MPEG-4自然视频编码技术

对MPEG－4自然视频编码的关键技术作了详细的分析和阐述。首先介绍MPEG－4频语法结构，并对视频编码的框架概要分析。接着分析了自然视频编码中涉及到的关键技术，包括：VOP的产生；二值和灰度级α平面的编码技术；运动估计和补偿方法；纹理编码；基于对象的时间分级和空间分级；MPEG－4提供的再同步和各种错误掩盖，刷新方法，精 编码技术和零树小波基的静止图像编码技术。指出MPEG－4和MPEG－1，MPEG－2等标准的异同，突出MPEG－4的三个主要特点。最后给出MPEG－4技术在网络视频传输中的应用，并给出测试和分析。     

MPEG-4 high-efficiency AAC coding

The name MPEG-4 high-efficiency AAC (HE-AAC) refers to a family of recent audio coders that was developed by the International Organization for Standardization/International Electrotechnical Commission (ISO/IEC) Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) by subsequent extension of the established Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) architecture. These algorithmic extensions facilitate a significant increase in coding efficiency relative to previous standards and other known systems. Thus, they provide a representation for generic audio/music signals that offers high audio quality also to applications limited in transmission bandwidth or storage capacity, such as digital audio broadcasting and wireless music access for cellular phones. This article presents a compact overview of the evolution, technology, and performance of the MPEG-4 HE-AAC coding family.     

Tests on MPEG-4 audio codec proposals

During December 1995, subjective tests were carried out by members of the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG, ISO/JTC1/SC29/WG11) to select the proposed technology for inclusion in the audio part of the new MPEG-4 standard. The new standard addresses coding for more than just the functionality of data rate compression. Material coded at very low bit-rates is also included. Thus, different testing methodologies were applied, according to ITU-R Rec. BS 1116 for a bit-rate of 64 kbit/s per channel and according to ITU-T Rec. P.80 for lower bit-rates or functionalities other than data rate compression. Proposals were subjectively tested for coding efficiency, error resilience, scalability and speed change: a subset of the MPEG-4 ‘functionalities’. This paper describes how two different evaluation methods were used and adjusted to fit the different testing requirements. This first major effort to test coding schemes at low bit-rates proved successful. Based on the test results, decisions for MPEG-4 technology were made.

This was the first opportunity for MPEG members to carry out tests on the submitted functionalities. In the process, much was learnt. As a result, some suggestions are made to improve the way new functionalities can be subjectively evaluated.     

MPEG-4 AAC音频编码中量化模块的改进

NPEG -4 AAC音频编码标准中的量化过程采用了Brandenburg提出的双循环模式,取得了较好的编码质量和压缩比例.但在实际编码时,该方法由于迭代次数过多,会出现收敛速度较慢,甚至死锁的情况.在深入分析MPEG -4 AAC量化算法的基础上,提出了一种快速计算每个比例因子频带的改进算法.该算法通过有效减少外循环计算过程,并确保每个比例因子频带的量化失真低于允许值,从而减少量化模块的计算量.实验结果表明,在不影响音频编码质量的前提下,该算法能有效地提高编码效率.     

Error-resilient coding in JPEG-2000 and MPEG-4

The rapid growth of mobile communications and the widespread access to information via the Internet have resulted in a strong demand for robust transmission of compressed image and video data for various multimedia applications and services. The challenge of robust transmission is to protect the compressed image/video data against hostile channel conditions while bringing little impact on bandwidth efficiency. This paper addresses this critical problem and provides an overview of the error-resilient approaches that have been evaluated and inserted into the emerging JPEG-2000 wavelet-based image coding standard. We also review the state-of-the-art techniques adopted in the MPEG-4 standard for robust transmission of video and still texture data. These techniques include resynchronization strategies, data partitioning, reversible VLCs, and header extension codes. The performance of these approaches under various channel conditions is evaluated     

Optimal buffered compression and coding mode selection for MPEG-4shape coding

We propose an optimal buffered compression algorithm for shape coding as defined in the forthcoming MPEG-4 international standard. The MPEG-4 shape coding scheme consists of two steps: first, distortion is introduced by down and up scaling; then, context-based arithmetic encoding is applied. Since arithmetic coding is "lossless," the down up scaling step is considered as a virtual quantizer. We first formulate the buffer-constrained adaptive quantization problem for shape coding, and then propose an algorithm for the optimal solution under buffer constraints. Previously, the fact that a conversion ratio (CR) of 1/4 makes a coded image irritating to human observers for QCIF size was reported for MPEG-4 shape coding. Therefore, careful consideration for small size images such as QCIF should be given to prevent coded images from being unacceptable. To this end, a low bit rate tuned algorithm is proposed in this paper as well. Experimental results are given using an MPEG-4 shape codec.     

Guide to MPEG-1 audio standard

This paper is designed to help the reader to unravel the ISO MPEG-1 standard for compressing digital audio data. In comparison to the standards for video, little additional information is available on this standard. The standard describes the implementation of three compression schemes called layer 1, layer 2 and layer 3. The layer 1 scheme is the simplest to implement but its efficiency is not as good as the other layers. The layer 3 scheme provides the best performance at low bit rates but it is also the most difficult one to implement. The compression techniques used psychoacoustic models for predicting the human auditory response to the noise that is introduced by the coding scheme. Using these models, the characteristics of the compression scheme can be changed dynamically in order to minimize the audibility of these noise impairments. The implementation of two such psychoacoustic models are described in the standard     

MPEG-4中视频对象平面的形状编码

首先介绍了MPEG-4中视频对象平面(VOP)形状编码的流程，然后分别介绍了VOP形状编码的各个步骤，最后提出了一种基于H．263的MPEG-4视频编码器简单框架(Simple子Pmfile)的实现方法。     

MPEG digital audio coding

The Moving Pictures Expert Group (MPEG) within the International Organization of Standardization (ISO) has developed a series of audio-visual standards known as MFEG-1 and MPEG-2. These audio-coding standards are the first international standards in the field of high-quality digital audio compression. MPEG-1 covers coding of stereophonic audio signals at high sampling rates aiming at transparent quality, whereas MPEG-2 also offers stereophonic audio coding at lower sampling rates. In addition, MPEG-2 introduces multichannel coding with and without backwards compatibility to MPEG-1 to provide an improved acoustical image for audio-only applications and for enhanced television and video-conferencing systems. MPEG-2 audio coding without backwards compatibility, called IMPEG-2 Advanced Audio Coding (AAC), offers the highest compression rates. Typical application areas for MPEG-based digital audio are in the fields of audio production, program distribution and exchange, digital sound broadcasting, digital storage, and various multimedia applications. We describe in some detail the key technologies and main features of MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 audio coders. We also present the MPEG-4 standard and discuss some of the typical applications for MPEG audio compression     

Improved MPEG-4 still texture image coding under noisy environment

This paper describes the performance of the MPEG-4 still texture image codec in coding noisy images. As will be shown, when using the MPEG-4 still texture image codec to compress a noisy image, increasing the compression rate does not necessarily imply reducing the peak-signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) of the decoded image. An optimal operating point having the highest PSNR can be obtained within the low bit rate region. Nevertheless, the visual quality of the decoded noisy image at this optimal operating point is greatly degraded by the so-called "cross" shape artifact. In this paper, we analyze the reason for the existence of the optimal operating point and the "cross" shape artifact when using the MPEG-4 still texture image codec to compress noisy images. We then propose an adaptive thresholding technique to remove the "cross" shape artifact of the decoded images. It requires only a slight modification to the quantization process of the traditional MPEG-4 encoder while the decoder remains unchanged. Finally, an analytical study is performed for the selection and validation of the threshold value used in the adaptive thresholding technique. It is shown that, the visual quality and PSNR of the decoded images are much improved by using the proposed technique comparing with the traditional MPEG-4 still texture image codec in coding noisy images.     

小波变换和算术编码在MPEG 4中的应用

给出了MPEG－4中基于小波变换的静态纹理编码,包括最低频带和高频子带的自适应算术编码的算法和仿真实验结果。     

基于对象的视频编码方法——MPEG-4

介绍了MPEG－4的各种编码方法，为了支持众多的多媒体应用，MPEG－4不仅保留了现有标准中的一些解决方案，而且致力于一些新功能的研究与定义，MPEG－4视频编码标准支持MPEG－1，MPEG－2中的大多数功能，提供不同视频标准源格式、码率、帧频下矩形图像的有效编码，同时也将支持基于内容的图像编码。     

基于MPEG-4编码原理的信息隐藏算法设计

提出了一种基于MPEG-4纹理编码方案的信息隐藏算法.通过对DCT编码块中非VOP像素的YUV值的部分比特进行替换,同时修改VOP的形状透明性,实现了信息在VOP运动纹理编码中的隐藏.实验表明,算法具有较好的透明性和可观的隐藏容量,在要求对MPEG-4视频流进行大容量信息隐藏时有很好的应用前景.     

一种用于MPEG-4形状编码的快速运动估计算法

该文提出了一种用于MPEG-4形状编码的快速运动估计算法。该算法利用了形状编码及形状信息的固有特性,即基于上下文的运动估计特性、相邻二值alpha块的运动矢量相关性以及形状信息的二值特性。模拟结果表明,该算法具有运算量少、处理速度快的特点,适用于MPEG-4形状编码的实时软件实现。     

MPEG-4精细可扩展性视频编码技术研究

精细可扩展视频编码FGS（Fine Granular Scalable Coding）是MPEG-4标准中视频化框架的关键性编码技术。它随着Intemet的飞速发展而产生并很好地适宜了网络的高度异质特性，具有良好的鲁棒性。     

一种新的MPEG-4二值形状空域可扩展编码算法

可扩展编码和形状编码技术是MPEG-4视频编码部分的两个关键技术。文章在分析视频图像二值形状信息特点的基础上．提出了一种新的MPEG—4二值形状空域可扩展编码算法。试验结果表明这种算法编解码简单，速度快．码率较小。     

MPEG-2音频解码算法优化

以PC机为硬件平台对MPEG-2的音频解码算法进行优化，实现MPEG-2全软件的系统、视频、音频3个部分实时解码。在IDCT和IMDCT中应用了新的快速算法；结合PC机本身的特点及解码过程中有大量的乘加运算采用SIMD(single—instruction multiple—data)来对程序优化，并在实际运算中也对数据结构进行了优化。通过以上的优化使MPEG-2层Ⅱ解码的运算量减少了40％以上，在奔腾3／450计算机上只占用不到5％的系统资源。这些优化算法已经应用于奔腾3／800为硬件平台的MPEG-2实时解码器中。     

Auditory masking and MPEG-1 audio compression

In high-quality digital audio coding, a great deal of attention is focused on the auditory perception process, as the goal of audio compression is to attain perceptually-transparent compression and reproduction. Consequently models for perceptual masking are used extensively in audio coders, allowing quantisation noise to be allocated in the various frequency subbands according to a masking function. In this way, quantisation noise can be made almost inaudible at the receiver. In this paper, the psychoacoustic phenomenon of auditory masking is described. This is followed by a review of the MPEG-1 (Moving Pictures Experts Group) international standard for audio compression, including an outline of the psychoacoustic models used