纳米材料在储粮害虫防治中的研究现状及展望

储粮害虫已经对磷化氢熏蒸产生了较高抗性，研发新型绿色害虫防治技术迫在眉睫。研究表明，纳米材料可作为递送载体增强杀虫剂及核酸农药的害虫防治效果，也可作为新型防治方式直接使用。本文对基于纳米材料的新型储粮害虫防治技术进行了分析，针对近年来研究较为深入的相关纳米材料，从种类、作用机制及作用方式方面进行了系统性综述。最后，对纳米材料在储粮害虫绿色防治方面的应用前景进行了展望。     

植物性杀虫剂在粮食储藏中的应用

开发和应用植物性杀虫剂防治储粮害虫在国内外都有着悠久的历史,早在3000年前我国就有利用植物药剂来防止种籽生虫的做法,在《齐民要术》上记载了“麦一石艾一把”的防虫经验。在国外,南斯拉夫人于15世纪就知道利用“除虫菊”消灭害虫;印度人在20世纪初就进行了苦楝籽杀虫效果的研究。由于储粮害虫对化学杀虫剂抗性呈百倍的增长,导致用药量的增加和粮食中药剂残留的升高,国内外研究者意识到应该重视植物杀虫剂的研究,开发出高效低毒的新型杀虫药剂。近20多年来,植物性杀虫剂防治储粮害虫的研究和应用受到重视。尤其是跨入21世纪后,人们需求…     

气调杀虫在储粮害虫防治中的研究与应用进展

粮食在储藏期间极易遭受储粮害虫为害,目前全世界主要采用以磷化氢熏蒸为主的方式防治储粮害虫。但是,由于长期单一使用化学杀虫剂,储粮害虫抗药性逐渐增强,害虫防治面临新的挑战。在此背景下,气调作为替代化学杀虫剂的一种绿色储粮害虫防治方式逐步受到人们广泛关注。本文对气调杀虫的发展历程、杀虫机理、影响因素和应用情况等方面进行综述,以期为今后更好地应用气调技术防治储粮害虫有所裨益。     

微生物源杀虫剂对储粮害虫的防治应用与展望

通过列数常见的储粮害虫种类及其在粮堆中生态位分布情况,详述国内外微生物源杀虫剂种类及其对储粮害虫的防治效果,揭示微生物源杀虫剂应用于储粮害虫防治存在的问题,旨在为微生物源杀虫剂防治储粮害虫提供建议和指导.     

国内外储粮害虫防治技术研究的新进展（2）

(接第3期)3.2　非化学杀虫剂防治3.2.1　植物及其油的杀虫效果美国堪萨斯大学研究了用中国花椒粉防治麦蛾的效果和机理,研究得出花椒粉中黄木灵成分对麦蛾的产卵和幼虫的取食有明显抑制作用。德国汉诺威大学研究印度产的菖蒲精炼油对防治储粮害虫具有潜在的能力,其活性物质——β—细辛脑对储粮害虫有毒力和不育作用。美国研究者Shaaya.E最近对大量各种香料和草药提取出的精油防治储粮害虫进行了较系统的研究,并在实仓条件下评价了这些油的生物活性,证明对四纹豆象是一种潜在的控制剂,在储粮保护和减少化学杀虫剂的应用方面可起到良好的作…     

天然杀虫剂硅藻土应用于储粮害虫防治探索

该文从硅藻土作用机理、硅藻土对螨类及几种储粮害虫的毒效测试、毒性标准测试及其影响因 素、药物残留等几个方面综述新型粮食杀虫剂硅藻土应用于防治储粮虫害研究。     

植物源农药防治储粮害虫研究的现状和存在问题探析

分析了植物源农药在我国储粮害虫防治研究中的应用状况,介绍了目前我国已研究的杀虫植物种类及防治对象、我国的植物源农药研究机构及研究队伍、植物源农药在储粮害虫防治中的产业化发展情况,并对其未来的研究和发展方向进行了探讨。     

米糠油防治储粮害虫的研究

米糠油防治储粮害虫研究表明,毛米糠油是一种对储粮害虫有强引诱力的植物性诱杀剂,用毛米糠油防治储粮害虫,方法简便易行,成本低廉,不污染粮食,不影响粮食的加工和经济价值,特别是消除了害虫的抗药性。它不仅适用于大规模储粮的国库,亦适宜于城乡千家万户的小批量储粮。     

纳米材料在储粮中抑制虫霉的研究进展

为了探讨纳米材料在粮食储藏行业中的研究现状和应用前景,本文对近年来纳米材料在储粮中的害虫防治和抑制霉菌方面的研究进行了综述,包括具有杀虫、抑菌的不同纳米材料,对传统农药和新型农药杀虫效果的增效作用,最后总结生物源介导的合成纳米材料的新技术,为推广纳米材料在储粮中抑制虫霉的应用提供理论依据。纳米材料可以作为参与储粮虫霉的防治技术,还可以降低化学药剂对环境的污染,对绿色储粮技术开发提供理论基础和应用参考,为保障国家粮食安全提出新的解决方案。     

谷物保护剂--现状和前景

由于大量使用PH3杀虫,致使有些重要储粮害虫对它已产生了抗药性并日趋严重.为了解决这一问题,各国科学家均致力去研究用谷物保护剂来防治储粮害虫,取得了令人满意的效果.谷物保护剂是一种直接与粮食拌和以防治储粮害虫的物质.这物质可以是高效低毒化学杀虫剂(常规谷物保护剂),也可以是一些新型谷物保护剂昆虫生长调节剂硅藻土;源于自然的微生物制剂,以及一些杀虫机理与常规谷物保护剂一样的植物源杀虫剂.本文还对常规谷物保护剂防治储粮昆虫和螨类进行叙述.     

烯虫酯在储粮害虫防治中的研究和应用进展

储粮害虫对粮食及其制品造成的损失以减重、品质劣变为主。目前对储粮害虫防治主要使用熏蒸剂、防护剂等化学防治方法。随着害虫对化学杀虫剂的抗性不断增强,化学防治遇到前所未有的挑战。欧美国家已将昆虫生长调节剂引入害虫防控之中,其中包括保幼激素类似物-烯虫酯(methoprene)。本文综述了国内外对烯虫酯的研发历程、烯虫酯对储粮害虫的防控效果、昆虫的烯虫酯抗性对其防控效果的影响、保幼激素及其类似物作用机理、烯虫酯商业应用前景,以期为今后国内开展烯虫酯研究和应用提供参考。     

Cooking oils and “Triplex” in the control of Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in farm-stored maize

The uses of some cooking oils viz., noug oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, corn oil and olive oil, and the reputedly non-toxic botanical “Triplex”, were evaluated against maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais, in stored maize grain under local Ethiopian storage conditions in 2003. For comparison, an untreated sample and the synthetic insecticides, malathion 5% dust and Actellic 2% dust, at the recommended rates of 0.05% (w/w) were included. All the cooking oils tested had a significant toxic effect on the weevils in stored grains. The oil treatments showed significantly higher mortality of adult weevils at each sampling period compared with the untreated grains. The cooking oil treatments also significantly reduced weight loss and grain damage as compared with the untreated control. The Triplex treatment was of comparable effectiveness to the synthetic insecticides, causing high mortality of adult weevils, low-percentage grain damage and low-percentage weight losses. These promising oils and Triplex could be recommended for use as part of an integrated pest management program in stored maize, particularly at low levels of pest infestation and, in the case of cooking oils, for grain intended for home consumption.     

Deltamethrin- and spinosad-mediated survival,activity and avoidance of the grain weevils Sitophilus granarius and S. zeamais

The granary and maize weevils are serious worldwide threats to stored products and their control has heavily relied on synthetic insecticides, which are largely recommended based on studies with acute lethal doses neglecting the importance of potential sublethal effects of insecticides. Deltamethrin has been widely used for managing grain weevils and other stored grain pest species, but reported control failures with this insecticide sparked the search for alternative insecticidal compounds. The bioinsecticide spinosad is one of such alternatives whose use against stored grain insect pests is relatively recent, but encompasses the control of grain weevils. Nonetheless, little is known about the sublethal effects of spinosad on these insect pest species. Here we assessed the insecticidal effects of commercial formulations of spinosad and deltamethrin against the weevil species Sitophilus granarius and S. zeamais. Both spinosad and deltamethrin were able to effectively control the insects, although the latter caused a faster mortality than the former. Behavioral pattern changes were caused by both insecticides, especially deltamethrin, triggering irritability (i.e., avoidance after contact). Different feeding and drinking responses were also detected for both weevil species, which exhibited significant avoidance to deltamethrin and to spinosad, but with a milder response to the latter. Apparently spinosad is not as easily recognizable as deltamethrin by S. zeamais and S. granarius, remaining effective against both species without minimizing as much the potential exposure as deltamethrin.     

Efficacy of ethylenesulphonyl fluoride against stored grain psocids,Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel and Liposcelis entomophila (Enderlein)

Phase-out, impending ban, and developing insect resistance to the commonly used insecticides for stored grains pose serious challenges to the scientific community and it is imperative to develop effective pest management strategies. Identification and testing of new compounds are potential options to deal with the growing threat. Ethylenesulphonyl fluoride (ESF), a new synthetic compound, is one of the most promising alternative fumigant insecticides that can be used to control the insect pests in stored-grains. However, limited evidence is available to support its efficacy to control the stored-product psocids. This study evaluates the ESF as a prospective control reagent to exterminate different life stages of the psocids Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel and L. entomophila (Enderlein). We conducted a 4 h toxicity trials and 12 h simulated efficacy trials with adults of the two species in wheat. Adults and nymphs were highly susceptible to ESF. Complete adult and nymph mortality (LD₉₉) was also recorded at dosages ranged from 1.97 μL/L to 3.80 μL/L. Moreover, complete (LD₉₉) egg mortality was recorded at dosages between 3.59 μL/L and 7.60 μL/L. Remarkably, the mortality of adults decreased with increasing depth of the grain bulk. Our study establishes ESF as a potential reagent that can be used effectively to control a variety of commonly known stored grain psocids.     

A comparison of integrated pest management and traditional practices for bagged maize stored in Nigeria

In grain markets in Nigeria, stored product insects can cause significant losses in quality and quantity of stored grains. Insect infestations in storehouses are usually controlled by the unilateral use of chemical insecticides, which have unintended adverse effects. In this study, approximately 15 MT of well-dried, Aflasafe™-treated maize was procured from a local farm settlement in January 2016. It was subsequently fumigated, mechanically cleaned and placed in 100-kg polypropylene bags for storage. The study was conducted during February–December 2016, to compare the effectiveness of traditional storage practice (TSP) with integrated pest management (IPM) practice. IPM for warehouse facilities focuses on adequate drying, inspection and cleaning of storehouses and their surroundings and regular examination of grain (IPMD). Traditional storage practice generally has little or no sanitation of the facility or regular examination of grain (monitoring) for insect pests. Study locations were markets in Ibadan, Oyo and Ilorin towns in Southwest and Northcentral Nigeria, respectively. Each market had two storehouses where TSP or IPMD was assigned; each storehouse had twenty-five bags of maize, which were sampled monthly to assess the effects of the two practices on stored maize insect populations and quality. Generally, from October to December, there tended to be more insects of all species in TSP than IPMD. Percent insect damaged kernels (%IDKNB) and weight loss (%WL) were also higher in TSP than IPMD during the October–December period. Percent germination in December was higher in IPMD (96.3%) than in TSP (85.3%). Aflatoxin levels in both TSP and IPMD did not exceed 1.9 ppb. Data from this study show that IPMD results in lower stored-product insect population levels and better maize quality than TSP. Thus, IPMD practice needs to be more widely adopted in storehouses in Nigeria and the rest of sub-Saharan Africa.     

On-farm comparison of different postharvest storage technologies in a maize farming system of Tanzania Central Corridor

Seven methods for storing maize were tested and compared with traditional storage of maize in polypropylene bags. Twenty farmers managed the experiment under their prevailing conditions for 30 weeks. Stored grain was assessed for damage every six weeks. The dominant storage insect pests identified were the Maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) and the Red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum). The moisture content of grain in hermetic conditions increased from 12.5 ± 0.2% at the start of storage to a range of 13.0 ± 0.2–13.5 ± 0.2% at 30 weeks. There was no significant difference (F = 87.09; P < 0.0001) regarding insect control and grain damage between hermetic storage and fumigation with insecticides. However, the insecticide treatment of polypropylene yarn (ZeroFly^®) did not control the insect populations for the experimental period under farmers' management. Grain damage was significantly lower in hermetic storage and fumigated grain than ZeroFly^® and polypropylene bags without fumigation. No significant difference in grain damage was found between airtight treatment alone and when combined with the use of insecticides. During storage, S. zeamais was predominant and could be of more economic importance than T. castaneum as far as maize damage is concerned. At 30 weeks, the germination rate of grain stored with insecticides or in hermetic storage (68.5 ± 3.6% to 81.4 ± 4.0%) had not significantly reduced from the rate before storage (F = 15.55; P < 0.0001) except in ZeroFly^®, also in polypropylene bags without treatment. Even though such bags did not control storage pests, farmers still liked this cheap technology. Hermetic storage techniques can be recommended to farmers without the use of insecticides provided they are inexpensive, and the proper application of technologies is ensured.     

Grain protectants: Current status and prospects for the future

Since the 1960s grain protectants have been used as a primary means of insect pest management in bulk storages, especially in countries which store large amounts of grain for domestic food production and export trade. With the increasing costs of development and registration of insecticides, the number of available protectants has begun to decrease, a trend that will no doubt continue. Furthermore, there are several biological, economic and sociological influences that are causing a gradual shift from chemical-based pest management to integrated pest management utilizing computer-based decision support systems. This paper will discuss several factors in terms of their potential impact on the use of conventional grain protectants, including insecticide residues and consumer perceptions, resistance to protectants in major pest species, the direct and indirect costs of insecticides, development and registration of biopesticides, inert dusts, new technologies for fumigation and controlled atmosphere treatments, the expanded use of aeration in management programs, biological controls, and the development of expert systems. In this paper the term ‘grain protectants’ will be used to refer to only organophosphorus, pyrethroid, or carbamate insecticides that are applied directly to grain for residual control.     

论储粮害虫的生态调控

从储粮生态学观点分析了影响储粮害虫的生态因子和仓储生态系统的特点,阐明储粮害虫的生态调控概念及其储粮害虫的生态调控措施。综述了储粮害虫的生态调控措施研究与应用进展。