海工高性能混凝土用复合胶凝材料的试验研究

在调查分析海工混凝土工程实例的基础上，试验研究了硅酸盐水泥中掺入矿粉、粉煤灰、硅灰等混合材料对海工混凝土性能的影响。研究结果表明，在硅酸盐水泥中掺加矿粉、粉煤灰、硅灰等混合材料可以改善海工混凝土的综合性能。矿物混合材料的复合掺入比单独掺入能更好地改善混凝土抗Cl^-侵蚀性能。海工专用复合胶凝材料生产时宜尽可能地采用多种混合材料。     

Supplementary cementitious materials for mitigating degradation of kraft pulp fiber-cement composites

Kraft pulp fiber reinforced cement-based materials are being increasingly used where performance after exposure to environmental conditions must be ensured. However, significant losses in mechanical performance due to wet/dry cycling have been observed in these composites, when portland cement is the only cementitious material used in the matrix. In this research program, the effects of partial portland cement replacement with various supplementary cementitious materials were investigated. Binary, ternary, and quaternary blends of silica fume, slag, Class C fly ash, Class F fly ash, metakaolin, and diatomaceous earth/volcanic ash blends were examined for their effect on the degradation of kraft pulp fiber-cement composite mechanical properties (i.e., strength and toughness) during wet/dry cycling. After 25 wet/dry cycles, it was shown that binary composites containing 90% slag, 30% metakaolin, or greater than 30% silica fume did not exhibit any signs of degradation, as measured through mechanical testing and microscopy. Ternary blends containing 70% slag/10% metakaolin or 70% slag/10% silica fume were also effective in preventing degradation. A reduction in calcium hydroxide content and the stability of the alkali content due to supplementary cementitious material addition were shown to be primary mechanisms for improved durability.     

硅灰、偏高岭土对矿渣-粉煤灰微珠胶凝材料性能的影响

首先通过改变粉煤灰微珠掺量,确定满足快速修补要求的矿渣-粉煤灰微珠胶凝材料基体的最佳配比,再调节偏高岭土、硅灰掺量,研究其对复合胶凝材料凝结时间、力学性能和水化机理的影响。研究发现,偏高岭土对凝结时间的改变较硅灰更敏感。通过化学结合水测试,分析了不同硅灰和偏高岭土掺量对矿渣-粉煤灰微珠胶凝材料水化反应程度影响的原因。力学实验结果表明：矿渣-粉煤灰微珠胶凝基体复合掺加5%硅灰（质量分数）+15%偏高岭土（质量分数）,试块2 h抗压强度为11.5 MPa、28 d抗压强度达到75.2 MPa,且呈现缓慢递增的趋势。     

Influence of metakaolin on the properties of mortar and concrete: A review

Supplementary cementing materials (SCM) have become an integral part of high strength and high performance concrete mix design. These may be naturally occurring materials, industrial wastes, or byproducts or the ones requiring less energy to manufacture. Some of the commonly used supplementary cementing materials are fly ash, silica fume (SF), granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), rice husk ash (RHA) and metakaolin (MK), etc. Metakaolin is obtained by the calcination of kaolinite. It is being used very commonly as pozzolanic material in mortar and concrete, and has exhibited considerable influence in enhancing the mechanical and durability properties of mortar and concrete. This paper presents an overview of the work carried out on the use of MK as partial replacement of cement in mortar and concrete. Properties reported in this paper are the fresh mortar/concrete properties, mechanical and durability properties.     

基于灰色系统理论的磷建筑石膏基胶凝材料组分优化设计研究

以云南磷石膏为主要原料制备磷建筑石膏基胶凝材料.通过应用灰关联分析法分析磷建筑石膏基胶凝材料的组分(复合硅酸盐水泥、普通硅酸盐水泥、矿渣硅酸盐水泥、硅灰、粉煤灰、磷建筑石膏)对其绝干抗压强度的影响,确定了掺合料最佳组合为粉煤灰、矿渣硅酸盐水泥、硅灰;并运用多目标智能加权灰靶决策模型综合考虑抗压强度、抗折强度、初凝时间、终凝时间、软化系数、孔隙率六个指标,确定了其最佳配合比.试验表明:当粉煤灰:矿渣硅酸盐水泥:硅灰:磷建筑石膏的配合比为6%:5%:3%:86%时,其综合性能最好,绝干抗压强度为14.11 MPa,抗折强度为2.58 MPa,初凝时间为16 min,终凝时间为43 min,软化系数为0.51,孔隙率为23%.     

Investigations on the cementitious grouts containing supplementary cementitious materials

Concrete structures often exhibit distress during their service life due to one or more of the following causes: faulty design, use of substandard materials, poor construction, misuse or overloading. Of these, poor construction practices result in porous concrete which necessitates remedial and strengthening measures, if a structure is to meet the strength, serviceability and durability requirements, for which it has been originally designed. However, before strengthening the structure, the integrity of the concrete should be restored, which is often carried out through grouting using cement slurry, followed by grouting with epoxy or low viscous monomer. Grouting using cement slurry to fill up the voids in porous matrix of the concrete is the most simple and economical method, requiring less capital investment and skills. However, there are problems associated with cement grouting, such as shrinkage, stability of the grouts, etc. These problems associated with cement grouting can be solved by using cementitious grouts, i.e., grouts containing supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) such as fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and silica fume (SF) as admixtures in cement grout. This paper gives the results of the investigation undertaken to evaluate the flow, strength and durability characteristics of the cementitious grouts.     

Steam-cured concrete incorporating mineral admixtures

This paper explores the potential benefits of steam-cured concrete, particularly on mixes incorporating mineral admixtures. Twenty mixes with various combinations of Portland cement, fly ash (FA), slag and silica fume (SF) were investigated. For each mix, specimens were either standard-cured in a water bath of 27 °C or steam-cured at 55 °C maximum temperature over 8 h. For the materials and test conditions reported in this study, it was found that steam-cured concretes were more porous as indicated by the much higher sorptivity values compared with standard-cured specimens. Mixes with SF have the best performance and hold promise in precast manufacturing due to their high early strength development and low sorptivity values.     

Influence of high-temperature and low-humidity curing on chloride penetration in blended cement concrete

The influence of high-temperature and low-humidity curing on chloride penetration in concrete containing cement replacement materials was investigated. Three different mixes were studied: a control mix in which no cement replacement materials were added and two mixes where cement was partially replaced by 20% fly ash and 9% silica fume (by weight), respectively, at a constant water-to-binder ratio of 0.45. High-temperature curing was employed to simulate concrete temperature in hot climate. The results show that at early periods of exposure, initial curing has a substantial influence on chloride penetration in concrete. The effect of initial curing is much reduced after a long period of exposure. The chloride penetration at early ages of exposure is directly related to the porosity of the binder phase and the absorption of concrete. Higher chloride penetration resistance was observed when cement is partially replaced with either fly ash or silica fume.     

严苛侵蚀作用对优化导电混凝土性能的影响

干湿交替和硫酸盐腐蚀引起的损伤严重影响导电混凝土服役时的长期稳定性。本研究以碳纤维、石墨作为导电相材料,掺入粉煤灰和硅灰制备导电混凝土,在干湿交替和硫酸盐腐蚀耦合作用下,讨论粉煤灰、硅灰掺量对导电混凝土力学性能与电学性能的影响。综合导电混凝土的力学性能与电学性能衰变定义了服役性能劣化指标。结果表明：掺入粉煤灰和硅灰后提升了导电混凝土在干湿交替和硫酸盐腐蚀下的耐久性和导电稳定性;当粉煤灰和硅灰的总掺量一定时,提高粉煤灰占比能够有效降低干湿交替和硫酸盐腐蚀造成的强度损失,并提高导电混凝土的导电稳定性。     

Supplementary cementing materials in concrete: Part I: efficiency and design

Many solid industrial by-products such as siliceous and aluminous materials (fly ash, silica fume, slags, etc.) as well as some natural pozzolanic materials (volcanic tuffs, diatomaceous earth, etc.) may be characterized as supplementary cementing materials (SCM) as they exhibit cementitious and/or pozzolanic properties. Due to plenty of these materials and their large variations on physical and chemical composition, the development of a general design for their use in concrete is required. In this work, the concept of an efficiency factor is applied as a measure of the relative performance of SCM compared with Portland cement. Artificial materials of various compositions and some natural pozzolans were studied. Compressive strength and accelerated chloride penetration tests were performed. With regard to these characteristics, efficiency factors for these materials were calculated. A mix design strategy to fulfil any requirements for concrete strength and service lifetime was developed and it enables concrete performance to be accurately predicted.     

Behaviour of lightweight expanded polystyrene concrete containing silica fume

Lightweight concrete can be produced by replacing the normal aggregate with lightweight aggregate, either partially or fully, depending upon the requirements of density and strength. The present study covers the use of expanded polystyrene (EPS) beads as lightweight aggregate both in concretes and mortars containing silica fume as a supplementary cementitious material. The main aim of this project is to study the strength and the durability performance of EPS concretes. These mixes were designed by using the efficiency of silica fume at the different percentages. The resulting concretes were seen to have densities varying from 1500 to 2000 kg/m³, with the corresponding strengths varying from 10 to 21 MPa. The rate of strength gain for these concretes shows that an increase in the percentage of silica fume increases the 7-day strength. This was observed to be about 75%, 85%, and 95% of the corresponding 28-day strength at the silica fume replacement levels of 3%, 5%, and 9%, respectively. The results of absorption, at 30 min and the final absorption, show that the EPS mixes made with sand have lower levels of absorption compared to the mixes containing normal aggregates. Further, the absorption values were seen to be decreasing with increasing cementitious content. The performance of these concretes, in terms of their chloride permeability and corrosion resistance, even at the minimal silica fume content level was observed to be very good.     

三组分胶凝材料体系的交流阻抗特性

由于地铁在运行过程中产生的杂散电流会造成钢筋混凝土中钢筋的电化学腐蚀,从而影响地铁混凝土结构的耐久性。在配制混凝土时,用矿渣和粉煤灰取代一部分水泥,可明显改善胶凝材料硬化浆体的孔结构,降低孔溶液中的离子浓度,从而提高混凝土的电阻率。提高混凝土的电阻率可在一定程度上减缓钢筋的腐蚀。使用三组分胶凝体系研究方法,对水泥、粉煤灰和矿渣组成的三组分胶凝体系的交流阻抗特性和电阻值进行了研究和分析,得到不同龄期的阻抗等值线图。研究表明,当三组分胶凝体系中粉煤灰和矿渣总量在50%～65%的范围,且两者得比例为1左右时,三组分胶凝材料砂浆的电阻率最大。     

Influence of fly ash characteristics on the strength of portland-fly ash mixtures

Modern thermal power plants are producing large amounts of fly ash that is generally quite suitable for use as a supplementary cementitious material in concrete. However, for this purpose the fly ash utilization in the United States continues to remain low, mainly on account of lack of quality control. This is because the current standards on fly ash do not contain specifications and test methods that are able to assess adequately the performance of a fly ash in concrete. Based on tests on 11 different fly ashes and direct determination of compressive strength of test mortars made with a fixed proportion of fly ash by weight of the cementitious materials, and a fixed ratio between water and the cementitious material, it seems that the calcium content and particle size distribution of the fly ash are the most important parameters governing the strength development rate in normally cured portland cement-fly ash mixtures.     

Efficiency of mineral admixtures in concrete: Microstructure,compressive strength and stability of hydrate phases

The use of mineral additives in concrete such as fly ash, silica fume, natural pozzolan, metakaolin and calcined clay has become widespread due to their pozzolanic reaction and environmental friendliness. The microstructure characteristics of concrete including pore structure and interfacial transition zone (ITZ) with addition of metakaolin, silica fume and slag were investigated in this study. The experimental results show that the addition of mineral admixtures results in the denser ITZ, optimized pore structure and reasonable pore size distribution especially at later curing stages. Metakaolin presents the most distinct improvement effects on microstructure of concrete. The development of the compressive strength is quantificationally related to the total porosity and average microhardness of the ITZ. Importantly, the influence of metakaolin, silica fume and slag on concrete was analyzed from thermodynamic stability of hydrate phase aspects.     

Curing requirements of silica fume and fly ash mortars

The curing requirements of silica fume and fly ash mortars were investigated in this study. Silica fume and fly ash mortar specimens were moist cured for periods of 0, 3, 7, 14 and 28 days. After each of the five periods, the moist curing was interrupted by oven-drying the specimens at a temperature of 110°C for 3 days. The specimens were later tested for compressive strength and absorptivity. In this study, it was also determined whether the losses in strength and impermeability of silica fume and fly ash mortars due to an interruption in curing could be regained by recuring. The test results clearly indicate that the curing requirement of silica fume mortar is less than that of plain cement mortar, while in the case of fly ash mortar it is hogher than that of plain cement mortar.     

Synthesis of heat and ambient cured one-part geopolymer mixes with different grades of sodium silicate

The use of solid activators in the manufacture of geopolymer enhances its commercial viability as it aids the development of a one-part “just add water” geopolymer mixture, similar to the conventional Portland cement-based materials. This study is aimed to synthesize heat and ambient cured one-part geopolymer mixes. Appropriate combinations of low calcium (Class F) fly ash, slag and hydrated lime as the aluminosilicate source materials were activated by three different grades of sodium silicate and a combination of sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide powders. A conventional two-part geopolymer mix with the commonly used sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solutions was also made for comparison. Effects of the type and amount of the solid activator, the amount of fly ash replacement with slag and hydrated lime and water content on short term mechanical properties of the heat cured one-part geopolymer mixtures including workability of the fresh mix, hardened density and compressive strength were evaluated. Subsequently, effects of ambient curing on the properties of the developed one-part geopolymer mixes were also investigated. Moderate to high compressive strength of over 37 MPa developed for the heat and ambient cured one-part geopolymer mixes. The 28-days compressive strengths of the ambient cured one-part geopolymer mixtures, regardless of the type of activator and geopolymer source materials, were comparable to those of the counterpart heat cured one-part geopolymer mixes. Such one-part geopolymer mixes could enhance the commercial viability and large-scale applications of the geopolymer in the construction industry.     

Effects of mineral and chemical admixtures on high-strength concrete in seawater

The effects of mineral and chemical admixtures namely fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, silica fume and superplasticizers on the porosity, pore size distribution and compressive strength development of high-strength concrete in seawater curing condition exposed to tidal zone were investigated. In this study, three levels of cement replacement (0%, 30% and 70% by weight) were used. The total cementitious content used was 420 kg/m³. A water/binder ratio of 0.4 was used to produce concrete having a target compressive strength ranging between 54 and 63 MPa at the age of 28 days. At the age of 364 days, the compressive strength of the specimens produced ranged between 59 and 74 MPa. The pore size distribution of both high-strength concrete (MSS-0 and MSS-40) was significantly finer and the mean volume pore radii (MVPR) at the age of 6 months were reduced about three times compared to NPC concrete. Results of this study indicate that both concrete mixes (30% and 70%) exhibited better performance than the NPC concrete in seawater exposed to tidal zone. Hence, it is believed that both high-strength concrete produced would withstand severe seawater exposure without serious deterioration.     

海工水泥原料组成的优化试验研究*

根据国家标准对海工水泥原材料组成的要求,本文以粉煤灰、矿粉、硅灰为混合材与硅酸盐水泥熟料、石膏复合,通过水泥砂浆物理性能试验、抗渗性能试验、抗硫酸盐侵蚀试验和混凝土氯离子扩散系数试验,优化、确定了海工水泥合理的原材料组成范围。试验结果表明,当熟料掺量≥33%,硅灰掺量≤3%时,所制备的海工水泥的力学性能满足国家标准42.5级海工水泥的要求;以33%的熟料、7%的石膏、17%的粉煤灰、40%的矿粉和3%的硅灰制备的海工水泥具有较好的早期、后期强度和良好的耐久性能。XRD和SEM分析结果表明,与普通硅酸盐水泥相比,海工水泥水化体系中AFt含量多,可提高水泥石的致密度,减小孔隙率,使水泥硬化体具有优异的力学性能和耐久性能。     

钢渣-粉煤灰复合胶凝材料的试验研究

以钢渣、粉煤灰等固体废物,掺加少量的普通硅酸盐水泥、脱硫石膏,辅以适量化学激发剂,研制开发新型复合胶凝材料。试验表明,少量水泥能够有效地激发出钢渣-粉煤灰体系潜在的活性,单掺水泥的钢渣-粉煤灰体系最优配比为:钢渣/粉煤灰=6:4,水泥掺量为15%;对于复掺水泥和脱硫石膏的钢渣-粉煤灰体系来说,最优配比为钢渣/粉煤灰=6:4,水泥掺量为15%,脱硫石膏掺量为10%。合适的化学激发剂可以较好地提高复合胶凝材料的性能,复合胶凝材料在自然养护的条件下比标准养护条件下强度增长更快。     

用Design-Expert软件研究掺合料对轻集料混凝土性能的影响

采用Design-Expert软件研究了矿物掺合料的种类及掺量对轻集料混凝土工作性能及力学性能的影响。结果表明:矿物掺合料掺入能够改善轻集料混凝土拌合物的工作性能,提高混凝土拌合物的匀质性;但粉煤灰掺入会降低轻集料混凝土的抗压强度,而硅灰掺入则能够提高轻集料混凝土的强度;本试验中各种矿物掺合料的最佳掺量为粉煤灰20%、矿粉10%、硅灰5%;使用Design-Expert软件能够准确有效分析矿物掺合料种类及掺量对轻集料混凝土性能的影响。