单株和簇状植物分布方式对消波的影响试验

在波浪水槽中规则波和不规则波水力条件下开展多组次物理模型试验,探究单株和簇状刚性植物分布方式对消波特性的影响。结果表明,单株-矩形分布植物带密度相同时,适当增加相邻植物间沿流向的距离,消波效果增强;对于单株-交错分布植物带,拖曳力系数随植物间距以及植物淹没度的增大而增大;对于簇状植物带,透射系数随单簇内植物株数的增加以及簇中心间距的减小而减小。在试验条件下得到了植物带消波效果与水动力因素和植物因素之间的拟合关系式,揭示了植物分布密度和分布排列结构对植物消波的影响。     

考虑根茎叶影响的刚性植物消浪特性实验研究

植物具有消波护岸的能力,是海岸研究的热点。该文为了探究刚性植物消浪机理,综合考虑根、茎、叶的影响,开展了刚性植物消浪特性实验研究。结果表明,植物根、茎、叶均在不同程度上对植物消浪特性产生影响。在实验条件下得到了规则波透射系数与表征水动力因素的厄塞尔数及表征植物因素的相对树根高度、相对树干高度、相对树冠高度、相对植物群宽度和分布密度之间的关系式,揭示了植物消浪特性与水动力因素和植物因素的内在联系,为植物护岸工程提供科学依据。     

斜坡非淹没刚性植被影响下孤立波爬高的研究

该文通过物理模型实验和数值模拟研究了孤立波与斜坡上非淹没刚性植被的相互作用。物理模型实验在波浪水槽中进行,运用CCD高速相机测量了斜坡上波浪的爬高,分析了入射波波高和植被密度对爬高的影响,结果表明爬高与入射波高的比值近似为常数,其值取决于植被的密度。采用Boussinesq方程成功地模拟了波浪在斜坡上的传播变形及爬高过程:植被的阻水作用通过添加拖曳力项来实现,底床摩擦阻力系数通过模拟孤立波在无植被影响斜坡上的爬高确定,根据实验数据校核数值模型得到不同入射波高下植被的拖曳力系数。研究发现孤立波作用下斜坡上植被的平均拖曳力系数与平底床恒定流的情况并无明显差异。     

带螺旋纹侧板Spar平台内孤立波载荷特性研究

在密度分层水槽中,该文分别对带和不带螺旋纹侧板Spar平台模型在内孤立波作用下的载荷特性开展了系列实验。实验结果表明,两类平台的内孤立波纵向水平力均可应用Morison公式进行计算,而垂向力则均可以采用Froude-krylov公式进行计算。对Morison公式中的惯性力系数均近似可取为2.0,而拖曳力系数与雷诺数呈指数函数关系,但两类平台指数函数关系中的系数有明显差异。结果还表明,螺旋纹侧板对平台垂向力的影响很小,即平台的垂向摩擦力可以忽略,但对平台纵向水平力的影响很大,安装螺旋纹侧板Spar平台的纵向水平力要远大于不带螺旋纹侧板的情况。此外,无论是带还是不带螺旋纹侧板的情况,Spar平台的内孤立波横向水平力都不可以忽略,但带螺旋纹侧板Spar平台的横向水平力要远小于不带螺旋纹侧板的情况。     

植物带影响下孤立波沿程波高衰减特性试验

鉴于近岸植被对孤立波的阻力效应能有效降低其波能,开展综合考虑根茎叶影响的植物带消波试验,探究植物带影响下孤立波沿程波高衰减特性。当孤立波非线性大于0.11时,茎作用下孤立波沿程波高衰减特性与指数函数以及幂函数规律并不一致。当淹没度为0.67时,根茎共同与茎单独作用下孤立波沿程波高衰减趋势基本一致。当淹没度小于0.67且孤立波非线性不小于0.30时,茎叶作用下孤立波沿程波高服从指数函数以及幂函数衰减规律。非淹没情况下,随着分布密度的减小,孤立波沿程波高衰减强度减小,植物带消波边界效应减弱。研究表明,相比根茎,叶对孤立波沿程波高衰减特性影响更大。根茎叶以及分布密度对孤立波沿程波高衰减特性的影响与淹没度和孤立波非线性有关。     

非淹没刚性植被流动阻力研究

水生植物环境中,水流受植被的阻碍作用,流动阻力增加。为了定量研究植被对水流的阻力,本文采用应力计对非淹没刚性植被的流动阻力进行了实验室测量。能量方程计算的拖曳力与应力计实测的拖曳力进行了对比,两者的一致性证明了拖曳力测力装置的有效性。对不同水深条件下的植被拖曳力的测量表明,非淹没刚性植被的流动阻力与速度的平方成正比,拖曳力系数受雷诺数和能量底坡的影响较大。     

非淹没刚性植被流动阻力研究

摘要：水生植物环境中,水流受植被的阻碍作用,流动阻力增加。为了定量研究植被对水流的阻力,本文采用应力计对非淹没刚性植被的流动阻力进行了实验室测量。能量方程计算的拖曳力与应力计实测的拖曳力进行了对比,两者的一致性证明了拖曳力测力装置的有效性。对不同水深条件下的植被拖曳力的测量表明,非淹没刚性植被的流动阻力与速度的平方成正比,拖曳力系数受雷诺数和能量底坡的影响较大。     

“流花”张力腿平台内孤立波载荷特性

该文在重力式密度分层水槽中,对"流花"张力腿平台在内孤立波作用下的载荷特性进行了系列实验研究。同时,基于两层流体中内孤立波的Kd V、e Kd V和MCC理论,建立了该台的内孤立波载荷理论模型。研究表明,该平台的水平力主要为立柱与沉箱的拖曳力和惯性力,其中拖曳力系数与雷诺数Re数之间为指数函数关系,惯性力系数与KC数之间呈幂函数关系,而垂向力主要为立柱底部的Froude-Krylov力。结果进一步表明,基于理论模型的计算结果与实验结果吻合良好,而且随着内孤立波振幅的增大,水平力和力矩均近似呈线性增加。     

溢流坝池式消力戽数值模拟及特性分析

基于VOF方法,考察了标准模型、RNG模型以及Realizable模型三种紊流模型对溢流坝池式消力戽数值模拟的适用性.通过对计算区域的水面线、时均压力以及综合流量系数的计算,并与物理模型实验结果比较,结果表明Realizable紊流模型能够较好地模拟溢流坝池式消力戽的水力特性.进一步地,以Realizable紊流模型的计算结果为基础,分析了池式消力戽的流态及消能特性.     

块石形状尺寸对水平拖曳力系数影响的数值模拟

水平拖曳力系数是研究黄河坝垛水下散抛根石受水流作用的重要力学参数,而水流流速、根石尺寸和根石在水中的仰角对水平拖曳力系数有着不同程度的影响。基于试验数据,应用FLOW-3D数值模拟软件,采用RNG k-ε紊流模型、VOF方法和FAVOR技术模拟水下块体在水流作用下的水平拖曳力。在数值模拟结果验证可靠的前提下,分析块体不同尺寸及其与水流不同夹角对水平拖曳力系数的影响。数值模拟结果表明:当长高比小于等于3.0,水平拖曳力系数随块体长高比增大,先处于波动状态,随后趋于稳定;当长高比大于3.0,水平拖曳力系数随长高比增大而增大;水平拖曳力系数随块体宽高比增大而先增后减,最后保持稳定;水平拖曳力系数随着水流夹角角度增大而先减后增,当夹角为3°时出现最小值。     

非淹没刚性植被影响下孤立波在岸滩上的爬高

为探究海岸刚性植被对海啸波的削弱效应,通过物理模型试验和数值模拟研究了孤立波与不同坡度岸滩上非淹没刚性植被的相互作用问题。物理模型试验在波浪槽中进行,测试了不同的入射波波高、植被密度和岸滩坡度对孤立波爬高的影响,并运用物理模型试验数据校核改进后的Boussinesq方程,得到植被的拖曳力系数。结果表明:拖曳力系数随植被密度的增大而增大,随坡度增大而减小;植被后的无量纲透射波高和无量纲岸滩爬高随着无量纲的入射波高的增大而减小,随着植被密度的增大而减小;当岸滩坡度增大时,无量纲透射波高增大而无量纲爬高并无显著差异。最后根据回归分析得出了岸滩爬高与相对入射波高、植被密度和岸滩坡度的幂函数型经验关系式。     

刚性植物对波高衰减和水流结构的影响

为了研究植物的消浪能力及对水流紊流特性的影响,开展室内水槽试验,用木棒模拟刚性植物,分析了5组植物区布置方案和4组波要素条件下的波高衰减和水流结构。结果表明:植物密度对波高衰减具有显著影响;波浪通过植物区时波高衰减的速率逐渐减小;在同等植物特征条件下,短波比长波衰减幅度更大;植物区内的拖曳力系数CD与低科勒冈-卡朋特(Keulegan-Carpenter)数KC之间存在二次函数关系,CD随着KC的增大而减小,且变化速率呈变缓的趋势;波高和植物密度的增大会引起植物区内部紊动能量ETK的增大;完全淹没植物条件下的ETK大于不完全淹没条件下的ETK;在完全淹没植物的影响下,从底面至水面ETK呈先增大后减小的规律,并在植物冠层处达到最大值。     

Bulk drag of a regular array of emergent blade-type vegetation stems under gradually varied flow

The drag induced by flow through vegetation is affected by the velocity, shape of vegetation stems and wake interference among stems. To account for the interference effects, previous works generally related the bulk drag coefficient of vegetation to the solid volume fraction ϕ of the vegetated zone, and the trends of the results were found to be inconsistent. In this work, a systematic laboratory study has been carried out to investigate the effect of the distribution pattern of vegetation stems on the hydrodynamics of gradually varied flow through emergent blade-type vegetation. The finite artificial vegetation patches of solid volume fractions ranging from 0.005 to 0.121 have been used and the stem Reynolds number ranges from 500–2600. The longitudinal water surface profiles have been measured, and the effect of increasing roughness density with respect to varying longitudinal and lateral spacing under the flow conditions is examined. The momentum equation that relates the vegetation resistant force and water surface profile has been used to obtain the mean bulk drag coefficient C_d of the canopy. The results show that C_d decreases with increasing stem Reynolds number, decreases with increasing ϕ at fixed lateral spacing due to sheltering effect, and increases with ϕ at fixed longitudinal spacing due to channeling effect. An empirical equation has been obtained relating C_d to the lateral and longitudinal spacing instead of ϕ.     

Characteristics of Flow Resistance in Open Channels With Non-Submerged Rigid Vegetation

The flow resistance factors of non-submerged rigid vegetation in open channels were analyzed. The formulas of drag coefficient CD and equivalent Manning＇s roughness coefficient na were derived by analyzing the force of the flow of non-submerged rigid vegetation in open channel. The flow characteristics and mechanism of non-submerged rigid vegetation in open channel were studied through flume experiments.     

A STUDY OF DRAG COEFFICIENT RELATED WITH VEGETATION BASED ON THE FLUME EXPERIMENT

This study is focused on the effects of ecological factors (diameter and flexibility) and vegetation community composition on the drag coefficient related with vegetation. The single leafy shrub and three mixed communities (including shrub-grass, shrub-reed and reed-grass community) were studied. The flow velocity and water level were measured and used to calculate the drag coefficient based on the Bernoulli's equation, Darcy drag formula and the expression for the drag coefficient related with Darcy drag factor. The trend of the drag coefficient in the vertical direction was analyzed against flow depth, diameter, diameter Reynolds number, flow depth Reynolds number and relative roughness height in different discharges. The results show that beside the dense leafy shrubs community, the vertical trend of the drag coefficient among other cases against flow depth, diameter, diameter Reynolds number, flow depth Reynolds number and relative roughness height can be approximately expressed by power law functions under different flow discharges. Moreover, in a mixed community with two plants with distinctly different ecological factors, the one with the most distinct variations of ecological factors determines the vertical trend of the drag coefficient; the other one only affects the magnitude of the drag coefficient. Furthermore, if the ecological factors of the vegetation in the vertical direction are kept almost not changed, the drag coefficient can be approximately regarded as a constant.     

含植物水流动力特性研究进展

鉴于植物与水动力之间复杂的相互作用过程,从植物对水流的阻力作用、植物引起的紊动作用以及植物对波浪的消减作用三方面,综述了国内外含植物水流动力特性研究进展,总结了不同水动力条件下含植物河道Manning系数、拖曳力系数与植物特性之间的定量关系,讨论了植物引起的纵向流速垂向分布和紊动强度变化以及植物在海岸带波浪消减中起到的作用。针对目前含植物水流动力特性研究中存在的不足,指出植物拖曳力系数、含植物水流紊动特征、植物-水流-波浪耦合作用机理为今后研究的重点。     

Numerical Model for Flow Motion with Vegetation

A set of governing equations for turbulent flows in vegetated area were derived with the assumption that vegetation is of straight and rigid cylinder. The effect of vegetation on flow motion was represented by additional inertial and drag forces. The new model was validated by available experimental data for open channel flows passing through vegetated areas with different vegetation size, density and distribution. Numerical results are in good agreement with the experimental data. Finally, the flow around a supposed isolated vegetated pile was simulated and the effects of vegetation density on the wake flow were discussed. It is found that the presence of vegetation, even at a very low density, has the pronounced influence on the dissipation of flow energy, both inside the vegetation domain and outside it in the wake flow region.     

Numerical simulation of flow through circular array of cylinders using porous media approach with non-constant local inertial resistance coefficient

Aquatic vegetation zone is now receiving an increasing attention as an effective way to protect the shorelines and riverbeds. To simulate the flow through the vegetation zone, the vegetation elements are often simplified as equidistant rigid cylinders, and in the whole zone, the porous media approach can be applied. In this study, a non-constant inertial resistance coefficient is introduced to model the unevenly distribution of the drag forces on the cylinders, and an improved porous media approach is applied to one circular array of cylinders positioned in a 2-D flume. The calculated velocity profile is consistent with the experimental data.