高静压对水产品加工及其致敏性影响的研究进展

水产品过敏已成为当今世界性的重大卫生和食品安全问题之一。高静压作为一种新的非热加工技术, 在水产品中具有潜在的应用前景。本文介绍了高静压加工的基本原理、高静压加工在水产品中的应用、水产品过敏的流行性, 重点阐述了水产品过敏原蛋白类型及特性、高静压对过敏原蛋白结构及其致敏性影响的研究概况, 提出了今后高静压水产品加工和过敏原蛋白研究的方向和建议。     

Low-fat set yogurt made from milk subjected to combinations of high hydrostatic pressure and thermal processing

The combined use of high hydrostatic pressure (300 to 676 MPa, 5 min) and thermal treatment (85 degrees C, 30 min) in milk for the manufacture of low-fat yogurt was studied. The objective was to reduce syneresis and improve the rheological properties of yogurt, reducing the need for thickeners and stabilizers. The use of high hydrostatic pressure alone, or after thermal treatment, reduced the lightness and increased the viscosity of skim milk. However, milk recovered its initial lightness and viscosity when thermal treatment was applied after high hydrostatic pressure. The MALDI-TOF spectra of skim milk presented monomers of whey proteins after a treatment of 676 MPa for 5 min. Yogurts made from skim milk subjected to 400 to 500 MPa and thermal treatment showed increased yield stress, resistance to normal penetration, and elastic modulus, while having reduced syneresis when compared to yogurts from thermally treated or raw milks. The combined use of thermal treatment and high hydrostatic pressure assures extensive whey protein denaturation and casein micelle disruption, respectively. Although reaggregation of casein submicelles occurs during fermentation, the net effect of the combined HHP and thermal treatment is the improvement of yogurt yield stress and reduction of syneresis.     

Comparative evaluation of yogurt and low-fat cheddar cheese as delivery media for probiotic Lactobacillus casei

This study used Lactobacillus casei 334e, an erythromycin-resistant derivative of ATCC 334, as a model to evaluate viability and acid resistance of probiotic L. casei in low-fat Cheddar cheese and yogurt. Cheese and yogurt were made by standard methods and the probiotic L. casei adjunct was added at approximately 10(7) CFU/g with the starter cultures. Low-fat cheese and yogurt samples were stored at 8 and 2 degrees C, respectively, and numbers of the L. casei adjunct were periodically determined by plating on MRS agar that contained 5 microg/mL of erythromycin. L. casei 334e counts in cheese and yogurt remained at 10(7) CFU/g over 3 mo and 3 wk, respectively, indicating good survival in both products. Acid challenge studies in 8.7 mM phosphoric acid (pH 2) at 37 degrees C showed numbers of L. casei 334e in yogurt dropped from 10(7) CFU/g to less than 10(1) CFU/g after 30 min, while counts in cheese samples dropped from 10(7) CFU/g to about 10(5) after 30 min, and remained near 10(4) CFU/g after 120 min. As a whole, these data showed that low-fat Cheddar cheese is a viable delivery food for probiotic L. casei because it allowed for good survival during storage and helped protect cells against the very low pH that will be encountered during stomach transit.     

High hydrostatic pressure modification of whey protein concentrate for use in low-fat whipping cream improves foaming properties

Whey is the inevitable by-product of cheese production. Whey can be incorporated into a variety of foods, but little has been done to investigate its suitability in whipping cream. The objective of this work was to evaluate the foaming properties of selected low-fat whipping cream formulations containing whey protein concentrate (WPC) that did or did not undergo high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment. Fresh whey was concentrated by ultrafiltration, pasteurized, and standardized to 8.23% total solids and treated with HHP at 300 MPa for 15 min. Viscosity, overrun, and foam stability were determined to assess foaming properties. Sensory evaluation was conducted with 57 panelists using a duo-trio difference test. The optimal whipping time for the selected formulations was 3 min. Whipping cream containing untreated WPC and HHP-treated WPC resulted in greater overrun and foam stability than the control whipping cream without WPC. Panelists distinguished a difference between whipping cream containing untreated WPC and whipping cream containing HHP-treated WPC. High hydrostatic pressure-treated WPC can improve the foaming properties of low-fat whipping cream, which may justify expansion of the use of whey in whipping cream and application of HHP technology in the dairy industry.     

低脂无糖保健酸奶的研制

在酸奶配方的基础上,利用低聚果糖和木糖醇配比以取代全部的蔗糖,利用脱脂乳粉部分取代全脂乳粉,采用多因素正交试验设计出低脂无糖保健酸奶的最佳配方。结果表明：采用低聚果糖和木糖醇配比为1．5％：4．0％,脱脂乳粉和全脂乳粉配比为4．5：4．0％,低脂无糖保健酸奶的感官品质最佳。     

高静压物理变性制备非晶颗粒态木薯淀粉及理化性质研究

以木薯原淀粉为原料,选择压力为300、450、600 MPa的高静压处理,保压时间为30 min,含水量为50%,制备非晶颗粒态木薯淀粉。借助扫描电镜、偏光显微镜、激光粒度分析仪、X-射线衍射仪、快速黏度分析仪、差示扫描量热仪等仪器来研究非晶颗粒态木薯淀粉的理化性质及结构性质。结果显示,600 MPa处理后的偏光显微镜照片显示颗粒的偏光十字消失,X-射线衍射仪结果显示淀粉的相对结晶度为0,木薯淀粉的颗粒结晶结构消失,扫描电镜显示淀粉仍然保持颗粒状态,则非晶颗粒态木薯淀粉的制备条件是:木薯淀粉的体积浓度50 g/100 m L,处理压力为600 MPa,处理时间为30 min;在此制备条件下得到的非晶颗粒态木薯淀粉的膨胀度为16.48%;PV、TV、BD、FV显著下降,PT、SB、Pt显著增加;剪切应力的上升速度显著加快。非晶颗粒态淀粉可以作为原淀粉的替代品制备酶降解产物和变性淀粉,黏度性质显示非晶颗粒态木薯淀粉可以应用于谷类即食粥等制品的增稠剂和抗淀粉老化剂,焙烤食品表面涂膜剂等,具有很大优势。     

Food processing by high hydrostatic pressure

The use of high hydrostatic pressures (HHP) for food processing is finding increased application within the food industry. One of the advantages of this technology is that because it does not use heat, sensory, and nutritional attributes of the product remain virtually unaffected, thus yielding products with better quality than those processed traditional methods. HHP have the ability to inactivate microorganisms as well as enzymes responsible for shortening the life of a product. In addition to lengthening the shelf-life of food products, HHP can modify functional properties of components such as proteins, which in turn can lead to the development of new products. Equipment for large-scale production of HHP processed products are commercially available nowadays. Guacamole, sliced ham, oysters, and fruit juices are some of the products currently available on the market. HHP technology is one of the most promising nonthermal processes.     

High hydrostatic pressure effects on bacterial bioluminescence

The mechanism that leads to microbial inactivation by high hydrostatic pressure remains elusive. In this study, a high-pressure system interfaced with a photomultiplier tube (PMT) was developed to monitor cellular metabolism in situ using bioluminescent bacterial strains. Preliminary characterization of the system was performed using Pseudomonas fluorescens 5RL expressing lux proteins from Vibrio fischeri. Stepwise increases in pressure at 34 MPa and above resulted in decreased bioluminescence. Square wave exposure to pressures of 69, 103 and 138 MPa showed bioluminescence reductions greater than 95%, but when cells were returned to ambient pressure bioluminescence returned to 51, 38, and 4% of initial bioluminescence values, respectively. An Escherichia coli strain expressing lux proteins from V. fischeri was constructed to determine whether this reversible effect could be observed in another bacterial genus. Square wave perturbations of 69, 103 and 138 MPa resulted in bioluminescence reductions of about 94% at the highest pressure treatment. Upon decompression, bioluminescence returned to 74, 58 and 30% of the initial bioluminescence values for cells treated at 69, 103 and 138 MPa, respectively. These results suggest that square wave exposure to pressure up to 138 MPa induces reversible cell damage in P. fluorescens 5RL and E. coli VF lux.     

螺旋藻益生菌酸乳的研制

探讨了在纯鲜牛乳中添加螺旋藻制剂,经益生乳酸菌发酵,制得一种浅绿色、风味独特的新型营养保健酸奶.通过四因素三水平L9(34)正交试验确定了最佳配方工艺为:合格鲜牛乳,白砂糖7.0%,果胶0.08%(均为质量分数),益生菌L.casei Zhang 4×106g-1,直投式发酵剂CHR HANSEN YC-X11 0.006%,螺旋藻提取液6.0%,发酵温度42℃,发酵时间4 h.     

High hydrostatic pressure processing reduces Salmonella enterica serovars in diced and whole tomatoes

Fresh and fresh-cut tomatoes have been associated with numerous outbreaks of salmonellosis in recent years. One effective post harvest treatment to reduce Salmonella enterica in tomatoes may be high pressure processing (HPP). The objectives of the study were to determine the potential for HPP to reduce S. enterica serovars Newport, Javiana, Braenderup and Anatum in tryptic soy broth (TSB) and to determine the effect of HPP to reduce the most pressure resistant of the four serovars from fresh diced and whole tomatoes. To evaluate pressure resistance, TSB containing 8 log CFU/ml of one of the four serovars was packaged in sterile stomacher bags and subjected to one of three different pressures (350, 450 or 550 MPa) for 120 s. The most pressure resistant S. enterica serovar evaluated was Braenderup. Subjecting the broth culture to 350, 450 and 550 MPa resulted in a 4.53, 5.74 and 7.09 log reduction in S. Braenderup, respectively. Diced tomatoes (150 g) and whole red round tomatoes (approximately 150 g) were inoculated with 0.1 ml of 9.1 log CFU/ml S. Braenderup, and subjected to the same pressure treatments (350, 450 or 550 MPa). Significant reductions of S. Braenderup concentrations in diced tomatoes (P < 0.05) were seen after processing at 350 (0.46 CFU/g), 450 (1.44 log CFU/g), and 550 MPa (3.67 log CFU/g). In whole tomatoes, significant reductions (P < 0.05) were also seen at 350 (1.41 log CFU/g), 450 (2.25 log CFU/g) and 550 MPa (3.35 log CFU/g). HPP may be an effective post harvest strategy to reduce low levels of S. enterica contamination in whole and diced tomatoes.     

Proteolytic profiles of yogurt and probiotic bacteria

Nine strains of Streptococcus thermophilus, 6 strains of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, 14 strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus and 13 strains of Bifidobacterium spp. were screened for proteolytic, amino-, di-, tri- and endopeptidase activity by using the o-pthaldialdehyde-based spectrophotometric assay. Strains showing the highest and lowest proteolytic activity were further studied for their peptidase activities at the extracellular and intracellular levels. The amounts of free amino groups released by S. thermophilus, L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus and L. acidophilus strains were higher than that by Bifidobacterium strains. Aminopeptidase activity was detected for all bacterial strains both at the extracellular and intracellular levels. The specific activity towards the six substrates studied was higher at the intracellular level for all strains. High dipeptidase activity was demonstrated by all bacterial strains for L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, L. acidophilus, and Bifidobacterium spp. whereas S. thermophilus had greater dipeptidase activity at the extracellular level. All bacterial cultures tested were able to hydrolyse large biologically active peptides, bradykinin, Ala–Ala–Ala–Ala–Ala and the tripeptide substrate Gly–Ala–Tyr at both the extracellular and intracellular levels. However, with the substrates ending with a C-terminal of phenylalanine, the hydrolysis only occurred at the intracellular level.     

低脂菊苣膳食纤维凝固型酸奶的生产工艺

以菊苣膳食纤维和脱脂乳粉为原料,通过乳酸菌发酵生产一种低脂凝固型酸奶。通过单因素试验和均匀设计试验,初步确定最佳发酵工艺条件为:菊苣膳食纤维2.08%,脱脂乳粉12.7%,蔗糖7.06%,发酵剂接种量为0.8 g/L,发酵温度为42.8℃,发酵时间为7.5 h。     

High hydrostatic pressure processing of sliced fermented sausages: A quantitative exposure assessment for Listeria monocytogenes

Fermented sausages have traditionally been considered to be safe products from a microbiological point of view, mainly due to nitrite addition, their low a_w and reduced pH. However, post-process contamination during slicing and packaging operations may increase microbial concentration and prevalence on final products. A stochastic simulation modelling approach was conducted to determine the extent of Listeria monocytogenes survival on sliced chorizo submitted or not to high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatments after post-process contamination (i.e., cross-contamination during slicing). A probabilistic model comprising nine steps from mixing of raw materials to consumption was constructed. The effects of various initial levels of L. monocytogenes in the meat batter (−1.43–3 log cfu/g), HHP treatments (400–600 MPa/18 °C for 0–12 min) and nitrite concentrations (0–150 ppm) on L. monocytogenes distribution were assessed by means of the application of predictive models, literature information and data obtained experimentally. Once implemented, the probabilistic model was simulated by using Monte Carlo analysis. The probability distribution of L. monocytogenes contamination levels was determined for various scenarios. Model outputs showed that cross-contamination during slicing was an important source contributing to increase pathogen prevalence and concentration on final products, with transferred levels equal to 0.59 ± 0.48 log cfu/g. Under all simulated scenarios, formulation and storage conditions, the level of L. monocytogenes on sliced vacuum-packed chorizo at the consumption phase was estimated to be lower than 100 cfu/g and pressure treatments at 600 MPa for 10–12 min would result in non-contaminated packs. Overall, the probabilistic model developed in this study from raw material reception up to the end of the shelf-life (i.e., 90 days) of sliced fermented sausages is proposed as a suitable tool to determine combinations of HHP treatments and nitrite concentrations ensuring the compliance with microbiological criteria.     

高静压钝化树莓多酚氧化酶的动力学分析

应用高静压技术钝化树莓中的PPO,以提高树莓加工产品的新鲜度和附加值。本文研究了高静压对树莓PPO的钝化效果,并应用一级动力学模型进行分析。研究结果表明,随着压力升高和持压时间的延长,树莓PPO的活性逐渐降低,但在低压短时处理下有激活现象,经600MPa,45min处理后树莓PPO残存活性为40.976%;高静压对树莓PPO的钝化过程符合一级动力学反应模型,压力对酶钝化反应的影响能用Eyring公式分析。随着压力升高,反应速率常数（k值）不断升高,指数递减时间（D值）不断减小;Zp和Va分别为917.431MPa和-6.020cm3/mol。      

柚子酸奶的研究

以柚子汁和脱脂奶粉为主要原料,研究柚子酸奶的生产工艺.实验确定了袖子汁添加量10%、白砂糖9%、接种量7%,发酵时间4.5h、杀茵温度90℃、杀菌时间10min;复合稳定剂种类与配比为:黄原胶0.03%、羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)0.08%、卡拉胶0.005%.产品具有柚子和酸乳所特有的香气,爽滑细腻,既营养又保健,有着广阔的市场前景.     

High hydrostatic pressure assisted enzymatic hydrolysis of whey proteins

Whey proteins, due to their high nutritional value, are generally hydrolyzed to reduce the allergenicity and used as ingredients in many special products, such as infant formulae, geriatric products, highly energetic supplements or dietetic foods or in foods produced to prevent nutrition related diseases, like food intolerances and allergies.The aim of this work was to assess the applicability of innovative technologies, such as high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) processes, to assist the enzymatic hydrolysis of target proteins, namely whey protein concentrate (WPC-80), in order to modify their antigenicity. Experiments were carried out to verify the effectiveness of HHP technology to accelerate whey protein hydrolysis reaction with selected enzymes (α-chymotrypsin, bromelain), and to affect the protein allergenic power. To this purpose, different HHP treatments were carried out at several pressure levels (100, 200, 300 and 400 MPa) and the untreated whey protein samples were used as control. A defined enzyme/substrate ratio of 1/10 w/w was used in the experiments, while the treatment time was changed from 0 to 30 min (0, 5, 15, or 30 min).The experimental data demonstrated that High Hydrostatic Pressure (HHP) induced WPC-80 unfolding at the highest value of the pressure applied (400 MPa) as indicated by the higher exposure of free sulfhydryl groups. When HHP was used in combination with enzymatic hydrolysis, the degree of hydrolysis increased not only with the pressure level applied but also with the processing time. These results suggested that, even if the exposure of hidden epitopes upon protein unfolding increased the antigenicity of whey proteins, further peptide bonds cleavage also took place after hydrolysis. This effect could modify whey proteins antigenic sequences, and thus their antigenic power.     

High hydrostatic pressure/temperature modeling of frankfurter batters

The impact of high pressure/temperature treatment on structure modification and functional sensory properties of frankfurter batter was investigated. The degree of solubilization of meat proteins, particularly of myosin, was identified as a key process with significant effect on the batter's structural properties. The maximal solubilization level was at 200 MPa/40 °C IT for all formulations which was found to be treatment time dependent. The impact of the pressurizing gradient — PG = 40 MPa/s and PG = 2.5 MPa/s was investigated and estimated to have a significant effect on the protein network and functional properties, respectively. These were improved at low PG (2.5 MPa/s) as a phenomenon of secondary network formation parallel to the main matrix. Batter secondary-structure characteristics were found to be ionic-strength dependent. According to SDS-PAGE analysis, the major role in the solubilization, aggregation and gelation processes occurring in the aqueous phase was due to the myosin S-1 and S-2, N-terminal, C-terminals, the MLC and actin during the high pressure/temperature treatment.     

超高压处理对胡萝卜果肉饮料中果粒品质的影响

含有果粒的果肉饮料,其品质受果肉影响很大。本文利用超高压技术,处理三种不同果肉型(苹果、荸荠、梨)的胡萝卜汁,分析不同压力(300、400、500 MPa)对多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶的活性、总酚含量、体外总抗氧化值以及对果肉褐变的影响。并研究了400 MPa压力对于含不同颗粒大小(6、8、10 mm)胡萝卜汁上述指标的影响。结果表明,不同压力处理对苹果和荸荠多酚氧化酶的酶活变化不显著,而梨的酶活与压力呈正相关;苹果和梨过氧化物酶的酶活受压力抑制;果肉总酚含量经超高压处理均有不同程度的下降;体外总抗氧化值随着压力上升普遍呈下降趋势,其中梨果肉抗逆环境的能力较好;超高压处理对于果肉褐变有显著效果。400 MPa下不同颗粒大小果肉对PPO酶活影响与水果种类有关。      

Effect of calcium on the physical properties of stirred probiotic yogurt

The effect of calcium on the viscosity, firmness, and smoothness, as determined by extent of nodulation, of stirred probiotic yogurt produced by bacterial fermentation was investigated. Standardized milk for yogurt manufacture was prepared, and calcium was added or removed from the system. Calcium was added as Ca²⁺ in the form of CaCl₂ (up to 13.6 mM) or nonionic calcium as Gadocal-K (calcium potassium citrate; up to 49.8 mM). Calcium was removed by chelating with sodium citrate (up to 16 mM) or by cation exchange with Amberlite IR-120 plus (sodium form) resin (up to 10 g/L). Calcium chloride and sodium citrate were added either before or after heat treatment of milk, and nonionic calcium was added before heat treatment. Calcium removal by ion exchange was performed before heat treatment. Neither Ca²⁺ addition nor removal by chelation with citrate resulted in stirred yogurt with viscosity, firmness, and smoothness superior to those of the control yogurt, whereas addition of 49.8 mM nonionic calcium and removal of calcium (5.6 mM or ∼10% of total calcium) by cation exchange improved the firmness and viscosity without affecting yogurt smoothness. The study identified Gadocal-K as a possible source of calcium fortification of stirred yogurt without loss of texture.