精5%、抗性糊精30%、甘蔗浓缩汁10%、沙棘籽油30%、异麦芽酮糖5%,并添加3 g/L三聚磷酸钠,包埋率高达91.8%±1.59%;65 ℃烘箱加速保藏实验结果表明,添加抗氧化剂并制备微胶囊能有效提高沙棘籽油的氧化稳定性。     

Children's hedonic response to berry products: Effect of chemical composition of berries and hTAS2R38 genotype on liking

The hedonic response of 104 healthy children, recruited from day-care centres and schools, to 12 different berry products with varying content of added sugar was studied. The berries used as ingredients were blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum), sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides), bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), and lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea). Another aim of the study was to study the effects of the chemical composition of berries as well as children’s hTAS2R38 taste receptor genotypes on liking. The most liked product was bilberry with yoghurt, followed by bilberry juice, dried bilberries, and lingonberry rye bread. The most disliked products were sea buckthorn juice, sea buckthorn berries with yoghurt, and oatmeal with blackcurrant powder and berry oil. High total organic acid concentration was strongly related with a poor average liking score of the berries/berry products. A total of four different alleles of hTAS2R38 gene were observed in the study. Of the genotyped children, 45% were bitter taste insensitive individuals of the genotype AVI/AVI, and 40% were of the genotype PAV/AVI. Children of the genotype PAV/AVI were reported using more vegetables, but not berries, than the AVI/AVI children. The results also show that the liking scores of the children of the AVI/AVI, PAV/AVI, and PAV/PAV genotypes differed from each other, and that the familiarity of a berry product is likely to be an important factor in liking.     

沙棘果油提取工艺的正交试验优化及其脂肪酸组分测定

利用超声波辅助索氏提取技术对沙棘果肉提取工艺进行优化,并采用气相色谱-飞行时间质谱技术,考察果油脂肪酸组分。通过进行提取温度、回流时间、料液比、超声时间4 个因素的单因素试验和正交试验,结果表明：沙棘果油的最佳提取条件为料液比1∶70（g/mL）、提取温度55 ℃、超声辅助提取30 min、索氏提取回流时间6 h,沙棘果油提取率为28.14%,其中共检测出24 种脂肪酸,其中主要包括棕榈油酸和棕榈酸,相对含量分别为35.56%和59.37%。因此利用超声波辅助索氏法提取沙棘果油,可以为医药和工业生产提供更优质和丰富的原材料。     

沙棘籽油微胶囊品质评价及应用研究

利用喷雾干燥技术,采用前期优化的工艺条件制备了沙棘籽油微胶囊。对沙棘籽油微胶囊的基础指标、粒径分布、微观形态、脂质伴随物含量以及加速储藏条件下脂肪酸组成的变化进行研究,综合评价沙棘籽油微胶囊的品质。另外,将沙棘籽油微胶囊应用到咀嚼片产品中,并对咀嚼片产品进行了质量评价。结果表明：沙棘籽油微胶囊水分含量为3.43%,溶解度为92.22%,休止角为36.34°,表面油含量为1.32%,包埋率为97.32%。沙棘籽油微胶囊粒径分布均匀,结构完整,无破裂或孔洞现象。沙棘籽油微胶囊化后脂质伴随物得到了较好的保留,加速储藏30 d沙棘籽油微胶囊脂肪酸组成变化较小。制得的沙棘籽油微胶囊咀嚼片的色泽、组织状态、质地等良好,口感适中。     

沙棘亚麻籽油软胶囊降血脂功能及其安全性评价北大核心CSCD

为了开发降血脂食品,以沙棘籽油、亚麻籽油为主要原料,并以天然维生素E、明胶、纯净水、甘油等为辅料制成沙棘亚麻籽油软胶囊,以雄性SD大鼠为实验动物,对沙棘亚麻籽油软胶囊的降血脂功能进行评价,再通过小鼠急性经口毒性实验、遗传毒性实验和大鼠30 d喂养实验对其毒理性进行评价,并选择110例符合纳入标准的高脂血症患者,连续服用沙棘亚麻籽油软胶囊45 d后测定相应指标,评价其对人体的降血脂功能和安全性。结果表明:高剂量组(0.667 g/kg)大鼠血清中TC、TG和LDL-C含量分别平均下降了15.6%、22.3%、29.0%,与模型对照组相比均差异极显著(p<0.01);毒理学实验结果显示沙棘亚麻籽油软胶囊安全无毒性;受试者试食后血脂下降总有效率为78.4%,与对照组相比差异极显著(p<0.01),并且试食期间受试者所有体征均正常。因此,沙棘亚麻籽油软胶囊具有显著降血脂功能,并且对人体健康无不良影响。     

同步荧光光谱法快速鉴别食用油

利用同步荧光光谱法鉴别沙棘果油、沙棘籽油、核桃油、菜籽油、芝麻油、亚麻仁油。结果显示：不同食 用油荧光光谱具有明显的差异,在激发波长250～720 nm范围内,沙棘果油、沙棘籽油、核桃油、亚麻仁油、芝麻 油和菜籽油的最大激发波长范围分别为315～450、520～650、315～490、300～500、300～550、300～490 nm。在 激发光与发射光波长差为90 nm、激发波长250～720 nm的条件下,对6 种不同食用油进行同步荧光扫描,利用主成 分分析得分图可以直观、快速地区分鉴别各种食用油。     

Antioxidant activity of sage extracts in rapeseed oil irradiated with UV-rays

The antioxidant activities of sage acetone oleoresin and its methanol-water fractions were tested in rapeseed oil at 0.1% concentrations and 80 degrees C temperature after irradiation with UV-rays (exposition 0.5 h). It was determined that even little doses of UV irradiation induce oxidation process in rapeseed oil samples both with additives and without them. The antioxidant activity of a synthetic antioxidant BHT was much lower than that of the sage fractions at 80 degrees C and forced air oven conditions. This finding proves the advantage of sage extracts in comparison with BHT at high temperatures. It was also found that methanol-water fraction separated from acetone oleoresin had the highest antioxidant activity in terms of the formation of primary and secondary oxidation products. Oil sample with this additive had the highest protection factor (PF = 4.53) when the oil was not irradiated with UV rays. The data obtained showed that all sage extracts had very strong antioxidant activity (PF > 3).     

Antioxidant activity of sage extracts in rapeseed oil irradiated with UV‐rays

The antioxidant activities of sage acetone oleoresin and its methanol‐water fractions were tested in rapeseed oil at 0.1% concentrations and 80°C temperature after irradiation with UV‐rays (exposition 0.5 h). It was determined that even little doses of UV irradiation induce oxidation process in rapeseed oil samples both with additives and without them. The antioxidant activity of a synthetic antioxidant BHT was much lower than that of the sage fractions at 80°C and forced air oven conditions. This finding proves the advantage of sage extracts in comparison with BHT at high temperatures. It was also found that methanol‐water fraction separated from acetone oleoresin had the highest antioxidant activity in terms of the formation of primary and secondary oxidation products. Oil sample with this additive had the highest protection factor (PF = 4.53) when the oil was not irradiated with UV rays. The data obtained showed that all sage extracts had very strong antioxidant activity (PF > 3).     

Composition and antioxidative activities of supercritical CO2-extracted oils from seeds and soft parts of northern berries

The present study investigated the composition and the antioxidative activities of oils from the seeds and the soft parts of a range of northern berries extracted by supercritical CO₂. The seed oils of the species of Rubus, Vaccinium, Empetrum, Fragaria and Hippophaë were rich in linoleic (18:2n-6, 34-55% of total fatty acids) and ??-linolenic (18:3n-3, 29-45% of total) acids with n-6:n-3 ratios of 1:1-1:2. The seed oils of the species Ribes contained, in addition to linoleic and ??-linolenic acids, ??-linolenic (18:3n-6) and stearidonic (18:3n-4) acids. In seed oils from European rowanberry (Sorbus aucuparia L.) and snowball berry (Viburnum opulus L.), linoleic and oleic (18:1n-9) acids together exceeded 90% of the total fatty acids. The sea buckthorn (SB) pulp oil had palmitoleic (16:1n-7), palmitic (16:0) and oleic acids as the major fatty acids. The SB pulp oil and snowball berry seed oil were rich in ??-tocopherol (120 and 110 mg/100 g oil, respectively), whereas raspberry seed oil contained a high level of ??-tocopherol (320 mg/100 g oil). Seed oils of cranberry (180 mg/100 g oil), Arctic cranberry (190 mg/100 g oil) and lingonberry (120 mg/100 g oil) are rich sources of ??-tocotrienol. The berry seed oils and the SB pulp oil showed varying peroxyl radical scavenging efficacies (300-2300 ??mol ??-tocopherol equivalent per 100 g oil) and inhibitory effects on perioxidation of microsomal lipids (250-1200 ??mol trolox equivalent per 100 g oil) in vitro. The peroxyl radical scavenging activity positively correlated with the total content of tocopherols and tocotrienols of the oils (r = 0.875, P = 0.001). The SB seed oil and pulp oil were active in scavenging superoxide anions produced by xanthine-xanthine oxidase system and inhibited Cu²⁺-induced LDL oxidation in vitro. The SB oils also protected purified DNA and rat liver homogenate from UV-induced DNA oxidation in vitro. The current research suggests potential of supercritical CO₂-extracted oils from northern berries as nutraceuticals and ingredients of functional foods.     

Insecticidal activities of aromatic plant extracts and essential oils against Sitophilus oryzae and Callosobruchus chinensis

Methanol extracts from 30 aromatic medicinal plant species and five essential oils were tested for their insecticidal activities against adults of Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Callosobruchus chinensis (L.), using direct contact application and fumigation methods. Responses varied with plant material, insect species, and exposure time. In a test with a filter paper diffusion method at 3.5 mg/cm², potent insecticidal activity against both species was produced by an extract from Cinnamomum cassia bark, cinnamon (C. cassia) oil, horseradish (Cocholeria aroracia) oil, and mustard (Brassica juncea) oil within 1 day after treatment. Over 90% mortality at 3 or 4 days after treatment was achieved using extracts of Acorus calamus var. angustatus rhizome, Acorus gramineus rhizome, Illicium verum fruit, and Foeniculum vulgare fruit. An extract from Cinnamomum sieboldii root bark gave 100% mortality at 2 days after treatment. At 0.7 mg/cm², extracts from C. cassia, C. sieboldii, and F. vulgare as well as cinnamon oil, horseradish oil and mustard oil were highly effective against both species. In a fumigation test with S. oryzae adults, the oils described were much more effective in closed containers than in open ones, indicating that the insecticidal activity of the oils was attributable to fumigant action. The plant extracts and essential oils described could be useful for managing field populations of S. oryzae and C. chinensis.     

Pectinesterase Activity and Proximate Analyses of Sea Buckthorn Juices

Three varieties of sea buckthorn fruit were harvested and pressed to obtain juices. These were analyzed for pectin methylesterase activity, moisture, nitrogen, oil, pH, total acid, and °Brix. Yields of press juice for Hippophae rhamnoides ssp. rhamnoides L. varieties Luchistaya, Prozrachnaya, and ssp. mongolica Rousi cv. Indian Summer were 68%, 69%, and 66% w/w, respectively. Differences in juice composition were found to be in moisture content, °Brix, pH, and in total acid with the Luchistaya variety having the highest acid levels and lowest pH. Pectin methylesterase (PME) was present in all sea buckthorn juices with initial activity levels of 6.8 to 14.0 μ equivalents per min per 100 g of juice at pH 8 and 23 °C. Activity was pH‐dependent with little PME activity at pH 3 to 5 and the highest activity at pH 8. The cream, pellet, and serum layers of centrifuged juices all contained PME. Heat treatment reduced PME activity in the juices by 1 decimal reduction or less.