C-Si-Mn-B系贝氏体钢的强度及强化机制

测定并分析了中碳和中低碳C-Si-Mn-B系贝氏体钢的抗拉强度及强化机制，结果表明，该钢具有较高的强度和良好的塑性，减小贝氏体铁素体板条宽度和提高板条内的位错密度对贝氏体的强化有较大贡献，在贝氏体/马氏体复相组织的强化机制中，应考虑下贝氏体板条对原奥氏体晶粒的分割细化效应以及马氏体对贝氏体板条变形的约束作用。由强化机制计算的强度值与实测值有较好的一致性。     

淬火工艺对马氏体高强钢组织和性能的影响

摘要：采用拉伸、冲击、金相、电子背散射衍射、透射电镜、X射线衍射等试验手段,研究了在线直接淬火+回火（DQT）与离线再加热淬火+回火（RQT）工艺对马氏体高强钢组织性能的影响。结果表明,2种试验钢组织均为板条马氏体,RQT试验钢原奥氏体晶粒及板条束呈等轴状,板条块较短,板条较宽,DQT试验钢原奥氏体晶粒呈扁平状,板条束贯穿整个晶粒,板条块呈细长状,板条宽度较小;位错强化是DQT试验钢强度较RQT高的主要原因;板条束为控制DQT和RQT试验钢韧性的最小单元;DQT试验钢大角晶界比例较低,其具有较大的马氏体板条束尺寸以及更高的位错密度,断裂应力较低,低温韧性较差。     

锰对贝氏体钢中残余奥氏体回火稳定性的影响

为探索锰含量的变化(锰质量分数为0.1%(0.1Mn钢)和1.5%(1.5Mn钢))对无碳化物贝氏体钢中残余奥氏体(RA)回火稳定性的影响,利用扫描电镜(SEM)、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)及透射电镜(TEM)等试验方法对残余奥氏体稳定性和力学性能的变化规律进行研究。结果表明,0.1Mn钢的热轧态组织主要是由粒状贝氏体(GB)+板条贝氏体(LB)组成,而1.5Mn钢的热轧态组织主要以板条贝氏体为主,且1.5Mn钢中残余奥氏体含量较高,屈服强度和抗拉强度均优于0.1Mn钢。在经过300～500℃回火后,残余奥氏体体积分数逐渐下降至完全分解,屈服强度和抗拉强度均表现为先升高后降低,但伸长率逐步增加。300℃回火性能最佳,原因主要是由于残余奥氏体在300℃回火中,块状残余奥氏体分解为过饱和马氏体/贝氏体,碳从过饱和马氏体/贝氏体中扩散至邻近残余奥氏体中使其含量增加,热稳定性得到提高,在拉伸的过程中产生了TRIP效应,从而使试验钢的强塑性得到提升。1.5Mn钢的性能明显优于0.1Mn钢,因为锰可以与碳产生协同作用共同促进奥氏体的稳定,提高伸长率,另外锰含量的增加使碳当量也提高,强度增强。基于修...     

板条马氏体大变形轧制工艺的晶粒细化机制

分析了采用板条马氏体大变形轧制工艺制备超细晶钢板时的显微组织演变过程及其晶粒细化机制。结果表明,该工艺包含3个具有不同晶粒细化机制的工艺过程：①轧前预淬火 回火使原始奥氏体晶粒分裂为均匀细小的板条马氏体,板条晶内部含有大量吸附着碳原子的位错;②大变形轧制细化、破碎板条马氏体,并进一步增加了组织中的位错密度;③在轧后再结晶退火时,基体中的高密度位错提供了超常的驱动力,使再结晶晶核尺寸小于1μm,400℃和500℃退火后钢板的晶粒尺寸分别为52nm和316nm。     

退火温度对退火马氏体基TRIP钢显微组织和力学性能的影响

将C-Si-Mn系TRIP钢通过完全淬火和两相区退火相结合的工艺,得到一种以退火马氏体为基体的TRIP钢（简称TAM钢）,并对比分析了TAM钢在不同温度退火后的显微组织和力学性能.结果表明,TAM钢经退火后的显微组织特征为精细规整的板条退火马氏体基体、片状残余奥氏体和贝氏体/马氏体组成的混合组织.这种组织降低了基体的硬度以及基体和第二相之间的强度比,减少了基体的位错密度.随着退火温度的提高,退火马氏体基体的板条形态逐渐消失,新生马氏体/贝氏体的团状混合组织逐渐增多.当退火温度为780℃时,综合力学性能优异,抗拉强度为1130 MPa,延伸率可达20%,强塑积为22600 MPa·%.当退火温度较低时,残余奥氏体主要以片状存在于退火马氏体板条间,有利于TRIP效应的发生.      

预备热处理对AMS 6308钢组织及性能的影响

 采用SEM、TEM和力学性能测试等手段,研究了预备热处理对AMS 6308钢组织及性能的影响。结果表明,980 ℃以下正火,随着温度的提高,M6C碳化物逐渐溶解,晶粒细小,淬火后马氏体板条均匀细小,碳化物呈球状或椭球状弥散分布在板条界和晶界上,碳化物体积分数和位错密度较高,强度和冲击值逐渐增加。980 ℃以上正火,M6C碳化物溶解增多,晶粒开始长大,淬火后马氏体板条束尺寸也长大,碳化物体积分数和位错密度下降,强度和冲击值降低。推荐的预备热处理制度：正火温度为980～1 010 ℃,回火温度为680～700 ℃,经性能热处理后,AMS 6308钢体现出良好的强韧性匹配。     

终轧温度对中锰马氏体NM500钢再加热后组织性能的影响

中锰马氏体耐磨钢具有低成本、高强度、高硬度和高耐磨性等特点，在煤炭采运、水泥搅拌和轨道交通等领域具有广阔的应用前景。利用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜等设备，以中锰马氏体NM500钢为研究对象，研究了终轧温度对其热处理后组织和力学性能的影响。研究结果表明，与热轧态试样相比，经850℃保温1 h热处理后，试验钢的原始奥氏体晶粒明显细化，相变后的马氏体组织更加细小，低温冲击韧性大幅提升，且较低的终轧温度使得基体中缺陷密度增加，V(C,N)的数量增大，粒径减小，更有利于再加热过程中奥氏体晶粒的细化。当终轧温度由900℃降低至700℃时，经再加热后，试验钢的原始奥氏体晶粒尺寸由10.50μm细化至5.02μm,马氏体的板条块尺寸由1.37μm减小至1.06μm,位错密度由1.05×10¹⁵ m^-2增加至1.51×10¹⁵ m^-2。马氏体多级组织的细化以及位错密度的增加，显著提升了细晶强化增量和位错强化增量，使得试验钢的抗拉强度、屈服强度和硬度分别增加至1 860 MPa、1 084 MPa和54...     

钒微合金化对Q-P-T工艺处理的中碳钢力学性能的影响

研究了钒微合金化对Q-P-T工艺处理的0.28C-Si-Mn-Cr贝氏体钢组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明,试验钢在900℃奥氏体化进行淬火处理,350℃碳分配后,钢的组织由板条状马氏体、少量贝氏体及残余奥氏体组成。随着碳分配时间的延长,碳原子从板条马氏体扩散进入残余奥氏体,残余奥氏体含量增加,使得材料的塑性和韧性提高,拉伸强度下降。同时,随着钒含量增加,试验钢的拉伸强度增加,但塑性和韧性下降。在钒和Q-P-T工艺的双重作用下,含0.1%钒的中碳贝氏体钢获得了拉伸强度1375MPa、断后伸长率23.2%、冲击功值99.5J的综合力学性能。     

临界热处理对中碳 Q&P 钢组织与性能的影响

摘要：对中碳钢采用Q&P（淬火 碳分配）和I&QP（临界热处理,淬火 碳分配）热处理工艺,通过对试样的显微组织,残余奥氏体的体积分数及其碳含量,硬度及其拉伸性能进行分析,研究了临界加热对中碳Q&P钢组织和性能的影响。实验结果表明,经临界热处理的Q&P钢组织中,除了马氏体和残余奥氏体,还存在部分铁素体,同时残余奥氏体的体积分数较少,马氏体板条更加细小。在相同的碳分配时间下,I&QP试样的硬度和抗拉强度都比Q&P试样低,但由于I&QP试样中软相铁素体的存在以及残余奥氏体能发挥更好的TRIP效应,使得临界热处理的实验钢的伸长率更高,加工硬化指数增加,强塑积更大。     

加速冷却钢的显微组织与强化因素

进行了有关强化控制轧制与加速冷却钢的冶金分析。与普通轧制相比较,采用加速冷却可强化具有铁素体-珠光体组织结构的低碳当量钢。这种强化来源于:①细微的铁素体晶粒;②铁素体自身强化;⑧珠光体体积百分率提高。而铁素体强化起因于铁素体的过饱和、细微弥散的碳化物以及铁素体晶粒位错诱导相变。此外,还对具有马氏体组织结构合金钢直接淬火后的强度进行了研究。在淬火工艺条件方面,将钢从非奥氏体再结晶区进行直接淬火与相同成分的加热-淬火钢相比,具有更高的强度。显然,这并非取决于钢材中的合金元素,而是由所保留的热轧马氏体引起晶格缺陷所决定。然而,与普通淬火钢水平相比较,回火后直接淬火钢的强化则受合金元素的影响。在直接淬火钢回火以及奥氏体区加工时,钼是最有效的合金元素,因其与抑制回火时位错消失密切相关。     

两相区位错增殖对低碳贝氏体/铁素体复相钢组织和性能的影响

利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、电子探针(EPMA)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、室温拉伸等手段, 通过两相区保温-淬火(IQ)、两相区形变后保温-淬火(DIQ)、两相区保温-淬火-配分-贝氏体区等温(IQ&PB)及两相区形变后保温-淬火-配分-贝氏体区等温(DIQ&PB)热处理工艺, 研究高温形变对室温组织、性能、残余奥氏体稳定性的综合影响作用.结果表明, 经15%的压缩形变后铁素体中位错密度由0.290×1014增加至1.286×1014 m-2, 马氏体(原奥氏体)中C、Cu元素富集浓度提高, 高温形变产生位错增殖对元素配分有明显促进作用.DIQ&PB工艺下, 形变后贝氏体板条尺寸变短且宽度增加0.1 μm左右, 贝氏体转变量较未变形时增加14%, 多边形铁素体尺寸明显减小.力学性能方面, 两相区形变热处理后抗拉强度增加132.85 MPa, 断后伸长率增加7%, 强塑积可达25435 MPa·%.形变后残余奥氏体体积分数由7.8%提高到8.99%, 残余奥氏体中碳质量分数由1.05%提高到1.31%.      

Intercritical Rolling Induced Ultrafine Lamellar Structure and Enhanced Mechanical Properties ofMedium-Mn Steel

The medium-Mn steel with ferrite and austenite structure was rolled in the intercritical region down to dif- ferent rolling reduction. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the rolled steels were investigated by scan- ning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and tensile tests. It was found that the ferrite and austenite structure gradually evolved into an ultrafine structure from the random directional lath structure to lamellar structure with lath longitudinal direction parallel to the rolling direction with increasing rolling strain. It was found that the thickness of the laths was gradually refined with increasing rolling strain. The lath thickness is about 0. 15 9m stored with high density dislocations and the austenite volume fraction of the steel is about 24% after 80% rolling reduction. Furthermore, it was interesting to find that yield strength, tensile strength and total elongation of the 80% rolled medium-Mn steel are about 1000 MPa, 1250 MPa and 24%, respectively, demonstrating an excellent combination of the strength and ductility. Based on the microstructure examination, it was proposed that the grain refinement of the medium-Mn steels could be attributed to the duplex structure and the low rolling temperature. Analysis of the relationship between the microstructure and the mechanical properties indicated that the high yield strength mainly resulted from the ultrafine grain size and the high density dislocation, but the improved ductili- ty may be attributed to the large fractions of austenite retained after intercritical rolling.     

锰对高氮超级马氏体不锈钢组织与性能的影响

为了进一步提高超级马氏体不锈钢的强塑性能和优良耐腐蚀能力,在实验室条件下研发制备了氮质量分数为0.35％、锰质量分数分别为0.4％和2.0％的2种新型超级马氏体不锈钢试料,并采用淬火-配分的工艺对其进行处理;借助万能试验机、光学显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜和电子背散射衍射等方法对试验钢的微观组织和力学性能进行表征测试.研...     

Low carbon manganese steels microalloyed with vanadium and nitrogen

With the objective of studying the effect of vanadium and nitrogen microalloying on microstructure and strength of low carbon steels with different manganese contents, three series of low carbon steels (0.1% C) with manganese content (between 0.8 and 3.5%), vanadium content (up to 0.17%) and nitrogen content (up to 0.025%) have been designed and investigated in the hot forging condition using a preheating and finish forging temperatures of 1200 and 950°C, respectively. Steels with a manganese content up to 2.3% revealed ferrite-pearlite structures, whereas higher manganese contents from 2.7 to 3.5% resulted in the formation of bainitic structures. A pronounced effect of manganese on the mechanical properties of steels was detected at lower manganese contents < 1.5%, due to solid solution and grain refining effects, and higher manganese contents > 2.3, due to bainite formation. Manganese content in the range of 1.5-2.3% had less pronounced effect due to solely solid solution hardening. Vanadium microalloying effectively increased the strength of steels through solely precipitation strengthening or both precipitation strengthening and grain refining effect. The effectiveness of vanadium was greatly enhanced by increasing the nitrogen content. The grain refinement of vanadium-nitrogen microalloying seems to be due to inhibition of austenite grain growth as a result of precipitation of vanadium nitride in austenite during forging. Precipitation strengthening of these steels is achieved by precipitation of vanadium carbide and nitride in ferrite or bainite. Nitrogen enhanced the precipitation strengthening of vanadium microalloyed steels which could be attributed to the finer vanadium nitride dispersion precipitates compared with vanadium carbide. Up to 70% of the total nitrogen content of steel precipitates as vanadium nitride which could be achieved with V/N ratio of about 6-7. Microalloying of low carbon-manganese steels (0.1% C and 1.8% Mn) with 0.15% vanadium and 0.025% nitrogen was found to be effective in attaining high levels of yield and ultimate tensile strengths of 835 and 940 N/mm², respectively in the forging condition.     

The effects of prior deformation and transformations on the microstructure of an iron-nickel alloy

The microstructure of an Fe-31.4 pet Ni-0.3 pet C alloy was examined via transmission electron microscopy as a function of thermomechanical treatment. The effects of prior deformation, rapid reversion to austenite and thermal cycling on the microstructure were investigated, and operative strengthening mechanisms under various conditions were correlated to observed structures. When midrib twinned, plate martensite of this alloy was deformed at room temperature, dislocation glide was the operating mode, and the midrib twins and plate like structure were completely dissolved after 80 pet cold rolling. The microstructure of reverted austenite without prior deformation was composed of sheared plates, but became finely equiaxed with prior deformation of the martensite. The superior strength of reverted austenite in comparison to annealed austenite was due to a grain size refinement and a higher dislocation density. However, the strengthening observed in reverted austenite with prior deformation in comparison to reverted austenite without prior deformation was due to a grain size effect alone. Repeated thermal cyclings increased the strength of reverted austenite. This was due to increases in the dislocation density since the grain structure was principally dictated by the first martensite transformationreversion cycle.     

On the influence of interactions between phases on the mechanical stability of retained austenite in transformation-induced plasticity multiphase steels

The mechanical stability of dispersed retained austenite, i.e., the resistance of this austenite to mechanically induced martensitic transformation, was characterized at room temperature on two steels which differed by their silicon content. The steels had been heat treated in such a way that each specimen presented the same initial volume fraction of austenite and the same austenite grain size. Nevertheless, depending on the specimen, the retained austenite contained different amounts of carbon and was surrounded by different phases. Measurements of the variation of the volume fraction of untransformed austenite as a function of uniaxial plastic strain revealed that, besides the carbon content of retained austenite, the strength of the other phases surrounding austenite grains also influences the austenite resistance to martensitic transformation. The presence of thermal martensite together with the silicon solid-solution strengthening of the intercritical ferrite matrix can “shield” austenite from the externally applied load. As a consequence, the increase of the mechanical stability of retained austenite is not solely related to the decrease of the M _s temperature induced by carbon enrichment.     

基于退火路径的中锰钢组织转变与力学性能

为了更好地指导中锰钢工业试制,利用扫描电镜、电子背散射衍射、透射电镜和拉伸试验机等研究了不同退火路径下低碳中锰钢的组织转变及合金元素配分行为,并评价了其对力学性能的影响.结果表明,热轧中锰钢的显微组织主要由铁素体、板条马氏体、粒状贝氏体和残余奥氏体构成.经冷轧变形后,原组织中的铁素体和马氏体晶粒破碎,残余奥氏体和M/A...     

Analysis of the Strain‐Induced Martensitic Transformation of Retained Austenite in Cold Rolled Micro‐Alloyed TRIP Steel

The stability of retained austenite and the kinetics of the strain‐induced martensitic transformation in micro‐alloyed TRIP‐aided steel were obtained from interrupted tensile tests and saturation magnetization measurements. Tensile tests with single specimens and at variable temperature were carried out to determine the influence of the micro‐alloying on the M_s^σ temperature of the retained austenite. Although model calculations show that the addition of the micro‐alloying elements influences a number of stabilizing factors, the results indicate that the stability of retained austenite in the micro‐alloyed TRIP‐aided steels is not significantly influenced by the micro‐alloying. The kinetics of the strain‐induced martensitic transformation was also not significantly influenced by addition of the micro‐alloying elements. The addition of micro‐alloying elements slows down the autocatalytic propagation of the strain‐induced martensite due to the increase of the yield strength of retained austenite. The lower uniform elongation of micro‐alloyed TRIP‐aided steel is very likely due to the presence of numerous precipitates in the microstructure and the pronounced ferrite grain size refinement.     

500 MPa级高延性方管用钢的开发及加工硬化行为

 为了开发满足二次加工性能要求的500 MPa级高延性方管用钢,采用OM、SEM和TEM等对500 MPa级高延性方管用钢制管前后的组织与性能进行分析,研究了其强化机制与加工硬化机理。结果表明,两种试验钢的组织均由铁素体和少量珠光体组成,低C-低Mn-Nb、Ti微合金化试验钢铁素体晶粒与珠光体球团尺寸更加细小,第二相析出物尺寸稍大,位错密度相似。两种试验钢制管前力学性能相似,低C-低Mn-Nb、Ti微合金化试验钢屈强比较高;制管后低C-低Mn-Nb、Ti微合金化试验钢加工硬化程度显著,屈服强度、抗拉强度分别增加了45与26 MPa,伸长率降低6.0%,高C-高Mn-Nb微合金化试验钢屈服强度、抗拉强度分别增加了22与10 MPa,伸长率降低4.0%。固溶强化与细晶强化是两种试验钢最主要的强化机制,由晶粒细化引起的强度增量占总强度的52.9%~61.8%,由固溶强化引起的强度增量占总强度的17.2%~25.3%;析出强化与位错强化对强度的贡献较小。制管后低C-低Mn-Nb、Ti微合金化试验钢位错强化增加显著,达到了82 MPa,明显高于高C-高Mn-Nb微合金化试验钢位错强化的贡献(65 MPa);对于制管用途而言,高C-高Mn-Nb微合金化试验钢制管后综合力学性能更加优异。