Mass flow measurement of pneumatically conveyed solids using radiometric sensors

This paper describes the design and experimental evaluation of a novel radiometric instrumentation system that has been recently developed for the measurement of velocity, concentration and mass flow rate of solids in a pneumatic pipeline. The system employs a novel multi-beam, micro-sensing field interrogating the entire pipe cross-section to accommodate the irregularity of the solids velocity profile and inhomogeneity of the solids distribution within the pipeline. Experimental results obtained on a pneumatic conveyer circulating ilmenite powder demonstrate that the system is capable of detecting various velocity profiles and solids distributions across the pipe section and providing an absolute mass flow rate of solids within a good agreement to the reference reading from load cells.     

Spatial filtering characteristics of electrostatic sensor matrix for local velocity measurement of pneumatically conveyed particles

The accuracy of local particle mean velocity measurement with spatial filtering method based on an electrostatic sensor matrix (ESM) is closely related to its sensitivity and spatial filtering characteristics. In this paper, the three-dimensional electrostatic field generated by a point charge in the sensing zone of the ESM is solved by using a finite element method to obtain the spatial sensitivity distributions of the ESM. Further a dimensionless calculation model for the sensitivity of the ESM is suggested based on a Cosine function. The numerical results demonstrate that the spatial sensitivity has a periodic distribution along the axial direction and its spatial periodicity is determined by the axial spacing between two adjacent electrodes. The sensitivity over the central cross-section is localized. The spatial filtering characteristics of the ESM are also investigated and verified by experiments on a gravity-fed rig. These results provide a basis for the optimized design of the ESM.     

Review of techniques for the mass flow rate measurement of pneumatically conveyed solids

An accurate, reliable, on-line, continuous and non-invasive measurement of solids’ mass flow rate in pneumatic conveying pipelines has been a technically challenging area, which becomes increasingly significant to achieve efficient utilization of energy and raw materials and to reduce waste. Energy and environmental regulation and legislation, and efficiency and waste reduction are two most powerful drivers in the academic research and industrial applications for solids’ mass flow meters. In this paper, a review is presented on the recent measurement techniques of solids’ mass flow rate measurement in pneumatic conveying systems. On basic principle and configuration of each technique, performances and limitations of these techniques in industrial applications are analyzed and compared from different views to demonstrate the recent developments in the field and the possible approaches which may provide solutions to the solids’ mass flow measurement problem.     

网状静电传感器弯管处颗粒速度与浓度的测量

为了对气力输送管道进行实时监控,并且提高炉膛内的燃烧效率,需要对气力输送管道中颗粒的速度与浓度分布进行测量。采用一种网状结构的静电传感器测量气力输送管道弯管处的颗粒速度与浓度分布。为了研究传感器的特性,首先建立了网状静电传感器的有限元模型。根据有限元仿真结果,优化网状静电传感器的设计,使其拥有更高更均匀的灵敏度分布,在实验室规模颗粒流实验平台上进行了实验研究。通过对上下游平面对应位置网状电极所得静电信号进行互相关运算,可以估测颗粒的轴向速度分布;通过对同一平面网状电极静电信号的均方根值进行重建,可以得到固体颗粒的相对浓度分布。实验研究表明,该网状静电传感器可以用来测量气力输送管道弯管处颗粒速度与浓度分布。     

In-line measurement of pneumatically conveyed particles by a light transmission fluctuation method

An optical method for particle sizing in two-phase flow, the so-called light transmission fluctuation method, is presented in this paper. On the basis of this method, a novel optical instrument capable of in-line measurement of pneumatically conveyed particles is introduced. Quite a few medium-term tests validate the reliability and the applicability of this technique. Some measurement results are shown and discussed, concerning real-time in-line continuous monitoring of pulverized coal flow at coal-fired power plants and relevant laboratory experiments.     

A novel capacitive system for the concentration measurement of pneumatically conveyed pulverized fuel at power stations

A novel capacitive system for the concentration measurement of gas–solid flow in pneumatically conveyed pulverized fuel at power stations has been developed. The capacitance sensor for measuring the concentration uses source-grid sensing electrodes. An active sensor and a dummy sensor are used to form a differential configuration. In order to eliminate baseline drift, to be immune to stray capacitance, and to ensure accurate measurement under very low solids/air mass flux ratio conditions, a correlated double sample (CDS) technique and lock-in detector with closed loop are used in the interface circuit. A laboratory scale pneumatically conveyed pulverized fuel loop system incorporating facilities for calibration has been fabricated for this purpose. The test section is a vertical ceramic tube of diameter 100 mm with an upward flow direction and pulverized fuel has been used as the solid phase. Results demonstrate that the system is capable of achieving linearity within ±5% at different temperatures or moisture content.     

Comparative study of electrostatic sensors with circular and probe electrodes for velocity measurement of pulverised coal

This paper presents recent progress on the velocity measurement of pulverised coal in pneumatic pipelines using electrostatic sensors in combination with correlation signal processing techniques.A comparative study of electrostatic sensors with circular and probe electrodes was conducted on a 94 mm bore horizontal pipeline in a 4 MW furnace.The advantages and limitations of both sensors are discussed.Experimental results demonstrate that both sensors are capable of providing pulverised coal velocity measurement with excellent repeatability and dynamic response.     

Experimental evaluation of capacitance transducers for volumetric concentration measurement of particulate solids

This paper presents an example where an off-line experimental technique based upon idealized flow test models is applied as an alternative method of evaluating a commercial solids flow instrument in a well-controlled environment. The systematic characteristics of a 150 mm bore commercial capacitance transducer were quantified as applied to the volumetric concentration measurement of particulate solids. Results obtained from the experimental studies are presented in terms of overall sensitivity, linearity, sensing field homogeneity, material dependence, moisture and temperature effects.     

激光聚变冲击波速度测量光学系统设计

针对激光聚变冲击波速度测量的需求,设计了一种集被动式扫描高温计和主动式冲击波速度测量于一体的复合冲击波速度测量系统.通过采用多种耐辐射光学玻璃材料,实现了共用光路的400～700 nm耐辐射消色差设计;通过采用自动控制干涉仪简化了系统操作;主动测速系统通过切换不同焦距的中继成像镜头,实现了不同放大倍率的切换.系统的物方...     

环式静电传感器的模型改进与验证（英文）

在气固两相流中,流动参数的精确测量是非常重要的,且这种流动必须在散装固体颗粒运输的过程中得到有效的解决。环式静电传感器是用于气固两相流流量测量的传感器之一。本文首先采用有限元法建立了该传感器的数学模型,对传感器的空间灵敏度特性进行了研究,并采用非线性最小二乘法及迭代法对解析模型进行了改进处理。最后通过实验结果与改进处理之后结果之间的相关系数进行对比分析,并完善了该模型的数学表达式,验证了该改进模型的可行性和实用性。     

皮带输送散料的计量及采样设备市场前景分析

随着国家节能减排战略的实施,煤炭作为主要能源,而电子皮带秤又是大宗散料在供、需两个交易过程中及其生产加工过程中不可缺少的计量设备。笔者详细分析电子皮带秤、机械化自动采样设备作为计量及检测的关键器具,在“十二五”期间的市场前景。     

基于阵列式静电传感器的密相气力输送表观气速测量方法研究

高压密相气力输送是加压气流床煤气化的关键技术之一,对其表观气速的测量是监测其流动状态变化的重要依据,目前主要采用测量温度、压力、流量等参数进行间接计算的方法获取。本文提出一种基于阵列式静电传感器直接测量的新方法,利用阵列式静电传感器局部敏感特性,通过对每个电极获取的静电信号进行EMD分解得到其多尺度能量比,进而提取出其高频高能分量,并进行功率谱分析和等效频率计算,对各电极的等效频率进行加权平均从而获取加权频率,进而建立加权频率与表观气速的关系。通过对3种粒径褐煤煤粉输送的实验验证,结果表明该方法可行,能够建立加权频率与表观气速的线性关系,并且该线性关系的斜率随着输送颗粒粒径的增大而减小,同时也为测量颗粒粒径提供了新的手段。     

采用去模糊图像处理的气/固两相流固体颗粒速度测量方法

在燃煤火力发电站的煤粉输送系统中,为了提高煤粉的燃烧效率,获得煤粉与空气混合物的参数就显得至关重要。本文提出一种基于图像处理技术的气/固两相流固体颗粒速度测量方法。通过控制CCD照相机的曝光时间获得颗粒的运动模糊图像,在此基础上利用图像处理方法估计出模糊图像的点扩展函数（PSF）,并利用透镜成像原理建立运动模糊长度与颗粒运动速度之间的联系,最终获得颗粒的运动速度。在此理论分析的基础上,本文利用该方法对颗粒自由落体形成的运动模糊图像进行了处理,仿真及实验结果表明该方法适用于气/固两相流颗粒速度的测量。     

Digital technique for the simultaneous measurement of velocity and temperature

A computer-oriented, hot-wire anemometer technique for the simultaneous measurement of velocity and temperature in heated turbulent flows is described. This technique involves conversion of analogue anemometer voltage signals into digital forms and processing of these latter on a digital computer, in accordance with the anemometer response equations, to obtain instantaneous temperature and velocity. The technique was tested with a heated plane jet and found to be satisfactory.     

欠传感器磁悬浮转子测量系统的设计与研究

在磁悬浮转子系统的应用中，位移传感器的个数与布置是系统设计的一个重要课题。在此分析了磁悬浮转子应用系统的传感器空间布置的问题。提出了欠传感器磁悬浮转子系统的设计思想。并具体给出了一个欠传感器磁悬浮转子系统的测控方案。对欠传感器磁悬浮系统在三维空间的测量信号进行了研究，实现了测量信号各个分量的解耦与分离。     

Fibre-optic sensors for temperature,pressure and flow measurement

In this paper, the use of fibre-optic techniques for measurement of the important parameters, temperature, pressure and fluid flow, especially blood flow, is reviewed. The characteristics of these devices are described and their applicability discussed.     

基于虚拟仪器的互相关流速测量系统设计

采用计算机模拟与实验相结合的方式,建立了基于虚拟仪器平台的互相关测量系统。系统采用LabVIEW函数选板中信号运算部分提供的互相关和自相关函数模块,设计了使用函数互相关、极性互相关和差动自相关3种算法实现互相关流速测量的程序。使用随机信号对上述3种算法进行验证,并对计算结果进行比较,验证结果表明互相关和差动自相关算法较为理想。     

On-line measurement of particle size distribution and mass flow rate of particles in a pneumatic suspension using combined imaging and electrostatic sensors

This paper presents a novel instrumentation system that uses a combination of electrostatic and digital imaging sensors. An inferential approach is adopted for the mass flow measurement of particles, velocity and volumetric concentration of particles being measured independently. The velocity of particles is determined by cross correlating two signals derived from a pair of electrostatic sensors and the volumetric concentration of particles is obtained using a novel digital imaging sensor, which also provides particle size distribution data. The basic principles and limits of operation of the imaging sensor are discussed and explained. Results obtained from a pneumatic conveyor are presented which demonstrate good performance of the measurement system for both mass flow metering (accurate to about ±6%) and particle sizing (reliable to around ±2.5%). Particle size distribution results are also included and the insensitivity of particle sizing to changes in velocity and concentration is assessed. In addition, on-line sizing results are compared to off-line results, measured using an accepted laser diffraction based instrument, and good agreement is observed. In general, the results obtained are encouraging and the system shows great promise.     

Design and evaluation of a unipolar aerosol particle charger with built-in electrostatic precipitator

A new unipolar charger of aerosol particle has been designed and evaluated. The free ion and particle trajectories have been simulated. Four parameters, including electrical characteristics, particle loss, charging efficiency and the average charges, were varied to evaluate the charger. The experimental results show that the average discharge current was stable at 5?µA with 2.6?kV applied on the needle. The standard deviation is 0.0016 when clean air is entered in the discharging zone, as compared to the deviation of 0.024 with unfiltered ambient air which indicates that discharge current is more stable when clean air is entered. The electrostatic loss, diffusion loss and total particle loss were below about 4, 7 and 9% for all particles (sizes of 20–1000?nm), respectively. The intrinsic and extrinsic charging efficiency increased with the particle diameter. The intrinsic efficiency is practically 100% for particle diameters above 50?nm. Compared to the intrinsic efficiency, the extrinsic charging efficiency decreased by 5% given the fact that some of particles may be deposited inside the charger. As for the average particle charge number, the maximum relative error between the results of experiment and theory was less than 15%.