A discrete layer beam finite element for the dynamic analysis of composite sandwich beams with integral damping layers

A discrete layer finite element is presented for the dynamic analysis of laminated beams. The element uses C⁰ continuous linear and quadratic polynominals to interpolate the in-plane and transverse displacement field, respectively, and is free from the effects of shear locking. Modal frequencies and damping are estimated using both the modal strain energy method and the complex modulus method. A forced response version of the model is also presented. The model predictions are compared with experimental data for composite sandwich beams with integral damping layers. Four damping configurations are considered, a constrained layer treatment, a segmented constrained layer treatment and two internal treatments.     

嵌入多层黏弹性胶膜复合材料阻尼工字梁的多目标设计优化

针对嵌入多层黏弹性胶膜的复合材料阻尼工字梁,传统的混合单元法在进行结构动态分析与设计优化时存在很大困难的问题,采用基于离散层理论的多层梁单元建模分析复合材料阻尼工字梁.通过对正交各向异性铺层和腹板进行等效处理的方法,对工字梁凸缘嵌入单层阻尼层模型进行参数化分析;分别对嵌入多层或单层阻尼层的模型建立多目标优化模型,优化目标为模态损耗因子和固有频率最大化,设计变量为阻尼层层数（厚度）及其嵌入位置;应用多目标遗传算法进行优化求解.结果表明：基于离散层理论的阻尼梁单元计算精度好且易于优化,对于嵌入单层较厚阻尼和嵌入多层较薄阻尼的复合材料工字梁,获得的阻尼效果与动刚度损失基本相当,但对于高阻尼的方案,前者比后者的动刚度损失更大.     

Optimal design of sandwich and laminated composite plates based on the planning of experiments

Optimal design problems of sandwich plates with soft core and laminated composite face layers, and multilayered composite plates are investigated. The optimal design problems are solved by using the method of the planning of experiments. The optimization procedure is divided into the following stages: choice of control parameters and establishment of the domain of search, elaboration of plans of experiment for the chosen number of reference points, execution of the experiment, determination of simple mathematical models from the experimental data, design of the structure on the basis of the mathematical models discovered, and finally verification experiments at the point of the optimal solution. Vibration and damping analysis is performed by using a sandwich plate finite elements based on a broken line model. Damping properties of the core and face layers of the plate are taken into account in the optimal design. Modal loss factors are computed using the method of complex eigenvalues or the energy method. Frequencies and modal loss factors of the plate are constraints in the optimal design problem. There are also constraints on geometrical parameters and the bending stiffness of the plate. The mass of the plate is the objective function. Design parameters are the thickness of the plate layers. In the points of experiments computer simulation using FEM is carried out. Using this information, simple mathematical models for frequencies and modal loss factors for the plate are determined. These simple mathematical functions are used as constraints in the nonlinear programming problem, which is solved by random search and the penalty function method. Numerical examples of the optimal design of clamped sandwich and simply supported laminated composite plates are presented. A significant improvement of damping properties of a sandwich plate is observed in comparison with a simple plate of equal natural frequencies.     

组合结构等效阻尼比的确定及在有限元计算中的应用

针对组合结构动力响应计算中,一般根据工程经验确定结构阻尼比,往往导致结构动力响应计算结果偏小,不利于结构安全评估的问题,首先根据复阻尼理论与结构动力学方法,推导出组合结构的等效阻尼比计算公式;然后,以某体育场组合结构为工程背景,在有限元法基础上使用ANSYS软件建立该结构的有限元模型.根据计算出的自振特性以及利用ANSYS二次开发功能所形成的阻尼刚度矩阵,实现等效阻尼比的有限元法求解.计算结果表明,等效阻尼比能够正确反映组合结构的动力特性,从而可以科学地计算其动态响应.     

Shield-layers for reducing thermoelastic damping in resonating Silicon bars

In this work it is theoretically shown that thermoelastic incompatibility between Silicon structures and their native-oxide layers induces thermoelastic damping. This damping dominates in structures that are packaged in vacuum and vibrate in pure axial motion. Analytic solutions of the thermoelastic response of axially loaded laminated bars are used to determine the material parameters which affect thermoelastic damping. The analysis suggests that thin shield-layers can significantly reduce thermoelastic damping which is associated with native-oxide layers in Silicon resonators.     

Optimization of composite beam structures using a genetic algorithm

This work examines the possibility of using a to nature adopted, stochastic search method, called genetic algorithm (GA), for optimizing the damping ability of composites.The principles and properties of GAs are briefly described, and an approach to evaluating and optimizing the factor of dampness of composites, using a specific GA combined with an existing FEM program, is given.Some results of optimizing the stacking sequences and the thicknesses of the layers, consisting of different materials, are presented as examples of composite beams in order to demonstrate the efficiency of the method.     

光纤智能夹层制作工艺及试验研究

根据智能结构中光纤自诊断系统模块化要求,制作出光纤智能夹层.这种智能夹层不仅具有在光纤接头部位未出现断裂及智能夹层中光纤传感器未出现损坏的特点,而且具有光纤传感器的高灵敏度特性,可以铺设于复合材料表面或埋入复合材料内部.在此基础上,对智能夹层试件分别进行了轴向拉伸和四点弯曲试验.试验表明:在一定应变范围内,单膜交错光纤中光强-应变之间具有良好的线性关系,可以在埋入复合材料之前进行标定.利用智能夹层中光纤传感网络或自诊断模块,可以实现对智能结构的在线监测.     

Design of laminated composite plates for optimal dynamic characteristics using a constrained global optimization technique

The lamination arrangements of moderately thick laminated composite plates for optimal dynamic characteristics are studied via a constrained multi-start global optimization technique. In the optimization process, the dynamical analysis of laminated composite plates is accomplished by utilizing a shear deformable laminated composite finite element, in which the exact expressions for determining shear correction factors were adopted and the modal damping model constructed based on an energy concept. The optimal layups of laminated composite plates with maximum fundamental frequency or modal damping are then designed by maximizing the frequency or modal damping capacity of the plate via the multi-start global optimization technique. The effects of length-to-thickness ratio, aspect ratio and number of layer groups upon the optimum fiber orientations or layer group thicknesses are investigated by means of a number of examples of the design of symmetrically laminated composite plates.     

基于阻尼力调节的城轨车辆复合结构车身减振控制系统设计

为了降低车身振动给城轨车辆复合结构产生的危害,利用阻尼力调节技术优化设计城轨车辆复合结构车身减振控制系统。在考虑城轨车辆复合组成结构和工作方式的情况下,构建城轨车辆复合结构模型。在该模型下,结合城轨车辆的运行环境,模拟城轨车身在不同场景下的振动过程。利用安装的车身运行传感器,获取城轨车辆的实时运行数据,提取城轨车身振动特征,计算车身阻尼力调节量的理论值。采用可调阻尼器作为执行元件,执行可调阻尼力调节任务,在系统减振控制器的支持下,实现城轨车辆复合结构车身减振控制功能。通过系统测试得出结论：应用基于阻尼力调节的城轨车辆复合结构车身减振控制系统后,车身振动频率和振动幅值得到明显降低。     

Topology optimization of piezoelectric smart structures for minimum energy consumption under active control

This paper investigates topology optimization of the electrode coverage over piezoelectric patches attached to a thin-shell structure to reduce the energy consumption of active vibration control under harmonic excitations. The constant gain velocity feedback control method is employed, and the structural frequency response under control is analyzed with the finite element method. In the mathematical formulation of the proposed topology optimization model, the total energy consumption of the control system is taken as the objective function, and a constraint of the maximum allowable dynamic compliance is considered. The pseudo-densities indicating the distribution of surface electrode coverage over the piezoelectric layers are chosen as the design variables, and a penalized model is employed to relate the active damping effect and these design variables. The sensitivity analysis scheme of the control energy consumption with respect to the design variables is derived with the adjoint-variable method. Numerical examples demonstrate that the proposed optimization model is able to generate optimal topologies of electrode coverage over the piezoelectric layers, which can effectively reduce the energy consumption of the control system. Also, numerical comparisons with a minimum-volume optimization model show the advantage of the proposed method with respect to energy consumption. The proposed method may provide useful guidance to the layout optimization of piezoelectric smart structures where the energy supply is limited, such as miniature vibration control systems.     

On a high-potential variable-stiffness device

There are great efforts in developing effective composite structures for lightweight constructions for nearly every field of engineering. This concerns for example aeronautics, but also automotive industry and energy harvesting applications. Modern concepts of lightweight components try to use structures with adjustable properties. However, classic composite materials can only slightly adapt to varying environmental conditions because most materials, like carbon- or glass-fiber composites, show properties which are time-constant and not changeable. This contribution describes the development, the potential and the limitations of novel smart, self-controlling structures which can change their mechanical properties—in particular their flexural stiffness—by more than one order of magnitude. These structures use a multi-layer approach consisting of a ten-layer stack of 0.75 mm thick polycarbonate layers. The set-up is analytically described and its mechanical behavior is predicted by finite element analysis performed with ABAQUS. The individual layers are braided together by an array of shape memory alloy wires, which can be activated either all together or independently. Depending on the temperature applied by an electrical current flowing through the wires and the corresponding contraction, the wires can control the area moment of inertia of the whole stack, and with it the bending stiffness. First experimental investigations have shown a maximum stiffness change by a factor of 60, which is close to the theoretically predicted value.     

基于车体横移振动的高速列车虚拟复合阻尼天棚控制算法研究

高速列车车体横向随机振动由车体的横移振动、侧滚振动和摇头振动三自由度合成,是影响车体横向运行平稳性的关键;为了改善列车横向运行平稳性,提高半主动控制性能;通过建立某型高速列车动力学模型,对车体横向振动特性进行分析,得出横移振动的加剧是造成车体合成横向振动和横向平稳性恶化的主要原因;通过分析在传统天棚阻尼控制算法下分别以车体合成横向振动为反馈和以横移振动为反馈对车体横向振动的控制效果,得出采用以车体横移振动为反馈的传统天棚阻尼控制算法对车体横向振动的抑制效果更佳;在此基础上,提出一种以车体横移振动为反馈的虚拟复合阻尼天棚控制算法,并进行联合仿真分析;结果表明:相比于被动控制,采用虚拟复合阻尼天棚控制算法后,车体合成横向振动加速度峰值、均方根值和平稳性改善率分别达到了46%、43%和19.5%,均高于采用传统天棚阻尼控制算法;可见,采用虚拟复合阻尼天棚控制算法在抑制车体合成横向振动,改善车体横向平稳性方面控制性能更佳。     

基于等效模态阻尼的复合隔振系统振动计算方法

基于线性黏弹性假设,将应变能阻尼理论推广到复合隔振系统的等效模态阻尼计算中,运用Python和Abaqus编制相应的计算程序,该程序可考虑材料阻尼的频变特性。以多种材料组成的船舶双层复合隔振系统为算例,计算其等效模态阻尼和隔振器等效阻尼系数。分别采用直接积分法和模态叠加法计算系统振动响应,对比设备、筏架、船底壳的振动加速度响应,验证基于等效模态阻尼的模态叠加法的准确性。结果表明,该方法可以准确计算复杂组合模型的模态阻尼,算例的振动响应计算结果一致性较好,用模态叠加法可以大幅提高复合隔振系统稳态振动响应的计算效率。     

磁约束阻尼悬臂壳的轴对称振动分析

提出了一种新型有效的方法来降低悬臂壳的轴对称振动．该方法的原理是在约束层端部上及固定端分别设置引力排列的永磁体,振动时磁体间的动态磁力可使阻尼层获得比传统约束阻尼处理方法更高的剪应变,阻尼层耗能增加,从而降低结构的共振峰．从夹层单元微元体受力分析出发,建立了局部磁约束悬臂壳的轴对称振动分析模型,得到分别用约束层纵向位移u30、积分常数c和径向位移w表示的夹层壳体单元的纵向和周向力平衡方程．在此模型中,考虑了振动时因u30引起动态磁力的变化,使得此模型能描述MCLD结构的动态及阻尼性能．此外,通过比较MCLD处理与传统的约束阻尼处理对磁约束悬臂壳的轴对称振动的控制效果,分析表明：磁约束处理可同时控制悬臂壳前几阶模态的振动．     

Fractional-order integral resonant control of collocated smart structures

This paper proposes a fractional-order integral controller, FI, which is a simple, robust and well-performing technique for vibration control in smart structures with collocated sensors and actuators. This new methodology is compared with the most relevant controllers for smart structures. It is demonstrated that the proposed controller improves the robustness of the closed-loop system to changes in the mass of the payload at the tip. The previous controllers are robust in the sense of being insensitive to spillover and maintaining the closed-loop stability when changes occur in the plant parameters. However, the phase margin of such closed-loop systems (and, therefore, their damping) may change significantly as a result of these parameter variations. In this paper the possibility of increasing the phase margin robustness by using a fractional-order controller with a very simple structure is explored. This controller has been applied to an experimental smart structure, and simulations and experiments have shown the improvement attained with this new technique in the removal of the vibration in the structure when the mass of the payload at the tip changes.     

基于PCL的一维形状记忆合金系统的开发与应用

智能材料的发展给结构设计带来新的方向,同时也给商用有限元软件的应用迎来新的挑战.由于MSC Nastran的局限性,尚不能很好地模拟一些智能材料.结合实际工程需要,利用Patran完善的前、后处理功能及二次开发语言,将一维形状记忆合金(Shape Memory Alloys,SMA)材料系统集成到Patran中,能方便地实现在Patran中定义其材料属性和对布置有SMA的驱动结构以及复合材料结构的快速建模分析,最后利用本文系统建立SMA复合梁以及SMA丝驱动的机翼后缘模型,并进行验证,证明此模块功能的正确性和有效性.     

一种基于无线传感器网络的导游信息系统

在无线传感器网络体系结构基础上,以可穿戴计算机为移动节点并结合智能节点,提出了一种新型的导游信息系统。阐述了该信息系统的体系结构;设计并实现了符合系统需求的可穿戴计算机和智能节点;介绍了一种新型导游信息系统的软件架构,分析了其中的重要层次,并编写了相应的应用软件;设计并实现了一种校园旅游应用。     

Finite element free vibration analysis of damped stiffened panels

Free vibration characleristics of a damped stiffened panel with applied viscoelastic damping on the flanges of the stiffeners are studied using finite element method. The complex nature of the rotational and transverse stiffnesses of the stringers is taken into consideration while deriving the stiffness and mass matrices of the damped stiffener element. The finite element method consists of representing the panel by rectangular plate elements of 12 d.o.f. and the stiffeners by beam elements of 8 d.o.f. which allow for bending, torsional and warping effects. Numerical results showing the effect of the geometric and material properties of the damping layer treatment on the resonant frequencies and loss factors of the composite panel are presented.     

波纹辊轧机辊系主共振时滞反馈控制

金属复合板波纹辊轧制成形是一项变革技术,在复合板轧制成形的过程中,轧制界面的非线性阻尼以及上下波纹辊之间的非线性刚度都可能导致主共振的发生,造成辊缝的波动.考虑了波纹辊轧机波纹界面间的非线性阻尼和非线性刚度,建立了波纹辊轧机两自由度垂直非线性数学模型.利用奇异值理论和相平面法讨论了波纹辊轧机辊系自治下的稳定性,运用多尺度法求解了波纹辊轧机辊系在波纹界面激励下主共振的解析近似解和幅频特性方程.分析了非线性刚度系数、非线性阻尼系数、系统阻尼系数、轧制力的幅值等参数对主共振的影响.设计了线性和非线性复合作用的时滞反馈控制器来对波纹辊系的主共振进行控制,并且通过数值仿真验证了控制器设计的正确性和可行性.