Effect of different adsorbents on purification of used sunflower seed oil utilized for frying

The refining of used frying oils is of commercial and economic importance. The re-use of recovered oil could provide considerable savings to the food processors. In this study, 50 consecutive deep-fat fryings were done using 100-g potato samples in 1.5 l (initial) of sunflower seed oil at 170 °C. The refining of used sunflower seed oil was investigated by various adsorbent treatments. Six adsorbents, CaO, MgO, Mg ₂CO ₃, magnesium silicate, activated charcoal and bentonite, as well as an available natural earth (i.e. pekmez earth, CaCO ₃ containing special natural white soil) were studied. Pekmez earth, magnesium silicate (florisil) and bentonite exhibited the highest abilities in viscosity, free fatty acids (FFAs) reduction and colour recovery, respectively, among the adsorbents studied. Therefore, a mixture of 2% pekmez earth, 3% bentonite and 3% magnesium silicate was found to be the best combination. The quality parameters of used sunflower seed oil (FFA content, colour values and viscosity) were improved due to adsorbent mixture application.     

高油酸葵花籽油与普通葵花籽油在煎炸性能上的比较研究

对高油酸葵花籽油与普通葵花籽油的脂肪酸组成及含量进行对比研究,探讨2种葵花籽油在煎炸过程中的品质变化。结果表明:在(180±5)℃煎炸24 h过程中,高油酸葵花籽油和普通葵花籽油的极性组分、酸价和共轭二烯值(CD)都呈持续上升的趋势,2种油样丙二醛含量(MDA)都呈现升降交替变化,整体呈上升趋势。综合来看,高油酸葵花籽油与普通葵花籽油在煎炸性能上差异不大。     

Deterioration of sunflower seed oil under simulated frying conditions and during small-scale frying of potato chips

The changes occurring in sunflower seed oil under simulated frying conditions and during potato chip frying were monitored. The changes monitored were in: (a) fatty acid composition, (b) triglyceride content, (c) octanoate content, (d) titratable acidity, and (e) colour. To simulate frying conditions either argon or air, with or without steam, was bubbled through the hot oil. For the frying of potato chips, two methods of frying were used, viz continuous frying throughout 1 day and intermittent frying over a total of 10 days. It was found that whenever the hot oil was exposed to air, whether during simulated frying or the frying of potato chips, there was evidence of oxidative deterioration. Steam appeared to have an antioxidant effect in the simulated frying experiments. In all experiments the molar yield of acidity was comparable in magnitude with that of the octanoate. The correlation of octanoate production with the losses of linoleate and triglyceride is discussed.     

The recovery of used sunflower seed oil utilized in repeated deep-fat frying process

In this study, 50 consecutive deep-fat fryings were done by frying potato samples, each weighing 100 g, in sunflower seed oil at 170 °C. Significant chemical and physical changes in sunflower seed oil were observed during frying. A number of official methods were used to evaluate its adsorption abilities including free fatty acids (FFA), peroxide value (PV), conjugated dienes at 232 nm, secondary oxidation products at 270 nm and specific heat value determination. These parameters were determined in oil samples taken after each of the ten fryings before and after adsorbent treatment. A mixture of 2% pekmez earth, 3% bentonite, and 3% magnesium silicate was used as the adsorbent mixture. The FFA content of oil increased from 0.17 to 0.29% during frying. The use of adsorbents reduced FFA content of the used oil to 0.13%, i.e., a value below the FFA content of fresh oil (0.17%). Peroxide values decreased during frying because of decomposition of peroxides at high temperatures. A significant reduction was obtained in peroxide and conjugated diene values (K₂₃₂ value) due to the adsorbent treatment. However, the treatment increased the amount of secondary oxidation products (K₂₇₀ value). The specific heats of untreated used oil were higher than specific heats of adsorbent treated used oil over the entire frying process.     

高油酸葵花籽油煎炸过程中MCPD酯及缩水甘油酯的变化

以高油酸葵花籽油为煎炸用油对鱼排、鸡块和薯条进行煎炸实验,探究3-氯丙醇(3-MCPD)酯、2-氯丙醇(2-MCPD)酯和缩水甘油酯在煎炸过程中的变化。结果表明:原油中3-MCPD酯、2-MCPD酯及缩水甘油酯含量分别为0.26、0.05 mg/kg和0.58 mg/kg;在煎炸过程中2-MCPD酯含量与3-MCPD酯含量呈现极显著相关(p0.01);煎炸油中的MCPD酯在煎炸后有明显的生成;受煎炸材料的影响,3-MCPD酯含量在煎炸鱼排和鸡块体系煎炸12 h时达到最大值,分别为2.22 mg/kg和2.05 mg/kg,而后逐渐下降;3-MCPD酯含量在煎炸薯条体系中变化不大;缩水甘油酯含量则在所有体系中均下降,受煎炸材料的影响,缩水甘油酯分别在煎炸24 h(鱼排)、60 h(鸡块)和96 h(薯条)中基本降解完全。     

Change in colour and rheological behaviour of sunflower seed oil during frying and after adsorbent treatment of used oil

Improvement in colour and viscosity of used sunflower seed oil was studied because the reuse of recovered oil could provide considerable savings to food processors. In this study, 50 consecutive deep-fat fryings were done by using potato samples in sunflower seed oil at 170 °C. Significant changes in sunflower seed oil were observed during frying. Change in viscosity and Hunter colour parameters were investigated. These parameters were determined on oil samples taken periodically during frying, and after adsorbent treatment. A predetermined optimum adsorbent mixture (2% pekmez earth, 3% bentonite and 3% magnesium silicate by weight) was applied for colour and viscosity recovery of used oil. Both the adsorbent-treated and untreated used oils showed Newtonian behaviour. Significant increase in oil viscosity was observed during frying. Frying caused a decrease in Hunter L value and an increase in a, b and TCD values of used oil samples. Adsorbents improved the Hunter L, a and b values significantly as well as TCD values, but not the viscosity of the used oil. All the Hunter parameters and TCD followed zero order reaction kinetics. Good agreement was observed between calculated and measured data (r=0.986–0.996).     

HS-SPME-GC-MS分析冷榨和热榨葵花籽油的挥发性物质

采用顶空固相微萃取-气质联用法(HS-SPME-GC-MS)对冷榨葵花籽油和不同炒籽温度下的热榨葵花籽油的挥发性物质进行分析。结果表明:葵花籽油样品中共检测出59种挥发性物质,主要是萜烯类、醛酮类、烷烃类、杂环类及羧酸类物质;冷榨葵花籽油的挥发性物质主要是萜烯类、烷烃类及醛酮类物质,含量分别为38.96%、16.19%和12.20%;炒籽温度110、130、150℃下的热榨葵花籽油的主要挥发性物质的种类与冷榨葵花籽油的相似,但含量有很大区别,而170℃和190℃下的热榨葵花籽油的主要挥发性物质是吡嗪等杂环类物质和醛酮类物质。     

薯条煎炸工艺参数对高油酸葵花籽油中不饱和型 甘油酯核心醛生成的影响

为调控煎炸过程中非挥发性甘油酯核心醛（GCAs）的生成,更合理地进行煎炸,通过高油酸葵花籽油煎炸薯条实验,探究煎炸方式、煎炸批次、煎炸温度以及油料比对10-氧代-8-癸烯醛酸酰基甘油三酯（10-oxo-8）和11-氧代-9-十一碳烯醛酸酰基甘油三酯（11-oxo-9）两种不饱和型GCAs生成的影响。结果表明：与间歇煎炸相比,连续煎炸产生更少的11-oxo-9,两种煎炸方式下10-oxo-8的含量总体上差异不大;每小时煎炸1批次薯条较煎炸多批次薯条生成的不饱和型GCAs更少,且煎炸油中的10-oxo-8和11-oxo-9含量与煎炸批次整体呈正相关;煎炸温度为160 ℃时较140 ℃和180 ℃生成的不饱和型GCAs更少;油料比为30∶ 1时,不饱和型GCAs总体含量较低。综上,为降低高油酸煎炸油中GCAs的含量,可采用连续煎炸方式并尽量控制煎炸批次,保持煎炸温度在160 ℃,控制油料比为30∶ 1。     

脱臭工艺对葵花籽油品质的影响

研究脱臭工艺对葵花籽油品质的影响,分析在不同脱臭温度、脱臭时间条件下,葵花籽油酸值、过氧化值、生育酚、角鲨烯、甾醇和反式脂肪酸的变化情况。结果表明:随脱臭温度升高,脱臭时间的延长,酸值、过氧化值逐渐降低,生育酚、甾醇、角鲨烯含量显著减少,反式脂肪酸含量增加。通过研究葵花籽油在不同脱臭工艺条件下的品质变化情况,以期为葵花籽油实际脱臭工艺提供数据支持。     

脱臭工艺条件对葵花籽油综合品质影响的研究

分析对比了在220~270℃、100 min及40~120 min、260℃脱臭条件下,葵花籽油中邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂(PAEs)、多环芳烃(PAHs)、维生素E(V_E)、甾醇、脂肪酸组成及酸值、过氧化值、烟点、色泽的变化,考察脱臭工艺条件对葵花籽油综合品质的影响。结果表明:随着脱臭温度升高、脱臭时间延长,葵花籽油中PAEs、PAHs各组分脱除率均逐渐升高;V_E、甾醇含量逐渐降低,保留率分别由94.6%降至63.2%及94.4%降至81.6%;反式脂肪酸含量逐渐升高,由0.17%升至1.16%。综合不同脱臭条件对PAEs、PAHs、V_E、甾醇、反式脂肪酸及其他质量指标的影响,基于塑化剂和多环芳烃深度脱除的脱臭条件为260℃、80~100 min,此条件下V_E保留率为73%~75%,甾醇保留率82%~85%,反式脂肪酸含量0.88%~0.90%;保证BaP达标的适度脱臭条件为260℃、60 min或220℃、100 min。260℃、60 min条件下,V_E和甾醇保留率分别为79.3%和85.4%,反式脂肪酸含量0.69%;220℃、100 min条件下,V_E和甾醇保留率均在94%以上,反式脂肪酸含量0.17%。可根据待脱臭油风险成分的含量不同以及对脱臭成品油的限量要求不同选择相应的优化脱臭条件,采用精准的脱臭技术提升葵花籽油综合品质。     

葵花籽油凝胶油的制备及其在冰淇淋中的应用

以葵花籽油为原料,添加一定量的蜂蜡或蜂蜡与谷维素混合物制备葵花籽油凝胶油,研究不同添加量的凝胶因子对葵花籽油凝胶油的硬度值、黏度值、持油性和微观形态的影响;将得到的凝胶油代替黄油制备冰淇淋,研究其在冰淇淋中的应用。结果表明:蜂蜡添加量对凝胶油的质构特性、持油性和微观形态影响较为显著,并确定5%蜂蜡添加量为凝胶油制备的最优条件;添加5%复合凝胶油(5%蜂蜡+1%谷维素)和5%黄油制备的冰淇淋营养丰富、抗融性好、色泽均匀、组织细腻、滑润爽口,与添加10%黄油制备的冰淇淋较为相近,表明可以通过进一步的优化代替饱和脂肪在冰淇淋中应用。     

葵花籽油的超声波提取及抗氧化研究

研究了超声波强度、处理时间、溶剂用量、处理次数对葵 花籽油提取率的影响,得出最佳处理参数为:超声波强度 200kw/m2,处理15min,样品与溶剂比(g:mL)1:7,提取2 次,葵花籽油提取率较高。抗氧化研究采用SchaaI烘箱 法,即在葵花籽油中加入几种不同的抗氧化剂63±1℃条 件下进行加速氧化,结果表明,二丁基对甲苯酚、没食子 酸丙酯、特丁基对苯二酚对葵花籽油均有明显的抗氧化 作用,其中特丁基对苯二酚效果较好,柠檬酸对其具有协 同增效作用,添加50mg/kg柠檬酸抗氧化效果显著。     

葵花籽油脱蜡生产实践

介绍了葵花籽油的脱蜡工艺过程,对葵花籽油冷冻脱蜡的主要工序进行了阐述。脱蜡实践表明,合理的冷却结晶速度、适当的冷却结晶温度,一定的结晶搅拌速度、充足的养晶时间是冷冻脱蜡工艺的技术关键。     

葵花籽油甘油二酯的制备及其在发酵乳应用中的特性研究

以葵花籽油为原料,通过酶法甘油解反应制备富含亚油酸的甘油二酯(DAG)。以乳脂DAG作对比,分析了葵花籽油DAG的主要脂肪酸组成,并作为脂肪替代物制备酸奶,测定了富含亚油酸DAG酸奶的流变特性和质构特性。结果表明,葵花籽油DAG最佳制备工艺条件为:甘油与葵花籽油质量比1∶10,脂肪酶添加量7. 13%,反应时间12. 35 h。在最佳条件下,葵花籽油DAG中DAG含量可达49. 21%,亚油酸含量为60. 17%。与乳脂DAG酸奶及乳脂酸奶相比,葵花籽油DAG酸奶体系的表观黏度较高、凝胶体系凝聚性更好,酸奶结构更稳定。     

葵花籽油在油条煎炸过程中的品质变化研究

以富含油酸、亚油酸的葵花籽油为原料,探讨葵花籽油在煎炸过程中的品质变化。结果表明:葵花籽油在190±5℃煎炸24 h,酸值(KOH)由0.26 mg/g增加至0.89 mg/g,过氧化值由4.40mmol/kg上升为8.20 mmol/kg,羰基值由8.39 meq/kg上升至74.47 meq/kg,丙二醛的含量由0.25mg/100 g上升至2.07 mg/100 g,总反式酸含量由0.45%增加至1.40%,维生素E含量由39.52mg/100 g下降为14.23 mg/100 g,极性组分由3.80%升至35.30%,煎炸12 h羰基值为44.44meq/kg,18 h极性组分含量为26.70%,指标含量已接近GB 7102.1—2003《食用植物油煎炸过程中的卫生指标》相关规定标准。因此,葵花籽油不宜在高温条件下长时间煎炸食品,且煎炸时间不宜超过12 h。     

葵花籽制油及综合利用

2003年世界葵花籽产量达到2 608.6万t,比1980年增加1.72倍.我国葵花籽产量比20年前增长2.2倍.葵花籽制油工业从无到有,在我国华北、西北和东北地区相继建成了30～300t/d规模的葵花籽制油加工厂,年加工葵花籽能力达500～800万t,葵花籽油年精炼能力达到20～30万t.葵花籽的制油工艺、设备水平接近国外20世纪80年代水平.葵花籽壳、仁、粕的综合利用处于起步状态.到2020年,我国葵花籽总产量可望增加到1 000万t,将为解决食用油产量不足的状况做出贡献.     

葡萄籽提取物对葵花籽油抗氧化活性的研究

研究葡萄籽提取物对葵花籽油的抗氧化性能,实验证实葡萄籽提取物对油脂氧化有很好的抑制作用。在油脂中葡萄籽提取物的抗氧化性强于Vc、VE,预示其在粮油食品中具有广阔的应用前景。     

包装葵花籽油氧化稳定性研究

研究了包装葵花籽油初始过氧化值、顶空部分的残氧量和温度对保质期内葵花籽油氧化稳定性的影响。结果发现:氧气和高温共同作用会使油品加速氧化,在无氧状态下单纯高温对葵花籽油的影响不显著;灌装前葵花籽油初始过氧化值小于2.5 mmol/kg,能确保包装葵花籽油在最大残氧量的状态下,过氧化值在保质期内符合国家标准;瓶内顶空部分的残氧量越低,越有利于包装葵花籽油的质量稳定。     

茶多酚棕榈酸酯对棕榈油抗冻性和煎炸稳定性的影响

为了对棕榈煎炸油的开发提供参考，以不同茶多酚棕榈酸酯(抗氧化剂)添加量的分提18℃棕榈油为煎炸油，通过10℃和15℃冷冻试验中煎炸油(茶多酚棕榈酸酯含量分别为0、50、80、100、150、200、300 mg/kg)晶体微量析出时间和发朦时间的变化，以及180℃下薯条煎炸过程中煎炸油酸值、p-茴香胺值、总氧化值、色泽、脂肪酸组成、极性组分含量和3-氯丙醇酯含量的变化，分析了茶多酚棕榈酸酯对棕榈油抗冻性和煎炸稳定性的影响。结果表明：棕榈油的发朦时间与抗氧化剂的添加量整体呈阶梯增长的关系，尤其在15℃条件下，其抗冻性在茶多酚棕榈酸酯含量为50 mg/kg和150 mg/kg时明显增强；煎炸油的酸值、p-茴香胺值、总氧化值、脂肪酸组成、极性组分含量与茶多酚棕榈酸酯添加量无相关性；添加茶多酚棕榈酸酯的棕榈油在煎炸后的色泽均比空白组深；3-氯丙醇酯在煎炸初期降解剧烈，后期降解缓慢，最终趋于平缓，与抗氧化剂的添加量无相关性。总之，向棕榈油中添加茶多酚棕榈酸酯可以明显提高其抗冻性，茶多酚棕榈酸酯含量为50 mg/kg或150 mg/kg时，其抗冻性改进效果最为明显，但是并不能有效提升煎炸油的煎炸稳...     

葵花籽油脱蜡新工艺的研究

分析了葵花籽油采用传统脱蜡工艺脱蜡效果不佳的原因,同时阐述了双膜法脱蜡新工艺的原理及其工艺流程。采用该双膜法工艺生产的脱蜡油中含蜡量在0.3mg/kg以下。