Primary structures of proteinase inhibitors fromPhaseolus vulgaris var.nanus (cv. Borlotto)

The primary structures of two trypsin-chymotrypsininhibitors fromPhaseolus vulgaris var.nanus (bush bean, cv. Borlotto), PVI-3₂ und PVI-4, were derived from automated Edman degradation data, amino acid composition and manual Edman degradation results of enzymatic fragments and homology with other Bowman-Birk type proteinase inhibitors. The highest degrees of homology were observed between PVI-3₂ or PVI-4 and the trypsin-chymotrypsin inhibitors from lima beans (LBI I, IV and IV′, 86%), black-eyed peas (BTCI, 81%), and, in part, adzuki beans (ABI I, II and II′, 74–77%). Similarly, the primary structure of the trypsin-elastase inhibitor from the same source, PVI-3₁, was deduced which showed highest homology with that of the trypsin-elastase inhibitor GBI II from garden beans (92%), followed by GBI II′ from garden beans (86%) and C-II from soybeans (71%). In contrast, homology between PVI-3₂ and PVI-4 on the one hand and PVI-3₁ on the other was relatively low (61%).     

Mitogenicity of isolectins isolated from Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. athropurpurea in rat spleen lymphocytes

The lymphoblastic transformation capacity of rat spleen lymphocytes has been evaluated by stimulating the cells with isolectins isolated from raw seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. athropurpurea (PHVa). PHVa albumin and globulin fractions (AF and GF) and the isolectins E₄+E₃L, E₂L₂, EL₃ and L₄+albumins (where E and L indicate erythroagglutinating and leucoagglutinating activities respectively) were isolated, purified and identified by gel chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE).It has been found, first, that the four isolectins were exclusively contained in PHVa AF; second, that the highest mitogenic activity displayed by these glycoproteins was obtained after three days of incubation; and, finally, that all the isolectins showed a similar mitogenic activity, the classical gaussian curves for isolectin dilutions versus mitogenic activity being similar for all the isolectins tested, regardless of the predominance of either the E or L subunits.     

Thermal inactivation of lectins (PHA) isolated from Phaseolus vulgaris

The influence of the thermal process on the loss of ability to bind a carbohydrate target was studied on lectins (PHA) purified from Phaseolus vulgaris seeds. Thermal inactivation of aqueous solutions of pure PHA occurred according to a biphasic first-order mechanism, the thermodynamic parameters, at pH 7·3, being as follows: ΔH*₁ = ΔH*₂ = 86·2 kcal mole⁻¹, ΔS*₁ = − 54·04 cal deg⁻¹ and ΔS*₂ = − 56·71 cal deg⁻¹. The first-order rate constants appeared to be dependent on pH (minimal around 7) and divalent cations. All different subunits constituting the whole PHA were inactivated at the same rate. The biphasic nature of this process is independent of the presence of 10 m Ca⁺⁺ or Mg⁺⁺ and appeared to indicate a discrete aggregation of PHA molecules.     

Nature of growth inhibitors for Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) in lentil (Lens esculenta Moench.) and French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Steaming of lentil (Lens esculenta Moench.) and French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) made them suitable for Trogoderma granarium Everts. Addition of glucose, casein, cholesterol, lard, nucleic acid, McCollum salt mixture, vitamins of the B group and -methionine indicated that the poor food value of lentil was due to the presence of heat labile inhibitor and dietary deficiency of cholesterol. But in the case of French bean heating probably facilitated, apart from destruction of heat labile inhibitor, the release of an assimilable form of carbohydrate needed for proper growth and development. The possibility of the presence of qualitatively and/or quantitatively different types of inhibitors in these pulses was suspected.     

Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of phytochemicals from Quince (Cydonia vulgaris) peels

Fifty-nine secondary metabolites have been isolated from Cydonia vulgaris peels and characterised on the basis of their spectroscopic features. Among them, five metabolites, 3β-(18-hydroxylinoleoyl)-28-hydroxyurs-12-ene (12), 3β-linoleoylurs-12-en-28-oic acid (15), 3β-oleoyl-24-hydroxy-24-ethylcholesta-5,28(29)-diene (24), tiglic acid 1-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (35), and 6,9-dihydroxymegastigmasta-5,7-dien-3-one 9-O-β-d-gentiobioside (46), have been isolated and elucidated for the first time. All of the compounds were tested for their radical-scavenging and antioxidant activities by measuring their capacity to scavenge the 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, and anion superoxide radical and to induce the reduction of Mo(VI) to Mo(V). The antiproliferative activity of all the most abundant compounds by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) bioassay on murine B16-F1 melanoma cells has been also assessed.     

板枣多糖初级结构表征及抗氧化活性

目的：探究板枣多糖的理化性质、初级结构及抗氧化活性。方法：采用水提醇沉、三氯乙酸脱蛋白、过氧化氢脱色等方法制备板枣多糖,测定其理化指标,利用紫外和红外光谱进行扫描推测可能存在的结构,最后测定其自由基清除能力。结果：板枣多糖中总糖质量分数为52.30%,糖醛酸含量46.22%,酯化度64.70%,是一种酸性果胶多糖;紫外和红外光谱分析表明板枣多糖具有典型的多糖类特征吸收峰,不含蛋白质和核酸,是一种含有α糖苷键的吡喃糖;板枣多糖主要由半乳糖醛酸、半乳糖、阿拉伯糖、葡萄糖组成。板枣多糖有一定的抗氧化活性,质量浓度为1.0 mg/mL时,其对DPPH自由基、羟自由基和ABTS自由基清除率分别为23.64%,21.01%,13.84%。结论：板枣多糖是以半乳糖醛酸为主的酸性果胶糖,含有α-糖苷键,抗氧化能力较强,可作为潜在的抗氧化剂。     

夏枯草多糖的研究进展

夏枯草多糖为夏枯草的主要功效成分之一,国内外学者对夏枯草多糖的提取纯化、结构解析等研究做了大量的工作,并已证实其具有抗氧化、免疫调节、抗病毒、抗纤维化、抗癌和抗补体等生物活性。本文主要综述了夏枯草多糖的提取、含量测定、纯化、结构解析和生物活性,旨在理清夏枯草多糖目前的研究状况,总结当下对夏枯草多糖研究的不足,发现夏枯草多糖的提取方法、纯化方法缺乏创新研究,结构分析和药理作用机制的研究不深入,采用新的提取纯化方法,可提高多糖的提取率及纯化效率,深入的研究夏枯草多糖的结构及其生物活性的作用机制,可大大提高夏枯草多糖的利用价值,为进一步研究和开发利用夏枯草多糖提供重要参考。     

Attractancy of diethyl ether extracts of Arachis hypogaea (Linnaeus) (Papilionaceae), Citrullus lanatus (Thunberg) (Cucurbitaceae) and Irvingia gabonensis var. excelsa (Baillon) (Irvingiaceae) to Oryzaephilus mercator (Fauvel) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae)

Volatiles of the diethyl ether extracts of I. gabonensis, C. lanatus and A. hypogaea attracted 1–7 and 28–42-day-old adult O. mercator when tested in a two-choice pitfall Petri dish bioassay. For both age groups, a significant difference was observed in response between fed and starved adults to the different extracts. Differences in starvation time did not affect responses of individuals in the 1–7-day-old group; a significant effect was observed in the 28–42-day-old group.

Adults, 28–42-day-old were significantly more responsive to virtually all extracts than 1–7-day-old adults. Responses of adults in each age group to the different extracts were not significantly different. The time of trial within the period 0900–1900 h did not significantly affect the response of adults in both age groups, starved for 2 days, to any extract.     

基于HPLC-HESI-HRMS的水冬瓜根皮化学成分分析

为探究水冬瓜根皮中的化学成分,本文基于HPLC-HESI-HRMS方法对水冬瓜根皮中化学成分进行了分析与推测。采用ThermoFisher Hypersil GOLD aQ C₁₈色谱柱（100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.9 μm）,以0.1%甲酸水-乙腈（0.1%甲酸）为流动相梯度洗脱,体积流量为0.3 mL/min,柱温:40 °C;质谱使用HESI离子源,正离子和负离子模式下采集数据,质量扫描范围m/z:100~1500 Da,结合Compound Discoverer 3.0数据库及相关文献数据分析水冬瓜根皮的主要化学成分。结果表明,通过高分辨质谱正、负离子质谱信息及相关文献数据对照,共推断出36个化合物,包括10个有机酸类化合物,4个生物碱类化合物,1个氨基酸类化合物,2个苯丙素类化合物,2个酯类化合物,2个萜类化合物,2个芳香含氧衍生物类化合物,4个酰胺类化合物,9个其他类化合物。HPLC-HESI-HRMS方法为水冬瓜根皮药材的质量控制提供技术支持,为阐明水冬瓜根皮药材的药效物质基础提供了有力的数据依据。     

Free and bound phenolic compounds in leaves of pak choi (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis var. communis) and Chinese leaf mustard (Brassica juncea Coss)

Eleven pak choi cultivars and two leaf mustard cultivars grown under field conditions in China were investigated for the free polyphenol content in their outer and inner leaves, as well as in their leaf blades and leaf stalks. In most cases, there were no significant differences between the hydroxycinnamic acid derivative and flavonoid derivative contents in the outer and inner leaves for the 13 cultivars. However, the contents of blades and stalks differed: hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonoids were present in greater amounts in the leaf blade than in the leaf stalk. Trace or small amounts of flavonoids were detected in the pak choi and leaf mustard stalks. Additionally, the bound phenolic contents of two pak choi cultivars and two leaf mustard cultivars were investigated. The concentrations of cell wall-bound phenolic compounds were higher in the leaf blade than in the leaf stalk under field conditions in China. These compounds represent only a minor portion of the total phenolic contents (flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids) in leaf stalks (0.81–1.18%) and leaf blades (0.05–0.08%) from fresh plant material. The storage of plant samples from four Chinese cabbage cultivars resulted, in most cases, in an increase of phenolic content, within six days, at 4 °C and 20 °C. The increase might have been triggered by post-harvest plant stresses, which stimulate the biosynthesis of polyphenols.     

Rheological performance of pectin-enriched products isolated from red beet (Beta vulgaris L. var. conditiva) through alkaline and enzymatic treatments

The rheological performance of pectin-enriched products extracted from red beet (Beta vulgaris L. var. conditiva) root by-products was evaluated in the present work. They were extracted through an alkaline pre-treatment with or without a subsequent enzymatic (hemicellulase or cellulase) hydrolysis at pH 5.2. Flow assays performed with 2.00% w/v-pectin aqueous systems showed pseudoplastic (flow index, n ≈ 0.4 or 0.8) or Newtonian (n = 1.0) behaviour after fitting of experimental data to Ostwald’s law, also showing poor thickening effect. When Ca²⁺ was added to water with the same pectin concentration, true gels developed as confirmed by the mechanical spectra obtained through dynamic assays. Junction zones of homogalacturonan (HG) side chains mediated by Ca²⁺ were able to build up rigid networks in water.Isolated pectins (2.00% w/v) were also used to constitute milk model systems. Whole and skimmed milk were used at two different concentrations. Milk systems showed more transient and weaker gel networks when compared to Ca²⁺-aqueous systems, and were associated to the formation of a [κ-casein?calcium cross linked low methoxyl pectin] complex dampened by the included milk fat globules. Relaxation spectra of pectin-milk systems were in general extended to large relaxation times (10⁴ s) for all isolated fractions studied, which is typical of structured systems. Since all pectin fractions showed very similar chemical composition and molecular weight (average value and distribution), it was suggested that some differences in the rheological performance of each pectin product came from the different length of arabinans and distribution of rhamnose kinks (RG-I, random coil) as well as from the length of demethylated HG chains (semi-flexible coils).The results of this research show that the pectin-enriched fractions isolated from red beet root wastes are useful as additives in food formulation.     

Effects of gamma irradiation on bio-chemical and physico-chemical parameters of fresh-cut red beet (Beta vulgaris L. var. conditiva) root

Red beet (Beta vulgaris L. var. conditiva) root is a popular item present in ready to eat salads and minimally processed foods. In this research, the effect of low doses of gamma radiation (1 and 2 kGy) on peroxidase (POX), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activities, as well as on the levels of compounds related to the response to the oxidative stress of plant metabolism, the changes in colour and the mechanical behaviour of fresh-cut red beet root were analyzed, with the purpose of understanding the influence of the processing on tissue characteristics. Cell wall modifications were also studied through sequential extractions of polysaccharides from the alcohol-insoluble residues (AIR) obtained from each tissue. Irradiation seemed to contribute to higher cell–cell adhesion through increasing of calcium-cross linking at the middle lamellae regions, in addition to an increment of cross-links of polymers into the cell wall. Chemical modifications produced in the cell walls as a response to higher levels of H₂O₂ and subsequent POX mediated effects, were visualized structurally as a more elastic behaviour of irradiated tissues and rigidification of cell walls of treated roots, though puncture test did not reveal significant differences. Microscopy showed a continuum of thick cell walls in beet root tissue, which suffered slight modifications after irradiation, coherent with the bio-chemical results obtained.     

Comparative volatile oil composition of various parts from Turkish bitter fennel (Foeniculum vulgare var. vulgare)

The volatile oil composition of various parts of bitter fennel (Foeniculum vulgare var. vulgare) growing as wild Turkish plants was investigated by gas-liquid chromatography. The major component of all oil samples was trans-anethole (29·70, 37·07, 54·22, 61·08, 64·71% in leaf, stem, flowering umbel, flower, fruit, respectively). The other main components were -pinene in leaf, stem, flowering umbel, flower: -phellandrene in leaf, stem, flowering umbel; fenchone in fruit oil. The volatile oils of flowering umbel, flower and fruit contained high amounts of oxygenated compounds, in gradually increasing percentages.     

Physico-chemical characterization of stored black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Selected physical and chemical characteristics were studied on black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) after 2 years of storage under refrigerated hypobaric conditions (RHC) and ambient conditions (AC). Black beans stored under RHC of 4.5°C, 50–60% relative humidity and atmospheric pressure of 125 mm Hg exhibited quality factors characteristic of fresh beans, such as shorter cooking time, smaller quantities of solids loss, electrolytes leached, and percentage of hardshell than beans stored at AC of 23–25°C and 30–50% relative humidity. Additionally, beans stored under RHC demonstrated greater germination rate (93%) than beans stored at AC (72%). Beans stored at AC exhibited quality factors characteristic of hard-to-cook (HTC) beans. Percentage water absorption indicated a faster initial hydration rate in beans stored under RHC compared to beans stored at AC until after 12 h of soaking, when both reached a similar hydration rate. Moisture content of beans stored under RHC was similar to that of beans prior to storage, while the moisture content of beans stored at AC was significantly lower. Crude protein, crude fat, and ash concentration of beans prior to storage and beans stored for 2 years under RHC or AC were not significantly different. The electrophoretic profile of the main protein of beans, globulin G1, was not altered by the storage conditions. The combined effect of refrigeration and hypobaric storage conditions demonstrated potential for maintaining the fresh quality of beans in storage for up to 2 years.     

Use of low-temperature extrusion for reducing phytohemagglutinin activity (PHA) and oligosaccharides in beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cv. Navy and Pinto

Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) lectins and oligosaccharides are the anti-nutrients that limit dry bean consumption. The objective of this study was to study the effects of low temperature (85 °C) extrusion and steam-cooking (82 °C) on the fate of lectin, analysed as phytohemagglutinin activity (PHA), and the oligosaccharides, raffinose and stachyose. Both extrusion processing and steam-cooking significantly (p ? 0.05) reduced the lectin in bean flour by 85–95% over raw bean flours (control). The stachyose content in extruded navy bean flours was comparable to that in raw and steam-cooked flours while extruded pinto bean flour had significantly lower stachyose content than that found in raw and steam-cooked flour. The raffinose content of both navy and pinto extruded flours, though lower than raw bean flours, was significantly higher than that in steam-cooked flours. The results of this study demonstrated that extrusion processing at relatively lower temperature can be effective in eliminating lectins and reducing oligosaccharides.     

Bamboo chips ( Bambusa vulgaris) as an alternative lignocellulosic raw material for particleboard manufacture

This article validates the technical feasibility of making one layer experimental particleboard from bamboo chips bonded with UF resin. Bamboo chips were characterised by having higher length to thickness and length to width ratios and lower bulk density than industrial wood chip particles. The rate of heat transfer to the core was approximately the same in the two mats, probably reflecting the same values of bulk density between bamboo and wood chips. The results obtained in this study showed that bamboo chips can be successfully used, as an alternative lignocellulosic raw material, to manufacture P3 boards for interior fitments using a relatively low resin dosage (10% UF). The more stringent ANSI criteria, however, required 14% UF resin and 1% wax to satisfy the 8% TS criteria. Combinations of bamboo chips with industrial wood chips and application of other resin systems may be an avenue for exploration in further investigations.     

Control of Acanthoscelides obtectus Say (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) in Phaseolus vulgaris L. seed stored on small farms—I. Evaluation of damage

On-farm experiments were carried out in Darien (Valle de Cauca), Colombia, South America on stored beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to evaluate the effectiveness of post-harvest treatments designed for the control of Acanthoscelides obtectus Say and adoptability by small farmers. Three treatments effectively reduced A. obtectus damage below the economic threshold (4% damaged grains) determined in this study. Vegetable oil (5 ml/kg) reduced emergence and prevented reproduction of bruchids for 8 months after harvest. Kitchen ash (20% by weight) controlled bruchid reproduction throughout the 39-week storage period. Black pepper controlled reproduction under heavy artificial bruchid infestation. The potential for small-farmer adoption of these and less successful treatments is evaluated.     

Sulphur- and nitrogen-containing volatile components of kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var.gongylodes L.)

Summary Volatiles from the edible part of kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var.gongylodes) were isolated by means of a dynamic headspace sampling device and separated by capillary gas chromatography. For identification samples were subjected to element-specific detection (Flame photometric and nitrogen-phosphorus detectors) and mass spectral analyses. Major volatile products are: 3-methylthiopropyl, 4-methylthiobutyl and allyl isothiocyanate. The two corresponding organic cyanides 3-methylthiopropyl and 4-methylthiobutyl cyanides and dimethyl, trimethyl and tetramethyl disulphides are also present in higher amounts.n-Nonenal, (E)-2-hexenal, (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal and some isothiocyanates of unknown structure appear in the volatile fraction as minor constituents. The sulphur- and nitrogen-containing components could be related to the enzymic cleavage (myrosinase) of glucosinolates, naturally occurring precursors in brassica plants. Some of the volatile products possess antimicrobial and antithyroid effects and have been identified in different plants of the cruciferae family. The possible role of the isothiocyanates, cyanides, sulphides and aldehydes to the flavour of kohlrabi is discussed.

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Flüchtige schwefel- und stickstoffhaltige Komponenten in Kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var.gongylodes L.)

Zusammenfassung Die flüchtigen Inhaltsstoffe des Kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var.gongylodes L.) wurden mittels der dynamischen Kopfraum-Technik isoliert und anschligßend gaschromatographisch aufgetrennt. Unter Anwendung elementspezifischer Detektoren (FPD, NPD) und Massenspektrometrie erfolgte deren Identifizierung. Zu den Hauptkomponenten gehören: 3-Methylthiopropyl-,4-Methylthiobutyl- und Allyrisothiocyanat. Die beiden korrespondierenden organischen Cyanide 3-Methylthiopropyl- und 4-Methylthiobutyl-cyanid sowie Dimethyldisulfid, Dimethyltrisulfid und Dimethyl-tetrasulfid erscheinen ebenfalls in gröBeren Mengen. In geringerer Konzentration treten nochn-Nonenal, (E)-2-Hexenal, (E,E)-2,4-Heptadienal und einige Isothiocyanate unbekannter Struktur in den Extrakten auf. Die schwefel- und stickstoffhaltigen Komponenten sind auf die enzymatische Spaltung (Myrosinase) der inBrassica-Arten vorhandenen Glucosinolate zurückzuführen. Einige der identifizierten Stoffe zeigen antimikrobielle und antithyroide Eigenschaften und wurden in verschiedenen Cruziferenarten nachgewiesen. Die mögliche Bedeutung der Isothiocyanate, Cyanide, Sulfide und Aldehyde für das Kohlrabiaroma wird diskutiert.