Cu_(0.5)Zn_(0.5)Cr_(0.5)Al_(1.5)O_4尖晶石的制备及其催化性能

以硝酸铜、硝酸锌、硝酸铬、硝酸铝和氢氧化钠为原料,利用化学共沉淀法制得铜锌铬铝尖晶石Cu_xZn_(1-x)Cr_(0.5)Al_(1.5)O_4(x=0,0.25,0.50,0.75和1.00)(依次记为C1~C5),采用XRD、ICP、SEM和BET对其结构和物理、化学性质进行了表征。将不同组成的铜锌铬铝尖晶石作为催化剂在固定床反应器上催化合成N-甲基-4-氨基苯甲醚(NMA)。考察了尖晶石组成、反应温度、质量空速(WHSV)和反应原料配比对催化剂催化性能的影响。结果表明:反应温度为265℃,WSHV为0.15 h-1、n(甲醇)∶n(对氨基苯甲醚)=3.0∶1.0时,Cu_(0.5)Zn_(0.5)Cr_(0.5)Al_(1.5)O_4(C3)具有最佳的催化性能。对氨基苯甲醚转化率可达90.95%,NMA的选择性可达94.93%。     

刚玉-莫来石-锌铝尖晶石复相材料合成的热力学研究

热力学计算表明 ,在Al2 O3-SiO2 -ZnO三元系中 ,硅酸锌 (Zn2 SiO4 )和锌铝尖晶石 (ZnAl2 O4 )的吉布斯生成自由能在温度为 16 0 0K以下为负值 ,莫来石 (3Al2 O3·2SiO2 )的吉布斯生成自由能则在温度为 70 0K以上时为负值 ;在系统中Al2 O3富存的条件下 ,Al2 O3可与Zn2 SiO4 反应生成锌铝尖晶石。X射线衍射 (XRD)分析及扫描电子显微镜 (SEM)观察证实 ,通过一定的组成控制和工艺条件 ,能够合成出不含硅酸锌相的刚玉 -莫来石 -锌铝尖晶石复相材料。     

刚玉-莫来石-锌铝尖晶石复相材料的合成与烧结

热力学计算表明:在Al2O3SiO2ZnO三元体系中,硅酸锌(Zn2SiO4)和锌铝尖晶石(ZnAl2O4)生成Gibbs自由能在温度为1326.85℃以下是负值,莫来石(3Al2O3·2SiO2)的Gibbs生成自由能在温度为426.85℃以上是负值。系统中Al2O3富存的条件下,Al2O3可与Zn2SiO4反应生成锌铝尖晶石。以ZnO,SiO2,Al(OH)3为原料,通过固相反应合成刚玉莫来石锌铝尖晶石复相材料。研究烧结温度和气氛对刚玉莫来石锌铝尖晶石复相材料的合成与烧结性能的影响。用X射线衍射分析复相材料中的物相成分。用扫描电子显微镜观察复相材料的显微结构。结果发现:Al2O3SiO2ZnO三元体系在所选择的配料点,1300℃及1600℃时均能生成刚玉、莫来石、锌铝尖晶石3种物相,不会出现低熔点的硅酸盐相,这明显区别于Al2O3MgOSiO2三元体系,该体系在1500℃左右会出现低熔点相。试样在900℃烧成后出现锌铝尖晶石相。随着温度升高,试样的致密化过程加快,部分抵消了1300℃左右莫来石形成所产生的体积膨胀。当烧结温度高于1300℃时,试样的致密化过程大大加快。还原性气氛不利于刚玉莫来石锌铝尖晶石复相材料的合成与烧结。     

Cu0.5-xFexZn0.5Al2O4尖晶石型复合氧化物催化剂在苯酚催化湿式氧化中的性能研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了具有尖晶石结构的Cu0.5-xFexZn0.5Al2O4系列复合氧化物催化剂,考察了催化剂在苯酚催化湿式氧化反应中的活性和稳定性.结果表明,苯酚的CODCr去除率和抗积炭能力随Fe含量的增大而提高,在催化剂中引入Fe能在一定程度上抑制Cu的溶出,Culeached/Cutotal从9.19%(x=0)降低到了4.31%(x=0.25);Fe的溶出量随x值增大而减小.对反应后产物的色谱分析说明在含组分Fe量较高的催化剂上苯酚氧化中间产物的进一步转化速率较快.     

共沉淀法制备Cu-Mn-Al尖晶石催化剂用于甲醇水蒸气重整制氢

以硝酸铜、硝酸铝和硝酸锰为原料,用共沉淀法制备了Cu-Mn-Al尖晶石固溶体催化剂,用于甲醇水蒸气重整制氢反应.采用BET、H2-TPR、XRD、SEM、XPS等方法对催化剂进行了表征,考察了Mn的添加比例(CuMnxAl4–x,x=0～0.5)对催化剂物理化学性质、形貌及催化性能的影响.结果表明,Mn添加比例不同,催化剂的比表面积、还原性能以及表面化学性质发生改变,随着Mn比例从0增大到0.5(以Cu的物质的量为基准,下同),CuAl尖晶石粒径增大、比表面积下降,并且更难被还原.催化剂的催化性能在x=0.25时最佳,在260℃、0.3 MPa、n(H2O):n(CH3OH)=1:1、质量空速(WHSV)为3.0 g-feed/(g-cat·h)的反应条件下,最高甲醇转化率为91.7％,连续运行150 h后甲醇转化率降至78.8％,均明显高于未含Mn的CuAl尖晶石催化剂.     

固相反应法合成锌铝尖晶石

以ZnO、Al(OH)3为原料,采用固相反应法合成了锌铝尖晶石粉体,研究了固相反应温度、保温时间对粉体的相组成和显微结构的影响。并运用热分析、X射线衍射以及扫描电子显微镜等分析测试方法对制备的锌铝尖晶石粉体进行了表征。热分析显示,Al(OH)3的分解是分两步完成的;当固相反应温度为800℃时,开始有锌铝尖晶石生成;适当延长保温时间有助于锌铝尖晶石生成。固相反应法合成锌铝尖晶石的最佳工艺条件为1400℃×3 h。合成的锌铝尖晶石粉体晶形发育完整,平均粒径为15μm左右。     

仲丁醇脱氢制甲乙酮的Cu-ZnO催化剂

采用共沉淀法和机械混合法制备了铜锌催化剂,并利用TPR、XRD和N2O吸附分解催化剂表征手段分析了铜锌催化剂中ZnO和Cu在仲丁醇（sec-butanol,SBA）脱氢反应中的作用。研究表明,Cu0是SBA脱氢的活性中心,ZnO具有分散铜物种和抗烧结能力。ZnO能够有效分散铜物种和阻止Cu0烧结的原因是在催化剂制备过程中形成了(CuZn)x(OH)y(CO3)z(x=1,5;y=2,6,z=1,2)前体,经焙烧形成了高分散的CuO-ZnO固溶体。同时,通过SBA催化脱氢反应测试筛选了适宜的Cu/Zn摩尔比,当Cu/Zn为1∶1时,表现出良好的反应活性,常压、240 ℃下质量空速为17.5 h?1时,该催化剂对SBA转化率达到80.54%,甲乙酮（methyl ethyl ketone,MEK）收率达到76.04%。铜锌催化剂的脱氢活性与Cu0比表面积不呈线性关系,SBA脱氢反应是一结构敏感型反应。     

以类水滑石为前体的铜基催化剂催化甘油氢解反应

以Cu-Zn-Al和Cu-Mg-Al类水滑石为前体经焙烧、还原制备了铜基催化剂,采用XRD、H2-TPR、N2吸附、H2-TPD、NH3-TPD、CO2-TPD及活性评价等方法,研究了M2+离子(M2+=Zn2+或Mg2+)及n(M2+)/n(Al3+)比对催化剂结构和甘油氢解反应性能的影响。结果表明,经450℃焙烧后,类水滑石转变为由尖晶石和/或氧化物组成的氧化态前驱体,再经270℃还原后制得高分散Cu催化剂。随氧化铝含量提高,催化剂比表面及酸量增加。Cu-Zn-Al催化剂表面氢吸附量大于CuMg-Al。Cu-Mg-Al催化剂碱性强于Cu-Zn-Al。Cu-Zn-Al[n(Cu)∶n(Zn)∶n(Al)=1∶1∶4]催化剂具有较佳甘油氢解活性及1,2-丙二醇选择性,这与其具有较多表面铜中心、较大酸量及Zn物种参与氢吸附有关。此外,Cu-Mg-Al催化剂表面铜中心和碱中心可能存在协同作用促进甘油氢解反应。     

用于二乙醇胺脱氢的Cu/ZnO/Al2O3/ZrO2催化剂的制备与表征

以氢氧化钠为沉淀剂,硝酸铜、硝酸锌、硝酸铝和硝酸氧锆为原料,采用共沉淀法制备出了用于二乙醇胺脱氢制亚氨基二乙酸的Cu/ZnO/Al2O3/ZrO2催化剂,并用物理吸附(BET)和X射线衍射(XRD)对不同种类的铜基催化剂进行了表征,探讨了ZnO和Al2O3的不同比例对催化剂性能的影响。结果表明,同时加入ZnO和Al2O3的Cu/ZnO/Al2O3/ZrO2催化剂具有大的比表面积,Cu/ZnO/Al2O3/ZrO2催化剂具有非晶态结构。该催化剂适宜的反应条件为:w(NaOH)=30%、反应温度160℃、压力1.0 MPa,二乙醇胺转化率可达100%,亚氨基二乙酸收率可达95.61%。     

澳斯麦特铜熔炼炉渣线用后铝铬残砖的分析

对澳斯麦特铜熔炼炉渣线部位使用后的铝铬砖进行了XRD、SEM和EDS分析。结果表明:在使用过程中,铝铬砖中的Al2O3、Cr2O3与渗入熔渣中的FeO反应生成高熔点的铁铝尖晶石和铁铬尖晶石,从而阻止炉渣对耐火材料的进一步侵蚀,延长炉衬的使用寿命;炉渣中的SiO2和CaO主要与砖中的Al2O3反应生成低熔点的硅酸盐相Ca(Al2Si2O8)。     

High temperature electrode‐electrolyte interface formation between LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 and Li1.4Al0.4Ge1.6(PO4)3

All‐solid‐state lithium‐ion electrolytes offer substantial safety benefits compared to flammable liquid organic electrolytes. However, a great challenge in solid electrolyte batteries is forming a stable and ion conducting interface between the electrolyte and active material. This study investigates and characterizes a possible solid‐state electrode‐electrolyte pair for the high voltage active cathode material LiMn_1.5Ni_0.5O₄ (LMNO) and electrolyte Li_1+xAl_xGe_2‐x(PO₄)₃ (LAGP). In situ X‐ray diffraction measurements were taken on pressed pellets comprised of a blend of LMNO and LAGP during exposure to elevated temperatures to determine the product materials that form at the interface of LMNO and LAGP and the temperatures at which they form. In particular, above 600°C a material consistent with LiMnPO₄ was formed. Scanning electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy were used to image the morphology and elemental compositions of product materials at the interface, and electrochemical characterization was performed on LMNO‐coated LAGP electrolyte pellet half cells. Although the voltage of Li/LAGP/LMNO assembled batteries was promising, thick interfacial phases resulted in high electrochemical resistance, demonstrating the need for further understanding and control over material processing in the LAGP/LMNO system to reduce interfacial resistance and improve electrochemical performance.     

CeO2掺杂钛酸铋钠钾陶瓷的制备工艺与介电性能

为了进一步探索合成工艺对钛酸铋钠系无铅材料的结构及介电特性的影响,本文以甘氨酸为燃料,利用固相-燃烧法制备了CeO2掺杂的Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-Bi0.5K0.5TiO3 (BNKT)陶瓷.XRD表明,在固相合成工艺中引入燃烧法制备BNKT陶瓷,比传统固相法降低预烧温度150 ℃,掺杂的CeO2扩散进入了BNKT钙钛矿的晶格,且当掺杂量为0%~0.3%时,形成纯的钙钛矿相结构;SEM表明,CeO2掺杂使晶粒尺寸趋于平均,对晶粒生长有抑制作用;介电温谱表明,随着CeO2掺杂量增加,介电常数εr和退极化温度Td、相转变温度Tm降低,介电反常峰逐渐弱化,且室温至300 ℃,介电损耗tanδ始终在0.3%以下,并从微结构缺陷空位形成机制角度,结合铁电畴壁运动状态,分析讨论了对材料介电特性的作用规律.     

Synthesis of (Mg,Si)Al2O4 Spinel from Aluminum Dross

The spinel (Mg,Si)Al₂O₄ was synthesized from aluminum dross using an induction synthesis method. X-ray diffraction analyses on products formed at different temperatures provided an understanding of the formation mechanism of the spinel. After removal of soluble components, the induction heating of the dross resulted first in the oxidation of some of the AlN component and the subsequent formation of the spinel by the following reaction: x SiO₂+ (1− x )MgO + [1−( x /3)]Al₂O₃+ (2 x /3)AlN = (Mg_{1− x} ,Si _x )Al₂O₄+ ( x /3)N₂( g ).     

Deterioration in the Final-Stage Sintering of Magnesium Aluminate Spinel

Sintering of magnesium aluminate spinel of the MgO-excess, stoichiometric, and Al₂O₃-excess compositions has been investigated under vacuum and in air for the effect of low oxygen partial pressures. Densification enhancement of the surface layer is due to MgO evaporation which generates oxygen vacancies in the host crystal lattice. Regions of different grain sizes are observed from samples sintered under both conditions. Microstructural features of pairwise breakup of particle chains representing differential sintering are characteristic of the less-densified sample interior. The densification improved initially and yet was retarded in the intermediate sintering stage when the density exceeded 75% with vacuum-sintering owing to MgO evaporation.     

Preparation of ZnGa2O4 Spinel Fine Particles by the Hydrothermal Method

ZnGa₂O₄ fine particles with a single phase of spinel were synthesized from a mixed solution of gallium sulfate and zinc sulfate in the presence of aqueous ammonia under hydrothermal conditions above 180°C. The effects of treatment temperature and ZnO/Ga₂O₃ molar ratio in the starting solution on the crystallite size, morphology, lattice parameter, and chemical composition of the ZnGa₂O₄ spinel particles were examined. Spinel with different morphologies, cubic nanoparticles, and elongated rodlike particles were thought to be formed based on the structure of amorphous gallium hydroxide and needlelike GaO(OH) particles, respectively. By treatment at a higher temperature, these particles with nonstoichiometric composition grew large and thick, and their composition approached ZnO/Ga₂O₃= 1. With an increase in the starting ZnO/Ga₂O₃ molar ratio, the lattice parameter of the synthesized ZnGa₂O₄ spinel approached the reported value for the stoichiometric composition and reached a = 0.8335 nm at ZnO/Ga₂O₃= 1.95 by treatment at 240°C for 50 h.     

Influence of the Characteristics of Spinels on the Slag Resistance of Al2O3–MgO and Al2O3–Spinel Castables

The XRD patterns at ambient temperature and at 1500°C showed that the spinel in the Al₂O₃–MgO castables fired at 1500°C for 3 h has the higher peak intensity, compared to those in Al₂O₃–spinel castables; the interplanar distance in the set (311) is 2.43 Å for the spinel in Al₂O₃–MgO castables as well as the spinels in Al₂O₃–spinel castables using spinels containing 73, 90, and 94 wt% Al₂O₃, respectively. The corresponding alumina contents of the spinels in these castables were estimated to be around 75 wt%. The smaller grain size of the spinel in Al₂O₃–MgO castables compared to that in Al₂O₃–spinel castables is evidenced by the recrystallization of the in situ spinel only occurring in Al₂O₃–MgO castables as revealed by the XRD patterns at ambient temperature and at 1500°C. The larger amount and smaller grain size of the in situ spinel in the matrix mostly account for the better slag resistance of Al₂O₃–MgO castables, compared to Al₂O₃–spinel castables.     

Heterostructure interface effect on the ORR/OER kinetics of Ag–PrBa0.5Sr0.5Co2O5+δ for high-efficiency Li–O2 battery

Developing high-efficiency and cost-effective bifunctional electrocatalysts toward the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is an urgent issue for the oxygen-based electrochemical devices. Herein, an interface engineering concept has been proposed to achieve high-performance Ag–PBSC (Ag–PrBa_0.5Sr_0.5Co₂O_5+δ) heterostructure nanofibers catalyst. Benefiting from the significant ligand action and interparticle cooperation of exsolved Ag NPs and PBSC double perovskite, ORR/OER catalytic kinetics have been successfully boosted. In details, the PBSC double perovskite possessing abundant oxygen vacancies can provide oxygen channels and facilitate the transfer of electrons and oxygen. The embedded Ag NPs can deliver superior catalytic durability for the heterostructure interface. As expected, the as-synthesized Ag-PBSC heterostructure catalyst performs a favorable electrochemical performance in the oxygen-based applications. In alkaline media, the catalyst exhibits an excellent activity for ORR (E_onset: 0.88 V vs. RHE and E_1/2: 0.72 V vs. RHE) and OER (1.67 V at 10 mA cm^–2). When adopting the Ag–PBSC heterostructure catalyst in LOBs, the corresponding battery provides an outperforming capacity performance (13 000 mAh g^–1), low discharge–charge polarization (1.37 V), and considerable cycling performance (128 cycles at the restricted capacity of 3 000 mAh g^–1 and 400 mA g^–1). Apparently, the work described here confirms that the interface engineering of perovskites can open up opportunities to develop highly active and durable heterostructure electrocatalysts for multitudinous oxygen-based electrochemical applications.     

掺杂Co2O3对Na0．5Bi0.5TiO3基压电陶瓷性能的影响

通过固相法合成Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3+xmol%Co3+(简写为:NBT-xC)体系无铅压电陶瓷,并对其相结构、压电、介电及铁电性能进行了研究.XRD分析结果表明,所有组成均形成三方钙钛矿结构.SEM扫描电镜照片显示Co2O3的引入有利于晶粒长大,提高致密度.随着Co含量的增加,陶瓷的压电常数d33,机电耦合系数Kp都略有下降,机械品质因素Qm有明显提高,在x=3时达到极大值:0m-934,同时介电损耗出现极小值:tgδ=0.02(1kHz),综合得出Co离子起"硬性掺杂"作用.     

Thermal Expansion Characteristics of Alumina–Magnesia and Alumina–Spinel Castables in the Temperature Range 800°–1650°C

The thermal expansion of Al₂O₃–MgO castables containing 5.5 wt% MgO and 1.36 wt% CaO and Al₂O₃–spinel castables containing 20 wt% spinel having 95 wt% Al₂O₃ and 1.7 wt% CaO was measured in the temperature range of 800–1650°C by dilatometry. A sharp increase in expansion from around 1425° to 1525°C, followed by a sharp decrease with further increasing temperature, is characteristic of Al₂O₃–MgO castables. The sharp increase in expansion is believed to be caused by the bond linkage between the CA₆ and spinel grains in the bonding matrix, while the sharp decrease is apparently related to liquid-phase sintering. The sharp increase and decrease in expansion were not observed in Al₂O₃–spinel castables because of the much lower MgO (around 1 wt% MgO) and impurity contents. The magnitude of thermal expansion of calcium aluminate bonded castables containing self-forming or preforming spinels or both is dictated by the MgO content of the castables.