A new in-feed centerless grinding technique using a surface grinder

This paper deals with the development of an alternative centerless grinding technique, i.e., in-feed centerless grinding based on a surface grinder. In this new method, a compact centerless grinding unit, composed of an ultrasonic elliptic-vibration shoe, a blade and their respective holders, is installed onto the worktable of a surface grinder, and the in-feed centerless grinding operation is performed as a rotating grinding wheel is fed in downward to the cylindrical workpiece held on the shoe and the blade. During grinding, the rotational speed of the workpiece is controlled by the ultrasonic elliptic-vibration of the shoe that is produced by bonding a piezoelectric ceramic device (PZT) on a metal elastic body (stainless steel, SUS304). A simulation method is proposed for clarifying the workpiece rounding process and predicting the workpiece roundness in this new centerless grinding, and the effects of process parameters such as the eccentric angle, the wheel feed rate, the stock removal and the workpiece rotational speed on the workpiece roundness were investigated by simulation followed by experimental confirmation. The obtained results indicate that: (1) the optimum eccentric angle is around 6°; (2) higher machining accuracy can be obtained under a lower grinding wheel feed rate, larger stock removal and faster workpiece rotational speed; (3) the workpiece roundness was improved from an initial value of 19.90 μm to a final one of 0.90 μm after grinding under the optimal grinding conditions.     

Simulation of plunge centerless grinding processes

Workpiece out-of-roundness is one of the most important problems in centerless grinding. Besides geometrical and kinematical effects, the dynamical behavior of the machine structure, the grinding and regulating wheel together with the support blade fundamentally influence the process stability and the workpiece accuracy. The paper presents a method for a numerical simulation of plunge centerless grinding processes in time domain. Under consideration of the geometrical conditions of the grinding gap and the dynamical compliance behavior of the grinding system the developed algorithm enables a quantitative determination of the workpiece out-of-roundness, the progression of grinding and reaction forces as well as the calculation of dynamical displacements.     

Simulation investigation of through-feed centerless grinding process performed on a surface grinder

This paper proposes a simulation method for investigating the through-feed centerless grinding process performed on a surface grinder, where a compact centerless grinding unit, composed of a guide plate, an ultrasonic elliptic-vibration shoe, a blade, and their respective holders, is installed onto the worktable of a surface grinder, and the through-feed centerless grinding operation is performed as the workpiece located on the guide plate is fed into the space between the grinding wheel and ultrasonic shoe. The geometrical arrangement of the grinding apparatus including the contact lines on the grinding wheel, ultrasonic shoe, and blade are analyzed firstly for building a 3-D simulation model. Then, the workpiece forming process and the effects of major process parameters such as the workpiece eccentric angle, the stock removal, the ultrasonic shoe tilt angle and the applied voltage amplitude on the machining accuracy (i.e. workpiece cylindricity and roundness) are clarified by simulation and experiments. The obtained results indicate that higher machining accuracy can be achieved under the conditions of larger workpiece stock removal, smaller ultrasonic shoe tilt angle and higher applied voltage amplitude, while the workpiece eccentric angle is at 6°.     

A new through-feed centerless grinding technique using a surface grinder

This paper proposes an alternative centerless grinding technique, i.e., through-feed centerless grinding using a surface grinder. In the new method, a compact centerless grinding unit, composed of a guide plate, an ultrasonic shoe, a blade, and their respective holders, is installed onto the worktable of a surface grinder, and the through-feed centerless grinding operation is performed as the workpiece located on the guide plate is fed into the space between the grinding wheel and ultrasonic shoe. The ultrasonic shoe, produced by bonding a piezoelectric ceramic device onto a metal elastic body, is tilted at a small angle so as to provide sufficient force to control the workpiece rotational motion and to feed the workpiece along its axis by the ultrasonic elliptic-vibration. In this paper, the workpiece motion control tests were carried out firstly to make sure that the workpiece rotational speed and through-feed rate can be exactly controlled by the ultrasonic shoe which is essential for performing high-precision grinding operations. Then, the effects of major process parameters such as the workpiece eccentric angle, the stock removal, the ultrasonic shoe tilt angle and the applied voltage amplitude on the machining accuracy (i.e. workpiece cylindricity and workpiece roundness) were clarified experimentally. The obtained results indicate that: (1) the workpiece rotational speed can be adjusted by changing the applied voltage amplitude, whereas its through-feed rate can be adjusted by changing both the applied voltage amplitude and the ultrasonic shoe tilt angle; (2) the optimum eccentric angle is 6°, and a larger stock removal, a smaller tilt angle, or a higher applied voltage is better for higher machining accuracy; (3) the workpiece cylindricity and roundness were improved from the initial value of 16.63 μm and 14.86 μm to the final ones of 1.49 μm and 0.74 μm under the optimal grinding conditions.     

Effects of process parameters on workpiece roundness in tangential-feed centerless grinding using a surface grinder

The present authors proposed a new centerless grinding method using a surface grinder in their previous study [Wu, Y., Kondo, T., Kato, M., 2005. A new centerless grinding technique using a surface grinder. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 162–163, 709–717]. In this method, a compact centerless grinding unit composed mainly of an ultrasonic elliptic-vibration shoe is installed onto the worktable of a multipurpose surface grinder to perform tangential-feed centerless grinding operations. However, for the complete establishment of the new method it is crucial to clarify the workpiece rounding process and the effects of process parameters such as the worktable feed rate, the stock removal and the workpiece rotational speed on the machining accuracy, i.e., workpiece roundness, so that the optimum grinding conditions can be determined. In this paper, the effects of the process parameters on workpiece roundness are investigated by simulation and experiments. For the simulation analysis, a grinding model taking into account the elastic deformation of the machine is created. Then, a practical way to determine the machining-elasticity parameter is developed. Further, simulation analysis is carried out to predict the variation of workpiece roundness during grinding and to discover how the process parameters affect the roundness. Finally, actual grinding operations are performed by installing the previously constructed unit onto a CNC surface grinder to confirm the simulation results. The obtained results indicate that: (1) a slower worktable feed rate and higher workpiece rotational speed give better roundness; (2) better roundness can be also obtained when the stock removal is set at a larger value; (3) the workpiece roundness was improved from an initial value of 23.9 μm to a final value of 0.84 μm after grinding.     

Model-Based Monitoring and Control of Continuous Dress Creep-Feed Form Grinding

This paper is concerned with process monitoring and control of Continuous Dress Creep-Feed (CDCF) form grinding using model-based simulation and in-process power measurement and its application to grinding of turbine blade root serrations. For blade root serration grinding, it is essential that the grinding force be maintained below a critical limit to avoid cracking of the Thermal Environmental Barrier Coating (TEBC) at the blade airfoils, and that the heat flux at the grinding zone be kept below the fluid burnout limit to avoid thermal damage to the part. A blade root form grinding process is first simulated and optimized by utilizing the variable-feed approach developed previously, whereby both the dress infeed and part feed rate are adaptively varied to minimize cycle time while maintaining the force and heat flux below specified limits. Both the grinding forces and heat flux are obtained from the measured power. Maintaining the monitored power signature from production processes within the acceptable power limits established in this way ensures a “normal” grinding process. Deviations from the normal process signature profile indicate possible process issues.     

无心磨削中影响工件形状精度的因素分析

无心磨削中，工件的磨削面就是工件的定位基准面。无心磨削后并不都能将工件的形状精度进一步改善，故要得到较高的工件形状精度就要合理地选择磨削参数。影响工件几何形状的因素很多，但影响工件某项几何要素的因素是特定的．如果将这种特定的因素进行总结，可以对实际生产过程进行指导。本文通过对各种影响工件几何要素的因素如：原始误差、工件中心高、托板顶高、磨削区域形状、侧导板位置等归类总结，分析了这些因素分别对“棱圆度”和“椭圆度”的影响，并找出了在这些因素综合作用时，找寻最佳效果的方法。工件中心高对其“棱圆度”和“椭圆度”的影响不一致，选择不同的托板顶角可以在降低中心高的同时，保证对工件“椭圆度”的影响程度，以使中心高度值较低时，满足工件“棱圆度”和“椭圆度”的要求。     

The selection of optimal stable geometrical configuration in centerless grinding

This paper is a development of the rounding off theory of centerless grinding. Firstly, it lists some spectra of amplitude versus frequency of centerless ground surfaces under stability configuration of a grinder. Then it gives the statistical significance tests of the spectra according to the characteristics of centerless grinding. Finally, it presents the method of how to select the optimal stable geometrical configuration in centerless grinding.     

微晶陶瓷刚玉砂轮对微电机转子轴的磨削性能评价

针对目前微电机转子轴无心外圆磨过程中砂轮修整频繁的问题,采用微晶陶瓷刚玉砂轮替代传统刚玉砂轮磨削微电机转子轴。通过搭建平面磨削工艺平台,参考无心磨砂轮修整及其磨削加工参数,从磨削温度、工件表面粗糙度、表面微观形貌、磨削比等方面,对比分析微晶陶瓷刚玉砂轮与传统刚玉砂轮的磨削性能。结果表明:相对传统刚玉砂轮,微晶陶瓷刚玉砂轮不仅有效改善磨削温度（降低38.5％）,提高工件表面加工质量（表面粗糙度降低78.6％）,还具有较高的砂轮磨削比（提高2.2倍）。选用微晶陶瓷刚玉砂轮对微电机转子轴进行无心磨生产线验证,结果表明:微电机转子轴无心磨样件的各项检测结果均满足实际生产指标要求,且较传统刚玉砂轮延长了1.6倍的修整周期,在提高加工质量的同时,显著提高了生产效率。      

内孔磨削在线主动测量原理及应用

本文提出一种应用数控技术对内圆磨削实现在线主动测量的新方法，该技术与常规被磨削的工件孔检测方法不同，以动态旋转的砂轮为被测量对象，采用两轴NC系统跟踪测量其轮廓母线在工件孔中的径向位置，建立了砂轮实时修整量和砂轮实时径向进给量之间的数学关系，通过信息反馈和系统计算，通过显示屏显示加工工程中被磨削孔的大小，从而使加工过程的内孔尺寸被主动控制，确保了磨削尺寸和精度得到有效测量和控制。此方法尤其适合非整圆的不易测量内孔表面的在线主动测量。     

高速外圆磨削18 CrNiMo7-6齿轮钢工艺参数优化

以18 CrNiMo7-6齿轮钢为试验材料,采用正交试验法,研究高速外圆磨削加工中砂轮线速度、工件转速、砂轮径向进给速度和砂轮粒度等工艺参数对工件三维表面粗糙度幅度参数Sa、Sku和Ssk等工艺指标的影响.运用灰色关联分析方法对试验结果进行分析研究,将多项工艺指标的优化问题转化为单一目标灰关联度优化,以正交试验极差分析...     

Heavy-Duty Centerless Grinding for Multi-Diameter Shafts

This paper deals with the restraint of a jumping motion of a workpiece in the heavy-duty centerless grinding of a multi-diameter shaft. The figure accuracy, such a roundness or straightness, of the multi-diameter shaft tends to be worse than that of the uniform diameter shaft in centerless grinding.It was determined both analytically and experimentally that the deterioration of the accuracy was caused by the jumping motion of the workpiece, when it was affected by an upward frictional force from the regulating wheel.The analysis also specifies a stable grinding condition and makes it possible to improve the accuracy in heavy-duty centerless grinding for multi-diameter shafts.     

小直径砂轮超声振动磨削SiC陶瓷的表面质量研究

用小直径砂轮超声振动磨削和普通磨削加工SiC陶瓷零件,对比研究砂轮线速度、工件进给速度、磨削深度和超声振幅对其磨削表面质量的影响。结果表明:与普通磨削相比,超声振动磨削的磨粒轨迹相互交叉叠加,工件表面形貌更均匀,表面质量更好。由于超声振动时的磨粒划痕交叉会使磨粒产生空切削,因而降低了其磨削力,使磨削过程更加稳定。超声振动磨削的表面粗糙度和磨削力随砂轮线速度和超声振幅的增加而降低,随工件进给速度和磨削深度的减小而降低。且砂轮线速度、工件进给速度较小时,超声振动磨削的效果更明显。      

Increased productivity in centerless grinding using inertial active dampers

Regenerative chatter during centerless grinding processes is one of the main factors limiting the productivity. This paper presents a novel chatter suppression technique for centerless grinding using an active damping system based on inertial actuators. Dynamic characterisation of the machine with and without active damping is used first to compute theoretical stability maps. The active nature of the system allows stabilising a wide working range of infeed operations. Finally, experimental results validate the predicted increase of stable grinding area and verify that the technology is very effective for avoiding chatter, ensuring workpiece quality and increasing process productivity.     

轴对称非球面加工进给速度控制技术研究

本文根据轴对称非球面的加工误差特性，通过分析轴对称非球面磨削加工中砂轮磨削线速度、进给速度对加工精度影响的条件，提出控制砂轮进给速度使轴对称非球面工件各点磨削量均匀的方法。该技术避免了传统加工方法中原理上固有的磨削量差异缺陷，提高了系统的加工精度。研究结果表明：进给速度控制方法针对轴对称非球面加工中常用的平面砂轮、圆弧砂轮、球面砂轮，均得到了良好的控制效果；采用新方法的数学模型更接近于理论计算轨迹，可以进一步提高工件的加工精度；新方法进给速度由外沿加工至中心部分，进给速度逐渐加快；并且变化率也逐渐增大。     

微粉金刚石钎焊砂轮磨削氧化铝陶瓷的磨削力和表面粗糙度特征

在不同磨削深度、砂轮转速和进给速度组合下,研究微粉金刚石钎焊砂轮磨削氧化铝陶瓷过程的磨削力及工件的表面粗糙度的变化规律,并筛选出低磨削力和低工件表面粗糙度的加工工艺参数。试验结果表明:在微粉金刚石钎焊砂轮的磨削过程中,氧化铝陶瓷主要通过脆性断裂的方式去除;随着磨削深度、进给速度的增加,砂轮在进给方向和切深方向的力以及工件表面粗糙度都上升;随着砂轮转速的增加,进给方向和切深方向的力以及工件表面粗糙度都下降。试验获得的低磨削力和低工件表面粗糙度精密加工工艺参数分别为:磨削深度为1.0 μm,进给速度为12 mm/min,砂轮转速为24 000 r/min和磨削深度为1.0 μm,进给速度为1 mm/min,砂轮转速为20 000 r/min。低磨削力磨削时,微粉金刚石钎焊砂轮受到的X方向和Z方向的磨削力分别为0.15 N和0.72 N;精密加工后的氧化铝陶瓷的表面粗糙度值可达0.438 μm。      

GCr15钢平面磨削力仿真分析与实验研究

目的 对不同磨削工艺参数下的平面磨削力进行预测,对磨削机理进行研究,进而控制磨削加工质量。方法 考虑CBN砂轮表面磨粒形状的多样性、姿态的多样性和空间分布的随机性,建立CBN砂轮模型,对GCr15材料模型进行有限元砂轮磨削仿真。同时使用CBN砂轮,采用不同的工件进给速度对GCr15进行单因素平面磨削实验,使用三坐标测力仪测量不同磨削参数下的磨削力。结果 建立的仿真砂轮模型的表面形貌与真实砂轮接近,仿真砂轮上的磨粒出刃高度均服从正态分布,与实际砂轮一致。对比随机多面体磨粒模型和真实CBN磨粒照片,两者形貌相似。磨削力实验和仿真结果表明,工件进给速度由3 m/min增大到18 m/min时,磨削力逐渐增大,仿真所得法向磨削力最大误差远小于切向磨削力。结论 实验结果与仿真结果具有一致性,证明了砂轮磨削有限元仿真模型可用于磨削力预测。因为仿真中无法考虑实际砂轮尺寸和砂轮表面结合剂对磨削的影响,结果具有一定误差,仿真的准确性有待进一步提高。研究结果为使用有限元方法研究磨削机理和控制磨削加工质量提供了思路。     

Determination of waviness decrease rate by measuring the frequency characteristics of the grinding force in centerless grinding

In centerless grinding, it is difficult to optimize the grinding conditions for minimizing the workpiece roundness error because of the high number of process parameters such as center height angle, blade angle, and stock removal rate. We had previously proposed a function for evaluating grinding conditions, i.e., the waviness decrease rate, in order to automatically select the optimum process parameters. In order to build a closed-loop control system for the process parameters, however, it is necessary to find a practical way to determine the waviness decrease rate. In this paper, the relationship between the waviness decrease rate and the dynamic components of the grinding force was investigated analytically. It was found that the frequency characteristics of the waviness decrease rate show a similar tendency to those of the grinding force. A grinding force measurement system was built and experiments for measuring the frequency characteristics of the grinding force were carried out. As a result, it was confirmed that the waviness decrease rate can be determined by measuring the frequency characteristics of the grinding force.     

CFRP砂轮与钢基体砂轮高速磨削过程中的动力学特性

为探究CFRP砂轮与钢基体砂轮在高速磨削过程中的动力学特性,在数控凸轮轴磨床上搭建振动测试试验平台,开展磨削过程的动力学特性试验,研究2种砂轮在不同线速度和不同进给速度下的振动信号变化,并测量磨削后工件的表面粗糙度。结果表明:CFRP砂轮主轴系统的各阶固有频率高于钢基体砂轮主轴系统的各阶固有频率,且磨削过程中激发的优势频率处于高频区域。随着砂轮线速度的增大,GCr15工件表面粗糙度随之发生波动,CFRP基体砂轮磨削表面的粗糙度明显变小,较钢基体砂轮磨削表面的粗糙度减小30%～35%。颤振发生前后,CFRP基体砂轮磨削的表面粗糙度由0.089 μm变为0.091 μm,粗糙度增大2.2%;钢基体砂轮磨削的表面粗糙度由0.135 μm变为0.146 μm,粗糙度增大8.2%。在线速度一定的条件下,随着砂轮进给速度的增加,CFRP砂轮和钢基体砂轮磨削的工件表面粗糙度值都有增加,分别为2.4%和2.9%,但相较于砂轮线速度对工件表面粗糙度值的影响,进给速度对工件表面粗糙度值的影响更小。      

Application of shallow circumferential grooved wheels to creep-feed grinding

A single-point diamond dressing tool was used to cut shallow circumferential groove on aluminum oxide grinding wheels. Creep-feed grinding experiments were then carried out to compare the performance of these grooved wheels with a non-grooved wheel. The results showed that, for the conditions used in this research, a grooved wheel could remove twice as much material as a non-grooved wheel before workpiece burn occurred. The results also showed that a grooved wheel can improve grinding efficiency by reducing the consumed power by up to 61%. Although the use of grooved grinding wheels caused the workpiece surface roughness to increase slightly when compared to a non-grooved wheel, the grooved wheel enabled up to 37% more material to be removed while still maintaining workpiece surface roughness values below 0.3 μm (“fine quality” surface finish), and up to 120% more material to be removed while still maintaining workpiece surface roughness values below 1.6 μm (“average quality” surface finish).