含铌16Mn钢的奥氏体晶粒粗化和NbC固溶析出行为

研究了含铌16Mn钢奥氏体化过程中第二相粒子的固溶析出及阻止晶粒长大的规律，并给出了奥氏体中的NbC固溶度积与温度的函数关系。结果发现，在氮含量较低的含铌16Mn钢中，铌的析出相以NbC为主。经试验确定钢的晶粒粗化温度（tGC为1100℃，tGC与第二相粒子的全固溶温度（ts)之间存在一定的线性关系。     

溶质元素对X80管线钢碳氮化物析出行为的影响

为了明晰X80管线钢凝固过程中析出物粒子析出规律。采用Thermo-calc软件对X80管线钢凝固过程中奥氏体、铁素体相转变温度,析出物类型,析出物开始析出温度与析出相最大质量分数进行热力学分析。计算结果表明:X80管线钢凝固过程析出相主要包括MnS相、AlN相、铁素体相及奥氏体相、富钛相碳氮析出相、富铌相碳氮析出相与碳化钒析出相。富钛相碳氮析出相析出温度为1 390℃,质量分数为1.2×10~(-4),析出相随C元素和Nb元素的含量增加而受到抑制。N元素和Ti元素含量增加会促进富钛相碳氮析出相生成,V元素质量分数增量对富钛相碳氮化物无明显规律。富铌相碳氮析出相在1 110℃析出,质量分数为1.3×10~(-3),随C元素和Nb元素的含量增加,促进富铌相碳氮析出相析出。增加N元素与Ti元素含量抑制富铌相碳氮析出相析出,V元素对富铌相碳氮化物无明显影响规律。碳化钒析出相析出温度为596℃,析出相质量分数为4.59×10~(-5),增加C元素和V元素含量利于碳化钒相析出,Nb元素含量增加对碳化钒相起到一定抑制作用。     

钢中稀土微合金化及其对钒铌沉淀相析出规律的影响

稀土在钢中有一定的固溶量,可达10^-5-10^-4数量级。固溶稀土可以改善与晶界有关的钢的性能,抑制晶粒长大,影响珠光体、马氏体、贝氏体的数量、形态和分布;在奥氏体区能抑制碳氮化钒析出,在铁素体区能促进碳氮化钒析出;稀土对碳化铌形态、大小、分布、数量有影响,可降低碳、铌活度,阻碍碳化铌在奥氏体区的析出。     

铌对高碳钢奥氏体向珠光体转变规律的影响

 铌可以显著改善钢的组织,提高钢的性能。同时,铌在钢中还存在偏聚现象,可有效提高钢的淬透性,使共析点右移。因此,利用金相法和等温热处理试验,对高碳钢的微观组织进行分析,发现铌的析出和固溶将细化晶粒,同时铌的加入将推迟高碳钢的珠光体转变,并使其孕育期延长。利用合金价电子结构理论,构建了不含铌和含铌的两种体系的奥氏体合金价电子晶胞,从电子层次研究铌对高碳钢奥氏体的影响规律。理论计算结果表明,两种模型在碳质量分数为0.86%时的最大共价电子对数nA分别为0.972 5、0.962 4。铌的加入会改变体系中键的组成,并与碳原子结合形成新的最强键C-Nb键。而NbC的析出阻碍了碳在奥氏体中的扩散,推迟了珠光体的形成和长大,进而推迟了珠光体相变,导致添加铌元素后的CCT曲线右移。     

均热温度对抗震钢筋奥氏体化及铌固溶的影响

摘要：通过热处理试验结合物理化学相分析实验,对含铌与不含铌的2种试验钢在不同均热温度下的奥氏体晶粒长大情况及含铌钢中铌的固溶规律进行研究。结果表明,均热温度低于1200℃时,含铌钢奥氏体晶粒尺寸均小于无铌钢奥氏体晶粒尺寸;随着均热温度的升高,含铌钢奥氏体中固溶的Nb逐渐增多;均热温度升至1200℃时,含铌钢奥氏体晶粒较无铌钢无明显细化。通过相分析试验研究实际Nb的固溶量与均热温度的关系,发现实际测量得到Nb未溶量随均热温度的升高而减小,对比Nb在奥氏体中的实际固溶与理论固溶的关系,寻找适合的含铌试验钢的理论模型。     

1000MPa级微合金化冷轧双相钢退火工艺及强韧化机制

摘要：通过热处理试验结合物理化学相分析实验,对含铌与不含铌的2种试验钢在不同均热温度下的奥氏体晶粒长大情况及含铌钢中铌的固溶规律进行研究。结果表明,均热温度低于1200℃时,含铌钢奥氏体晶粒尺寸均小于无铌钢奥氏体晶粒尺寸;随着均热温度的升高,含铌钢奥氏体中固溶的Nb逐渐增多;均热温度升至1200℃时,含铌钢奥氏体晶粒较无铌钢无明显细化。通过相分析试验研究实际Nb的固溶量与均热温度的关系,发现实际测量得到Nb未溶量随均热温度的升高而减小,对比Nb在奥氏体中的实际固溶与理论固溶的关系,寻找适合的含铌试验钢的理论模型。     

均热温度对抗震钢筋奥氏体化及铌固溶的影响

通过热处理试验结合物理化学相分析实验,对含铌与不含铌的2种试验钢在不同均热温度下的奥氏体晶粒长大情况及含铌钢中铌的固溶规律进行研究。结果表明,均热温度低于1 200℃时,含铌钢奥氏体晶粒尺寸均小于无铌钢奥氏体晶粒尺寸;随着均热温度的升高,含铌钢奥氏体中固溶的Nb逐渐增多;均热温度升至1 200℃时,含铌钢奥氏体晶粒较无铌钢无明显细化。通过相分析试验研究实际Nb的固溶量与均热温度的关系,发现实际测量得到Nb未溶量随均热温度的升高而减小,对比Nb在奥氏体中的实际固溶与理论固溶的关系,寻找适合的含铌试验钢的理论模型。     

锰含量对15MnV钢钒化合物溶解析出的影响

研究了锰含量对15MnV钢中钒化合物溶解析出的影响。用中途淬火、萃取物化学相分析等方法,测定了加热时钒化合物的溶解量、980～500℃等温过程中钒化合物的析出量。用应力松驰法测定了奥氏体中钒化合物的析出动力学。讨论了锰含量与[V][C]固溶度积的关系,得到了锰含量与奥氏体中析出温度-时间(PTT)曲线的关系,分析了锰含量对等温过程中钒化台物析出峰值温度,最大析出量的影响。     

稀土对14MnNb钢的微合金化作用

14MnNb钢在轧制态下,随着固溶稀土增加,碳化铌析出增加,颗粒变小且弥散分布,珠光体星球状、数量减少。当固溶稀土含量为174×10^-6时,板条状贝氏体变为粒状贝氏体组织。在奥氏体区,稀土使碳化铌析出的孕育期延长,有抑制碳化铌析出的作用。固溶稀土推迟了再结晶的动力学过程,并使马氏体组织变细。     

Nb-Ti微合金钢中第二相析出的热力学计算

分析了Nb-Ti微合金钢在液相、凝固过程、奥氏体以及铁素体相中氮化物、碳化物和碳氮化物等第二相析出的热力学条件,计算了钛和铌的碳化物和氮化物在不同温度下的溶度积,由此得出微合金钢在不同相阶段的析出规律。计算结果表明,在该微合金钢中,氮化物、碳化物和碳氮化物不可能在液相中析出;TiC0.03N0.97和TiN在凝固过程中具备析出的热力学条件;在奥氏体相中,随着温度的降低,氮化物、碳化物及碳氮化物的析出顺序为:NbC0.75N0.25、NbC、TiC、NbN。     

Effect of Niobium on Isothermal Transformation of Austenite to Ferrite in HSLA Low-Carbon Steel

Using thermomechanical simulation experiment,the kinetics of the isothermal transformation of austenite to ferrite in two HSLA low-carbon steels containing different amounts of niobium was investigated under the conditions of both deformation and undeformation.The results of optical microstructure observation and quantitative metallography analysis showed that the kinetics of the isothermal transformation of austenite to ferrite in lower niobium steel with and without deformation suggests a stage mechanism,wherein there exists a linear relationship between the logarithms of holding time and ferrite volume fraction according to Avrami equation,whereas the isothermal transformation of austenite to ferrite in high niobium steel proceeds via a two stage mechanism according to micrographs,wherein,the nucleation rate of ferrite in the initial stage of transformation is low,and in the second stage,the rate of transformation is high and the transformation of residual austenite to ferrite is rapidly complete.Using carbon extraction replica TEM,niobium carbide precipitation for different holding time was investigated and the results suggested that NbC precipitation and the presence of solute niobium would influence the transformation of austenite to ferrite.The mechanism of the effect of niobium on the isothermal transformation was discussed.     

Experimental investigation of the thermodynamics of Fe-Nb-C austenite and nonstoichiometric niobium and titanium carbides (T = 1273 to 1473 K)

The thermodynamics of Fe-Nb-C austenite and nonstoichiometric binary niobium carbide and titanium carbide in the temperature range of 1273 to 1473 K has been investigated using a dynamic gas equilibration technique. Methane-hydrogen mixtures have been used for fixing carbon potentials, and the carbon contents have been determined as dynamic weight changesvia a sensitive Cahn microbalance. The niobium-carbon interactions, similar to the titaniumcarbon interactions, are manifested as a minimum in the niobium carbide solubility in austenite, as increased amounts of dissolved carbon with niobium additions, and as the variation of solubility limit of the carbide with carbon content at high carbon levels. The results on the isoactivity measurements in the ternary Fe-Nb-C have been analyzed using the modified Wagner formalism, and the ternary interaction parameter ε _C ^Nb has been evaluated. The solubility of niobium carbide in Fe-Nb-C in austenite has been determined as the deflection in the variation of carbon content with Nb additions at constant carbon activity. The dissolution free energy of body-centered cubic (bcc) Nb in face-centered cubic (fcc) Fe has also been determined from the solubility data. Rational correlation between the dissolution free energies of transition metal solutes in fcc Fe and the group number in the Periodic Table has been shown to exist. A correlational relationship between the ternary interaction parameter and the free energy of formation of carbides has been established. These relationships are utilized in the assessment, as well as the systematization of thermodynamic data. The results on the activity-composition relationship in the binary niobium and titanium carbides have been analyzed using the sublattice-subregular model proposed by Hillert and Staffansson, [2] and the interaction parameters in the model were determined. The thermodynamic calculations based on this model and our experimental results were carried out, and very good agreement between experimental and calculated results was obtained. K. BALASUBRAMANIAN, Formerly with McMaster University,     

Prospects for using carbonitride-forming elements in carbon steels to increase their mechanical properties

The effect of carbonitride-forming elements on the structure and mechanical properties of a carbon steel (0.65% C) is studied. A thermodynamic calculation is applied to plot solubility curves for the carbides and nitrides of titanium, aluminum, niobium, and vanadium. The optimum concentrations of these elements are determined to form dispersed carbide and nitride particles of the required number and sizes to impede austenite grain growth. Data on the effect of additions of various carbonitride-forming elements on the austenite grain growth and the impact strength are received. The intrduciton of carbonitride-forming elements in carbon steel in certain combinations and concentrations is shown to improve its mechanical properties.     

Solubility of niobium carbide and niobium carbonitride in alloyed austenite and ferrite

The available data on the solubility of niobium carbide and niobium carbonitride in plain carbon and alloyed austenite has been analyzedvia dilute solution thermodynamics with a view to establishing a consistent set of interaction parameters for predicting austenite + niobium carbonitride equilibria. The computation algorithm includes the prediction of phase mass fractions as a function of alloy composition and temperature between 900° and 1300 °C (tie lines). Analogous ferrite equilibria are included.     

Quench embrittlement of hardened 5160 steel as a function of austenitizing temperature

Charpy V-notch (CVN) specimens from experimental heats of 5160 steel containing 0.001 and 0.034 mass pct phosphorus were austenitized at temperatures between 830 °C and 1100 °C, quenched to martensite, and tempered at temperatures between 100 °C and 500 °C. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize the fracture surfaces of tested CVN specimens and carbide formation on prior austenite grain boundaries. Quench embrittlement, the susceptibility to intergranular fracture in as-quenched and low-temperature tempered high-carbon steels due to cementite formation as affected by phosphorus segregation on austenite grain boundaries, developed readily in specimens of the high phosphorus steel austenitized at all temperatures. The low phosphorus steel developed quench embrittlement only after austenitizing at 1100 °C. Intergranular fractures correlated with low room-temperature CVN impact toughness. The results are discussed with respect to the dissolution of carbides during austenitizing and the effect of phosphorus on grain boundary, carbide formation, and stability.     

Thermodynamic Calculation of Carbide Precipitate in Niobium Microalloyed Steels

Microalloyed elements such as Nb, Ti and Vinhigh strength low alloyed steels play an extremelyi mportant roleini mprovement of mechanical proper-ties ,due to the formation of fine precipitates duringhot working process . Quantitatively thermodynamiccalculations of precipitates are the basis of precipita-tion model . On the basis of regular solution sublat-tice model , a thermodynamic model was developedto predict the austenite/carbide equilibrium in Fe-Nb-Csystem.1 Thermodynamic Model1·1 D…     

原位观察铌对高碳钢珠光体相变的影响

 为了研究微合金元素铌(Nb)对高碳钢中珠光体相变的影响,在高温激光共聚焦显微镜下原位观察了不含铌和含铌高碳钢连续冷却过程中珠光体动态形核和长大行为。结果表明,在高碳钢中添加铌增加了珠光体形核点的数量,这是因为铌提高珠光体单位面积形核数量。同时,铌元素减慢珠光体长大速率是由于铌显著阻碍珠光体长大,但当铌质量分数超过0.014%后,阻碍珠光体长大速率的效果不再进一步增加。从以上结果可知,在高碳钢中添加铌促进珠光体形核,但是减慢珠光体长大速率。所以,为了更加准确地研究铌元素对珠光体相变的影响,选用不含铌及铌质量分数为0.027%的两种高碳钢,在Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机上进行与高温原位观察试验相同试验工艺的热膨胀试验。通过热膨胀试验发现,铌的添加增大过冷度,导致降低了珠光体相变温度区间,但是铌显著阻碍碳在奥氏体中的扩散系数,所以铌减慢珠光体长大速率。另外,铌减慢连续冷却条件下的珠光体相变动力学,推迟珠光体相变,从而降低珠光体相变速率,表明铌对珠光体长大的阻碍作用强于其对珠光体形核的促进作用。因此,在高碳钢中,铌元素的添加推迟珠光体相变。此外,铌的添加增大过冷度,使含铌高碳钢的珠光体片层细化,提高了含铌高碳钢的硬度,但在铌质量分数超过0.014%后,细化效果不再进一步增强。     

Effect of Niobium on Transformations From Austenite to Ferrite in Low Carbon Steels

Niobium has an important effect on the transformation behaviour,grain size refinement and precipitation strengthening during hot rolling and subsequent cooling in low carbon steels,with even a low content of niobium having a strong effect on the transformation rate from austenite to ferrite.However,the effects of niobium on transformation behaviour have not been fully characterised and understood to date.This paper examines in detail austenite grain growth as a function of austenitisation time in high strength low alloy (HSLA) steels with three different niobium contents,together with the effect of niobium on the isothermal transformation kinetics from austenite to ferrite as a function of temperature.It is shown that austenite has the slowest grain growth rate in the steel with the highest niobium content.When austenite grain sizes are consistent,the steel with the highest niobium content was found to have the slowest transformation rate from austenite to ferrite.     

铌微合金化抗震钢筋形变奥氏体连续冷却转变

 为了研究铌对高强抗震钢筋生产过程中组织转变的影响,通过热模拟试验对比研究了无铌碳素钢筋及铌微合金化钢筋(铌质量分数为0.03%)形变奥氏体在不同冷却速率下的组织和相变规律,获得动态CCT曲线。研究结果表明,添加0.03%铌使试验钢奥氏体连续冷却转变有明显变化。从连续冷却曲线(CCT)可看出,添加铌后,发生先共析铁素体、珠光体相变的冷却速度范围减小,铁素体、珠光体转变温度降低;贝氏体相变的冷却速度区间整体右移。添加铌能细化组织,各冷却速度下含铌钢的硬度均大于无铌钢。利用TEM对不同冷却速度下含铌钢中析出相进行观察,发现Nb(C,N)弥散分布于钢中,随着冷却速度的增加,析出的Nb(C,N)逐渐减少,析出相尺寸呈先减小后增大的规律,2 ℃/s冷却速度冷却得到的析出相尺寸细小且数量较多。     

稀土-低熔点合金复合变质处理对超高碳钢微观组织及力学性能的影响

采用自制的稀土-低熔点合金对一种含碳量为1.9%的超高碳钢进行了变质处理,通过OM,SEM,EDS,DSC研究了变质处理和热处理工艺对超高碳钢的微观组织和力学性能的影响.结果表明:超高碳钢经变质处理后,共晶碳化物断网,获得了不连续的块状碳化物,初生奥氏体晶粒明显细化;由于Ce2O2S的吉布斯自由能负值较大,其稳定性较高,因此,稀土元素与O,S在钢中最易形成的稀土氧硫化合物为Ce2O2S;同时稀土与低熔点合金元素的加入,是强烈促进珠光体的元素,具有稳定珠光体的作用,提高了奥氏体化温度;经淬火与低温回火后,获得了马氏体基体上分布着弥散均匀、细小的不连续断网碳化物,冲击韧性得到了明显提高,其ak值由5.8 J·cm-2增加到12.5 J·cm-2,且硬度值基本保持HRC=65,获得了良好的综合力学性能.