植物油多元醇改性硬质聚氨酯泡沫性能的研究

采用植物油多元醇、聚醚多元醇、异氰酸酯和发泡剂HCFC-141b等为主要原料,制备得到植物油聚氨酯泡沫塑料,探讨了植物油多元醇加入量对泡沫塑料压缩强度、屈服强度、弹性模量和动态粘弹性能影响.结果表明,随着植物油多元醇加入量增加,泡沫塑料的压缩强度和弯曲模量逐渐减小,弹性模量呈先缓慢上升后下降趋势.作为硬泡应用时,植物油多元醇添加量应小于20份,可提高阻尼性能.     

生物基聚丁内酰胺在开放水体中的降解行为

探讨了生物基聚丁内酰胺在上海周边不同开放水体中的降解行为,对材料的失重率、黏均分子质量、表面形貌和力学性能等进行测试.结果表明:聚丁内酰胺在不同水体中均可发生本体降解,40 d内在海水中黏均分子质量降低可超过50％,并随水体盐度、浸泡时间的增加而进一步降低.水体中的微生物及潮汐带来的机械力加剧了表面腐蚀,使样品破坏.材...     

改性膨胀性石墨对硬质聚氨酯泡沫性能和胞体结构的影响

以改性膨胀性石墨和膨胀性石墨为添加剂制备复合聚氨酯泡沫材料,并表征了微观结构、表观密度、压缩性能、保温性能等。改性膨胀性石墨和膨胀性石墨物对材料的微观结构有很大的影响。加入改性膨胀性石墨可以有效提高材料的压缩模量,其压缩模量为143.58MPa,而膨胀性石墨的添加会降低材料的压缩模量,其压缩模量为106.62MPa,而没有添加膨胀性石墨的样品的压缩模量为为108.53MPa。改性膨胀性石墨和膨胀性石墨都可以提高材料的阻燃性能。     

The effects of annealing and aging in water on the properties of an amorphous copolyester

The influence of annealing in a dry oven and aging in water bath at 98°C on the thermal and mechanical properties of an amorphous poly(1,4-cyclohexandimethylene/ethylene terephthalate) was studied up to 21 days. Oven annealing brought about crystallization, an increase in the tensile modulus and yield strength, and a decrease in elongation and Izod impact strength. The intrinsic viscosity, however, did not change. The samples that were immersed in water embrittled at a faster rate as a result of the combined adverse effects of hydrolysis and crystallization. The intrinsic viscosity decreased from 0.71 to 0.53 after 21 days. Within the limits of this study, the hydrolysis was found to be a zero-order process with respect to molecular weight. A transition from ductile (> 8% elongation) to brittle failure in tension was observed between 3 and 5 days.     

Experimental study of accelerated leaching on hollow cylinders of mortar

Two mortars, differencing mainly in their initial porosity, were degraded by the use of a chemically accelerated process with ammonium nitrate solution. To specifically study the leached material, the chemical attack was undertaken on thin walled tubes. The leaching effects were evaluated by studying variations in mechanical and hydraulic properties. For both mortars tested, the kinetics of relative loss in strength, in elastic modulus and of increase in permeability were similar. For the same time of degradation, the increase in porosity and the loss in volumetric mass roughly depend on the estimated cement paste proportion of each mortar. The total process of degradation was carried out in three steps: 4, 8 and 16 days. Very sharp variations of all the studied properties were observed until 8 days of leaching followed by a plateau. These two phases are attributed to Portlandite dissolution first then to progressive C-S-H decalcification. At the end of the leaching test, a permeability increase of more than two orders of magnitude and a loss in strength and elastic modulus of more than 85% were observed for both mortars.     

Surface treatment of phosphate glass fibers using 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate: Fabrication of poly(caprolactone)‐based composites

2‐Hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) solution (1–10 wt %) was prepared in methanol and phosphate glass fibers were immersed in that solution for 5 min before being cured (irradiation time: 30 min) under UV radiation. Maximum polymer loading (HEMA content) was found for the 5 wt % HEMA solution. Degradation tests of the fibers in aqueous medium at 37°C suggested that the degradation of the HEMA‐treated fibers was lower than that of the untreated fibers. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that HEMA was present on the surface of the fibers. Using 5 wt % HEMA‐treated fibers, poly(caprolactone) matrix unidirectional composites were fabricated by in situ polymerization and compression molding. For in situ polymerization, it was found that 5 wt % HEMA‐treated fiber‐based composites had higher bending strength (13.8% greater) and modulus (14.0% greater) than those of the control composites. For compression molded composites, the bending strength and modulus values for the HEMA‐treated samples were found to be 27.0 and 31.5% higher, respectively, than the control samples. The tensile strength, tensile modulus, and impact strength of the HEMA composites found significant improvement than that of the untreated composites. The composites were investigated by scanning electron microscopy after 6 weeks of degradation in water at 37°C. It was found that HEMA‐treated fibers inside the composite retained much of their original integrity while the control samples degraded significantly. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

Effect of long‐term natural aging on the thermal,mechanical, and viscoelastic behavior of biomedical grade of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene

In the total joint prostheses, Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) may undergo an oxidative degradation in the long term. The overall properties of UHMWPE are expected to be altered due to the oxidative degradation. The goal of this study is to investigate the effects of natural aging up to 6 years in air on the thermal, mechanical, and viscoelastic properties of UHMWPE that was used in total joint replacement. The changes in UHMWPE properties due to aging are determined using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), uniaxial tensile tests, and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA). The DSC results show that the lamellar thickness and degree of crystallinity of UHMWPE specimens increase by 38% and 12% due to aging. A small shoulder region in the DSC thermograms is remarked for aged specimens, which is an indication of formation of new crystalline forms within their amorphous region. The tensile properties of aged and nonaged UHMWPE specimens show a significant decrease in the elastic modulus, yield, fracture stresses, and strain at break due to aging. The DM testing results indicate that the storage modulus and creep resistance of UHMWPE specimens decrease significantly due to aging. Also, it is remarked that the α relaxation peak for aged UHMWPE specimens occurs at lower temperature compared to nonaged ones. The significant reduction in the strength and creep resistance of UHMWPE specimens due to aging would affect the long‐term clinical performance of the total joint replacement and should be taken into consideration during artificial joint design. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Influence of chemical structure of hardener on mechanical and adhesive properties of epoxy polymers

The mechanical and adhesive properties of epoxy formulations based on diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A cured with various aliphatic amines were evaluated in the glass state. Impact and uniaxial compression tests were used to determine the impact energy, elastic modulus and yield stress, respectively. The adhesion tests were carried out in steel–steel joints using single‐lap shear, T‐peel, and impact adhesive joints geometry. The better mechanical and adhesive behavior of the networks is obtained when exists high flexibility of chain between crosslink and/or high elastic modulus. The 1‐(2‐aminoethyl)piperazine epoxy network presents the best adhesive properties, high flexibility, and the largest impact energy. However, it possesses low elastic modulus and yield stress. Also, exhibits increases in peel strength and impact energy while reductions in lap shear strength. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

The influence of nano-silica on the thermal conductivity of polyurethane foam

This study reports the influence of nano-silica particles (0.0–0.45 %wt) on properties of polyurethane foams (PUF) using monoglycerides, sorbitol, and glycerol as components of polyol. The morphology, density, mechanical, thermal stability, and thermal conductivity properties of samples were investigated in this study. When 0.35 %Wt of nano-silica was used to reinforce PUF, the compression strength of PUF achieved the highest value (82.49 kPa). The thermal gravimetric analysis showed that the presence of nano-silica can improve the thermal stability of PUF samples. Scanning electron microscopy studies indicated that PUF samples containing 0.3, 0.35, and 0.45 %Wt of nano-silica had more uniform cell structures than pure PUF sample. Finally, the thermal conductivity of pure PUF and PUF/nano-silica were measured at three different levels of humidity (33% RH, 57% RH and 75% RH) at 25°C. The lowest thermal conductivity value achieved was 0.034 W/mK.     

BFRP筋轴心受压力学性能试验研究

为详细考察玄武岩纤维增强复合筋(BFRP)的轴心受压力学性能,设计制作了36个受压试件,测试BFRP筋的受压破坏模式、抗压强度、压缩弹性模量、压缩变形率,研究直径、长细比、破坏模式对BFRP筋受压力学性能的影响.试验结果表明,BFRP筋的受压破坏模式分为剪切、胀裂、失稳三种,以剪切破坏为主;受压应力—应变关系为线弹性,...     

Experimental and numerical investigation of the dynamic response of a ZrB2-SiC ceramic under uniaxial compression

The dynamic experimental tests were performed on cylindrical zirconium diboride-silicon carbide ceramic specimens under the uniaxial compression from 519 to 2861 s⁻¹. The effect of the strain rate on the dynamic response of a ZrB₂-SiC ceramic was investigated using experimental and numerical methods. A significant increase on the dynamic compressive strength, elastic modulus, and the dynamic tensile strength was found with the increase of the strain rate. The damage process and fracture pattern of the ZrB₂-SiC ceramic exhibited a significant strain-rate dependence under the dynamic compression. The strain rate-dependent elastic modulus and tensile strength were introduced into Johnson–Holmquist (JH-2) model to predict the dynamic compression behavior of the ZrB₂-SiC ceramic. The simulation results of the dynamic compressive strength, stress–strain relation, and fracture patterns were in good accordance with the dynamic experimental results.     

低分子量马来酸酐化聚丁二烯橡胶改性聚丙烯增韧尼龙6的性能

采用模量和强度更高的PP代替LDPE为核,在PP上接枝不同含量的PB-g-MAH(MLPB),在反应挤出过程中与PA6中形成了新型的核/壳(PP/PB-g-MAH)橡胶增韧体系。结果表明:硬核/软壳的增韧体系(PP/PA6)是一种十分有效的方式,能使共混物获得更好的缺口冲击强度、拉伸屈服强度和弹性模量之间的平衡。当PB-g-MAH含量为5%时,增韧体系缺口冲击强度可达480 J/m,而模量和屈服强度分别为2.13 GPa和54 MPa,相对纯尼龙6只有15%和13%的模量和屈服强度损失。     

Effects of simulated clinical fabrication heat treatment and artificial weathering on the tensile testing of prosthetics/orthotics polymers

The tensile behavior was compared for five prosthetics/orthotics polymers: Durr-Plex (co-polyester), Polypropylene (polypropylene), Subortholen (polyethylene), Surlyn (ionomer), and Uvex (and cellulose acetate butyrate). Tensile properties, yield strength, and modulus of elasticity are related to a number of factors including composition and condition of polymers. The polymers were examined in the as-received and simulated clinical fabrication heat-treated conditions. The simulated clinical fabrication heat-treated specimens were subsequently treated to 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks of artificial weathering conditions, consisting of exposure to cycles of ultraviolet light and heated condensation. Tensile testing was performed on an Instron mechanical testing system, until fracture occurred. The ranges and respective rankings of yield strength and modulus of elasticity in tension were determined. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and post hoc Scheffé statistical analyses were performed for different polymers of the same treatment condition, and different treatment conditions of the same polymer. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant yield strength and modulus differences for the five polymers. The choice of material significantly influences the tensile properties for prosthetics/orthotics polymers. The Uvex polymer had the highest yield strength and elastic modulus, and the Surlyn polymer had the lowest yield strength and elastic modulus. The ranking trend was Uvex > Durr-Plex > polypropylene > Subortholen > Surlyn. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Simultaneous prediction of the modulus and yield strength of binary polymer blends

A new scheme is proposed for the simultaneous prediction of the modulus and yield (or tensile) strength of binary blends, which employs a two-parameter equivalent box model and the data on the continuity of constituents acquired from the percolation theory. Prediction of the elastic modulus in the linear stress-strain region assumes “perfect” interfacial adhesion; at yielding (or breaking), the upper and lower bounds have to be distinguished, those bounds being related, respectively, to the interfacial adhesion sufficient and insufficient for the transmission of the acting stress. The modulus and the upper bound of yield (or tensile) strength are monotonic functions of the blend composition within the interval delimited by the values characterizing the components. The lower bound of strengths passes through a minimum (close to the 50/50 composition) linked to the minimum sum of the continuity parameters of the constituents. Predicted dependences of the modulus and of the yield (or tensile) strength on the blend composition are in a good accord with experimental data selected from literature.     

Influence of cooling methods on high-temperature residual mechanical characterization of strain-hardening cementitious composites

Residual strength tests are commonly used to characterize the high-temperature mechanical properties of concrete materials. In these tests, the specimens are heated to a target temperature in a furnace and then cooled down to room temperature, followed by mechanical testing at room temperature. This research investigates the influence of the cooling method on the residual strength of Strain Hardening Cementitious Composites (SHCC) after exposure to 400°C and 600°C. Two types of cooling methods — furnace-cooling (within a closed furnace) and water-cooling (immersed in a water tank) — were adopted. Four different SHCC previously investigated by the authors for high-temperature residual mechanical and bond behavior with steel were studied. Two different specimen sizes were tested under uniaxial compression and flexure to characterize the residual compressive strength and modulus of rupture. The effect of the cooling method was prominent for the normalized residual modulus of rupture at 400°C, but not at 600°C. The cooling method had no effect on the normalized residual compressive strength of any material at either of the two temperatures, except one of the SHCC (PVA-SC) at 400°C. Specimen size also had no effect on the normalized residual compressive strength and modulus of rupture irrespective of the cooling method.     

吸附CO2煤体的力学性能劣化机制

准确了解CO2吸附诱发煤层力学性质的变化是安全实施CO2封存的必要条件。通过进行不同CO2吸附平衡压力下煤样试件的三轴压缩试验,考察了CO2吸附后煤体力学性能的变化规律。结果表明,吸附CO2降低了煤质的表面能,进而降低了煤体整体强度;CO2吸附后引起煤体的塑性效应,导致煤体弹性模量减小;煤体的强度和弹性模量随着CO2吸附平衡压力增大而降低,其变化量可以用Langmuir型曲线描述,相关系数均达到0.99以上。高阶煤(无烟煤)强度和弹性模量均远大于低阶煤(长焰煤),而吸附CO2后高阶煤的强度和弹性模量降低百分比更高。     

Degradable polyurethane foams based on disaccharides

New functional elastic polyurethane foams (PUF) degradable under environmental abiotic and biotic factors, retaining all the inherent properties of the conventional foams were synthesized using isocyanate precursors based on disaccharides (DS): lactose, maltose and saccharose. It was shown by the model reactions of monosaccharide glucose, and DS lactose and saccharose, with phenylisocyanate that both the primary and secondary hydroxyls of the carbohydrates reacted to form urethanes. The main properties of DS‐based foams (PUF/DS) were found to be similar to PUF foam (matrix) prepared with conventional polyols. However, the new PUF/DS were found to undergo enhanced acid/alkaline hydrolysis and degradation compared with PUF matrix when incubated in soil. Mass losses of incubated PUF/DSs significantly exceeded the actual carbohydrate content 28.6%, and in 12 months reached 39.58 (PUF‐4), 53.31(PUF‐8), and 47.25 (PUF‐12). In contrast, under the same conditions PUF matrix lost only 2–2.5%, confirming that incorporation of natural compounds into the polymer chain impacted the degradation processes. PUF/DS were characterized by FTIR, ¹H NMR, ebullioscopy, and exclusion chromatography (molecular masses and molecular mass distribution of the oligomeric model), physical and mechanical tests (density, tensile strength, relative elongation, moisture absorption, vapor permeability), morphology, and degradation in the soil. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42131.     

Effects of Temper Conditions and Step-Quenching-Ageing on the Hardness Characteristics and Yield Strength of A356.0-type Al-Si-Mg Alloy

In this paper, the effect of different tempers and thermal ageing treatments on the hardness characteristics and yield strength of A356.0-type Al-Si-Mg alloy has been studied. The investigations consist of artificial ageing without solution heat treatments (T5), solution heat treated with artificial ageing (T6), interrupted-quenching-ageing (IQA) and step-quenching-ageing (SQA) under artificial ageing condition. The hardness of the SQA alloy aged at 180°C/4 h and 200°C/1–4 h with respect to double and single thermal ageing treatment and there corresponding yield strength (YS) were computed. The phases in the treated alloys were identified from the X-ray diffractometry spectrum (XRD). Equally, the hardness behavior was correlated with the microstructures using optical microscope (OPM) and scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive spectroscope (SEM-EDS). SQA treated alloy has demonstrated improved hardness. The XRD of the alloy aged at various conditions has been found to contain strengthening phases which contributed to higher hardness of the samples within the ageing temperatures and time considered.     

Properties of water‐blown rigid polyurethane foams with reactivity of raw materials

Rigid polyurethane foams (PUFs) were prepared from polymeric 4,4‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate (PMDI; having functionality of 2.9), polyether polyols, silicone surfactant, amine catalysts, and distilled water. The effects of reactivity on the properties such as density, compressive and flexural strength, and glass‐transition temperature (T_g) of the PUF samples were studied. The kinetic rate of forming the PUF samples was increased with the catalyst and water content. With increasing OH value and functionality of the polyols, the density and compressive strength of the PUF samples also increased. For the PUF samples synthesized with polyols having high functionality (>5), the flexural strength of the PUF samples decreased with the functionality of the polyols. With increasing OH value and functionality of the polyols, the T_g of the PUF increased because of an increase in the degree of crosslinking of the PUF samples. The T_g value and compressive strength of the PUF samples were observed to increase with the NCO index. From this result, it was suggested that the increase in the T_g value and compressive strength of the PUF samples may be attributable to the additional crosslinks that arose from allophonate and biuret formation by the supplementary reactions of excess PMDI. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 2334–2342, 2004     

The effect of time and temperature on the mechanical behavior of a “plasticized” epoxy resin under different loading modes

Epoxy–Versamid specimens were loaded in tension, compression, and flexure at different strain rates and temperatures to determine mode of failure, yield stress and strain, and tangent and relaxation moduli. Stress-strain curves were used to define brittle, ductile, ductile-rubbery, and rubbery modes of behavior which prevailed in different temperature-strain rate regions. The time-temperature superposition principle was applied to yield stress, initial tangent moduli, and relaxation moduli data for all three types of loading. The transition regions, tangent and relaxation moduli, and shift factors were the same in tension, compression, and flexure. Thus the most convenient mode of loading can be used to determine the general time-temperature dependence. The ratio of compressive-to-tensile yield stress was almost constant over the entire ductile region. Flexural yielding data were used to predict yield stress in tension and compression, and stress relaxation master curves were shown to be related to elastic modulus vs. strain rate curves. The yielding phenomenon was interpreted using Eyring's theory of non-Newtonian viscoplastic flow. The apparent activation energy and activation volume were larger for tension than compression. A theory is offered to explain why yielding can occur in a cross-linked system.