四氢呋喃-甲烷水合物稳定性的分子动力学模拟

目前对水合物稳定性的研究主要以实验为主,水合物的晶穴占有率和客体分子的比例难以人为控制,本文采用分子动力学(MD)模拟方法,在正则系综(NVT)模拟条件下,研究了温度为263.15K、273.15K及晶穴占有率为100%、66.7%、33.3%、0时,客体分子甲烷、四氢呋喃对Ⅱ型水合物稳定性的影响,发现较低的温度、较高的晶穴占有率和适宜的客体分子均有利于保持Ⅱ型水合物晶体结构的稳定;晶穴占有率对晶体稳定性的影响大于客体分子种类对晶体稳定性的影响;在一定范围内温度的变化对于已经处于稳定状态的晶体的稳定性影响不大;提出了提高天然气水合物稳定性、降低储存温度与压力的方法,为水合物法储存运输天然气提供参考。     

Ⅰ型甲烷水合物稳定性的分子动力学模拟

利用计算机模拟研究了CH4笼型水合物中的晶穴占有率对甲烷水合物稳定性的影响。模拟结果表明晶穴在部分被占有的情况下,水合物的笼型结构依然能够保持稳定,水合物的势能和压力与晶穴占有率有关,势能随着晶穴占有率的增大而减小,且表现为负值,压力则表现为正值,并且随着占有率的增大而减小,晶体结构被分解的情况除外,通过模拟结果与实验结果的比较,最后推断出最有可能稳定存在的是晶穴被全部占有时的水合物。     

离子液体与PVP K90复合抑制剂对甲烷水合物的生成影响

注入抑制剂是油气行业解决管道输送过程因水合物生成而引发的堵塞问题最常用的方法。但现有大多数动力学抑制剂(KHIs)存在抑制性能不足、高过冷度条件下会失效等问题,可应用场合大大受限。离子液体作为绿色溶剂对甲烷水合物具有良好的热力学抑制作用。为改进KHIs的性能,提出将离子液体与KHIs复合。本文实验考察8.0 K过冷度、两种浓度下[1.0%(质量)、2.0%(质量)]离子液体N-丁基-N-甲基吡咯烷四氟硼酸盐([BMP][BF4])、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮(PVP K90)以及二者复配构成的复合型抑制剂对甲烷水合物抑制规律,得到了最佳组分配比。利用粉末X射线衍射(PXRD)和低温激光拉曼光谱测量了不同抑制剂体系中形成的甲烷水合物晶体微观结构和晶穴占有率,发现添加抑制剂不会改变sI型甲烷水合物晶体结构,但会影响水合物晶体的大、小笼占有率和水合数。结合宏观动力学实验和微观结构测试结果,揭示离子液体与PVP K90复合抑制剂的抑制机理。     

H型气体水合物稳定性的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学方法,模拟了晶穴占有和温度变化对H型气体水合物稳定性的影响。通过考察模拟过程中最终构象、径向分布函数等分子微观特征,分析晶穴占有和温度变化对H型水合物晶体结构稳定性的影响。模拟结果表明晶穴填充物对H型水合物晶体结构稳定性具有重要作用,而温度对其稳定性的影响则相对较小。     

CH_4-CO_2气体水合物分解的分子动力学模拟

本文采用分子动力学方法,构建水合物晶体-液态水模型,研究270K下CO_2晶穴占有率θ=87.5%,75%的CH_4-CO_2混合气体水合物的微观分解过程。结果表明,在相同的温度下,相比θ=75%的水合物,θ=87.5%的混合气体水合物更容易分解;混合气体水合物的分解是由外及内逐层进行,并且分解过程对大、小晶穴不具选择性。     

SDS对甲烷水合物生成动力学和微观结构的影响

表面活性剂是促进水合物生成的有效手段之一。在高压反应釜中研究了十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)对水合物生成过程的动力学影响,利用XRD和拉曼光谱探究了SDS存在条件下水合物的微观结构。宏观结果表明SDS缩短了诱导时间,加快了水合物生长速率。微观结果表明SDS没有影响s I型水合物的晶型结构,晶面间距与理想s I型水合物及纯水甲烷对比误差在千分之几。水合物中甲烷在大笼小笼中的拉曼位移分别为2904和2915 cm-1,SDS没有改变大笼小笼结构。大笼绝对占有率(?L)接近饱和时,SDS可以进一步提高小笼绝对占有率(?S),从微观角度证明了SDS可以减少水合数,提高储气率。     

SDS对甲烷水合物生成动力学和微观结构的影响

表面活性剂是促进水合物生成的有效手段之一。在高压反应釜中研究了十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）对水合物生成过程的动力学影响,利用XRD和拉曼光谱探究了SDS存在条件下水合物的微观结构。宏观结果表明SDS缩短了诱导时间,加快了水合物生长速率。微观结果表明SDS没有影响sI型水合物的晶型结构,晶面间距与理想sI型水合物及纯水甲烷对比误差在千分之几。水合物中甲烷在大笼小笼中的拉曼位移分别为2904和2915 cm^-1,SDS没有改变大笼小笼结构。大笼绝对占有率（q_L）接近饱和时,SDS可以进一步提高小笼绝对占有率（q_S）,从微观角度证明了SDS可以减少水合数,提高储气率。     

烃类水合物导热特性的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学模拟方法Green-Kubo理论计算了263.15 K、3 MPa,sⅠ乙烷水合物、乙烯水合物的导热,给出密度和热导率值。从主客体分子和晶体结构（致密性、规整程度）对导热的影响等角度研究了烃类水合物（甲烷水合物、乙烷水合物、乙烯水合物）导热的特性。结果显示化学性质相似、分子量相差不大的烃类形成的水合物,其导热具有相似的温度压力依赖关系和晶体结构相关关系。对于sⅠ型水合物,水分子对水合物导热的影响远远超过客体分子对导热的影响。水合物的分子量越大,水合物密度越大,热导率越大。水合物晶体越致密、晶格越规整,热导率越大。     

烃类水合物导热特性的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学模拟方法 Green-Kubo理论计算了263.15 K、3 MPa,sⅠ乙烷水合物、乙烯水合物的导热,给出密度和热导率值。从主客体分子和晶体结构(致密性、规整程度)对导热的影响等角度研究了烃类水合物(甲烷水合物、乙烷水合物、乙烯水合物)导热的特性。结果显示化学性质相似、分子量相差不大的烃类形成的水合物,其导热具有相似的温度压力依赖关系和晶体结构相关关系。对于sⅠ型水合物,水分子对水合物导热的影响远远超过客体分子对导热的影响。水合物的分子量越大,水合物密度越大,热导率越大。水合物晶体越致密、晶格越规整,热导率越大。     

甲烷水合物在纯水中的生成动力学

引言一些低分子量气体,如石油和天然气中C_1～C_4轻烃、氮气、硫化氢、二氧化碳和惰性气体等,在一定压力和温度的条件下可与水形成一类笼形结构的冰状晶体,即所谓的气体水合物．气体水合物是一类较为特殊的包络化合物：主体水分子通过氢键相互结合形成一种内含空隙的笼形框架,客体分子则被笼罩于这些空隙中．主、客体分子之间的作用力为vanderWaals力．水合物晶体最为常见的两种结构分别称为结构I（体心立方构型）和结构Ⅱ（金刚石构型）．甲烷和水形成结构I水合物．文献阐述了开展水合物生成动力学研究的重要意义．但由于水合物生成…     

甲烷水合物声子导热及量子修正

采用平衡分子动力学方法模拟了甲烷水合物的导热,给出了30～150 K甲烷水合物的热导率。采用量子修正对分子模拟结果进行处理,可以得到更接近实验值的结果。当模拟温度低于德拜温度时,量子效应对分子模拟结果的影响较大。通过对热流自相关函数拟合得到了声学声子和光学声子的弛豫时间。结果显示,声子弛豫时间随温度增加逐渐减小,声学声子导热在水合物的导热中比重最大。随着碳氧原子之间相互作用力的增加,碳氧原子之间振动的耦合程度增加,甲烷水合物的热导率增加。     

Spectroscopic observation of H<Subscript>2</Subscript> migration in structure-I clathrate hydrate

We demonstrate the spectroscopic observation of H₂ migration in the binary structure-I (sI) clathrate hydrate. The H₂ molecules captured into sI small cage (sI-S) at lower temperature migrate to sI large cage (sI-L) through shared pentagonal face of 5¹²6² cage. The hexagonal faces of 5¹²6² cage provide the windows essential for creating continuous diffusion paths for H₂ molecules. It is essential to realize that the vacant channels formed by the linkage of specific cages can play an important role in guest diffusion pathways and occupancy occurring in a complex clathrate hydrate matrix.     

基于TDTR技术水合物热导率测量方法

四氢呋喃水合物（THF）是典形的笼形水合物,目前有关其热导率的报道较少,且都存在测量样品不是单一相、测量过程水合物发生分解等问题。采用基于飞秒脉冲激光的时域热反射法（TDTR）测量THF热导率。根据样品常温下是流体的特点,设计了可同时适用样品制备及TDTR测量的温控台,实现THF热导率非接触原位测量。获得THF热导率为0.6 W/(m?K),Al/THF界面热导为90.3 MW/(m²?K)。该实验结果有助于理解并完善固体水合物微观导热机理,明晰水分子笼子和客体分子的耦合关系。     

Characterization of gas hydrates with PXRD, DSC, NMR, and Raman spectroscopy

Structure I (sI) and H (sH) hydrates containing methane were synthesized and characterized with PXRD, DSC, NMR, and Raman spectroscopy. Three well-known large molecule guest substances (LMGSs) were selected as sH hydrate formers: 2,2-dimetylbutane (NH), methylcyclohexane (MCH), and tert-butyl methyl ether (TBME). The solid phase analysis confirmed the presence of sH hydrate whenever a LMGS was present. The presence of a non-hydrate former (n-heptane) did not affect the methane hydrate structure or cage occupancies. Ice to hydrate conversion was limited when the LMGS amount was less than stoichiometric and synthesized at low methane pressure, but nearly complete conversion was achieved with temperature ramping and excess LMGS. The methane occupancies were found to depend on the type of LMGS and increased with pressure. The hydrate with TBME was found to have the smallest methane content followed by the hydrates with NH and MCH. Both NMR and Raman identified methane and LMGS signals from the hydrate phase, however, the cage occupancy values of sH hydrate can only be obtained from NMR spectroscopy. The hydrate structures, ice to hydrate conversion, gas content in hydrate and cage occupancy from the various measurements are consistent with each other.     

Spectroscopic evidences of the double hydrogen hydrates stabilized with ethane and propane

Hydrogen molecules are known to occupy the small cages of structure I (sI) and II (sII) hydrates with the aid of coguests, leading to the highly stable state of their crystalline framework. For the first time, we synthesized the double hydrogen hydrates incorporated with ethane and propane that play a special role as the hydrate promoters or stabilizers. The resulting hydrate structures cage occupancy was identified by the spectroscopic methods of the PXRD and solid-state NMR. In addition, direct GC analysis confirmed that the encaged hydrogen amounts are 0.127 for sI ethane and 0.370 for sII propane at 120 bar and 270 K. The proper hydrate thermodynamics particularly focusing on the cage occupancy estimated that 0.17 and 0.33 wt% of hydrogen are observed in small cages of sI and sII hydrates. The overall spectroscopic and physicochemical analysis strongly imply that the sII cages act as much more favorable sites than sI cages in storing hydrogen.     

Gauche conformation of acyclic guest molecules appearing in the large cages of structure-H clathrate hydrates

In the present study, measurements and analyses were made of the High-Power Decoupling (HPDEC) solid-state ¹³C NMR spectra of structure-H (sH) methane hydrates with isopentane, one of the simplest and smallest acyclic large guest molecules, and methylcyclohexane (MCH), a commonly used cyclic guest molecule that is larger than isopentane. From the spectroscopic information, clear and definite evidence for the molecular conformation of acyclic guest molecules that are sufficiently small so as to be entrapped into the structure-H large cage (sH-L) was expected. The ¹³C NMR chemical shift change was additionally checked through the use of a hydrogen-hydrogen steric perturbation model. From the overall results, we concluded that one of the smallest acyclic guest molecules, isopentane, participating in the formation of a structure-H clathrate hydrate is encaged, confirming the gauche conformation in large cavities. The present results strongly suggest that the guest position and structure in hydrate cages are greatly influenced by both short-range interactions between guest molecules and cage frameworks and long-range interactions between small and large guests. Accordingly, cage dynamics must be carefully considered when a specific sH hydrate is designed and synthesized for the purpose of tuning material properties.     

Compositional and structural identification of natural gas hydrates collected at site 1249 on ocean drilling program leg 204

In contrast to the structural studies of laboratory-grown gas hydrate, this study has been performed on naturally grown clathrate hydrates from the sea floor. The PXRD pattern of natural gas hydrate shows that the sample had a structure I hydrate. The¹³C NMR spectrum was obtained for the natural gas hydrate sample in order to identify the cage occupancy of guest molecules and determine the hydration number. The NMR spectrum reveal that the natural gas hydrates used in this study contain only methane with no noticeable amount of other hydrocarbons. The existence of two peaks at different chemical shifts indicates that methane molecules are encapsulated in both large and small cages. In addition, Raman spectroscopic analysis is also carried out to identify natural hydrates and compared with the NMR results. Investigating the composition and structure of natural gas hydrates is essential for applying natural gas hydrates as a novel energy source.     

Structure identification of binary 1-propanol+methane hydrate using neutron powder diffraction

Alcohols are frequently used in hydrate communities as thermodynamic hydrate inhibitors, but some alcohol molecules are also known to be hydrate formers with a help gas. In this study, the crystal structures of binary 1-propanol+methane hydrates at various temperatures were identified using neutron powder diffraction analysis with Rietveld refinement. Characteristic behaviors of the guest molecules in the hydrate structure were also analyzed to verify possible host-guest interactions from the refinement results. The results showed that the thermal factors of host water and guest methane increased continuously as the temperature increased. However, the isotropic thermal factors (B values) of 1-propanol were abnormally high compared to those of methane in the small cages of structure II (sII) hydrates, which could be because the 1-propanol molecules were off-centered in the large cages of sII hydrates. This implies that hydrogen bonding interactions between host and guest molecules can occur in the large cages of sII hydrates. The present findings may lead to a better understanding of the nature of guest-host interactions that occur in alcohol hydrates.     

13C NMR analysis and gas uptake measurements of pure and mixed gas hydrates: Development of natural gas transport and storage method using gas hydrate

¹³C NMR spectra were obtained for pure CH₄, mixed CH₄+THF, and mixed CH₄+Neohexane hydrates in order to identify hydrate structure and cage occupancy of guest molecules. In contrast to the pure CH₄ hydrates, the NMR spectra of the mixed CH₄+THF hydrate verified that methane molecules could occupy only the small portion of 5¹² cages because the addition of THF, water-soluble guest component, to aqueous solution prevents the complete filling of methane molecules into small cages. Furthermore, from these NMR results one important conclusion can be made that methane molecules can’t be enclathrated at all in the large 5¹²6⁴ cages of structure II. In addition, gas uptake measurements were carried out to determine methane amount consumed during pure and mixed hydrate formation process. The moles of methane captured into pure CH₄ hydrate per mole of water were found to be similar to the full occupancy value, while the moles of methane captured into the mixed CH₄+THF hydrate per moles of water were much lower than the ideal value. The overall results drawn from this study can be usefully applied to storage and transportation of natural gas.