Cam Profile Grinding CNC System Based on Open Architecture

This paper studies some key technologies of CNC system for cam grinding. Themathematical motion model for cam grinding is established according to the harmony of re-ciprocating motion of the grinding wheel and the rotating motion of the woorkpiece. Themethod of using the linear servomotor to accomplish the grinding wheel tracking is devel-oped and the dynamic model of the system is analyzed. Then the cross-coupled biaxial errorcompensation model is proposed. Finally,the hardware and software of the control systemare designed based on open architecture. Some algorithms, such as spline fitting and inter-polation for cam contour, velocity control and feed control, are presented to improvegrinding precision.     

立式玻璃磨边机砂轮离心振动特性分析

针对立式玻璃磨边机砂轮架的结构特点,建立其动力学模型及系统运动微分方程,导出砂轮离心力作用下砂轮架与砂轮振动的稳态响应幅值及其动力放大因子β1、β2的理论计算公式,着重分析砂轮离心力激振下砂轮架及砂轮的振动特性及规律,结果表明：β1、β2的大小和砂轮与砂轮架的质量之比µ、固有频率之比α,砂轮角频率与固有频率之比λ,阻尼比ξ等因素有关;合理选择µ、α、ξ值,可使砂轮与砂轮架具有相同且较小的动力放大因子;避免砂轮工作在λ=0.9~1.1对应的转速范围内,可有效减轻砂轮架及砂轮的振动程度。研究结果突破了现有研究将砂轮轴刚性化处理、试验测试装备复杂等缺陷,具有物理概念清晰、计算简单等特点。     

机电复合凸轮机构的运动规律

目的提出机电复合凸轮机构,即将电凸轮与机械凸轮串行联接,通过改变电凸轮输出,达到使机械凸轮输入轴可控的目的。方法采用构建复合机构运动规律参数化模型的方法,对从动件运动规律进行研究。通过Matlab人机交互界面使凸轮输入轴的可控实现可视化。结果将电凸轮与机械凸轮有效结合,得出了机电复合凸轮机构的运动规律曲线。结论实现了凸轮输入轴速度阶段性大小、方向的变化和启停。在保持原有凸轮廓线不变的基础上,实现了个性化生产,从动件运动曲线由单一化变为多元化。     

旋转超声内圆磨削砂轮变幅器的设计与试验研究

砂轮变幅器是旋转超声内圆磨削谐振系统的关键部件,其设计质量直接影响超声磨削的工艺效果。但目前内圆磨削砂轮变幅器缺乏较为完善的理论分析模型。为提高砂轮变幅器理论分析模型的通用性,基于非谐振设计理论建立了纵向谐振砂轮变幅器的理论分析模型,并利用砂轮变幅器各振动单元间的力、位移连续条件与边界条件推导了其频率方程。然后,针对频率方程进行编程求解,并通过ANSYS有限元仿真分析进行验证。最后,加工制作了纵向谐振砂轮变幅器,并开展阻抗特性分析试验、超声谐振试验和振动位移测量试验,分析了其谐振特性。试验结果表明,所研制的砂轮变幅器的谐振试验频率与理论设计频率一致,其输出端振动位移的试验值与仿真值的相对误差为7.83%,符合旋转超声内圆磨削的要求,验证了理论分析模型求解的正确性。研究结果为旋转超声内圆磨削砂轮变幅器的设计提供了便捷且有效的方法。     

超精密磨削大型光学非球面元件的研究

介绍了加工大型光学非球面的超精密数控磨削系统，给出了用来生成NC加工软件的加工非球面时砂轮的中心位置的求解模型，在此基础上讨论并给出了由砂轮安装产生的砂轮与工件主轴的偏心误差形成的加工工件面形误差的计算模型，并提出有效的工具路径补偿方法。通过计算机模拟验证了这种补偿方法的可靠性。     

Controlled wear of vitrified abrasive materials for precision grinding applications

The study of bonding hard materials such as aluminium oxide and cubic boron nitride (cBN) and the nature of interfacial cohesion between these materials and glass is very important from the perspective of high precision grinding. Vitrified grinding wheels are typically used to remove large volumes of metal and to produce components with very high tolerances. It is expected that the same grinding wheel is used for both rough and finish machining operations. Therefore, the grinding wheel, and in particular its bonding system, is expected to react differently to a variety of machining operations. In order to maintain the integrity of the grinding wheel, the bonding system that is used to hold abrasive grains in place reacts differently to forces that are placed on individual bonding bridges. This paper examines the role of vitrification heat treatment on the development of strength between abrasive grains and bonding bridges, and the nature of fracture and wear in vitrified grinding wheels that are used for precision grinding applications.     

先进陶瓷材料超声振动铣磨加工表面粗糙度仿真及实验(英文)

为了对超声振动铣磨加工先进陶瓷的表面粗糙度进行预测,建立了加工表面形貌的仿真模型.通过实验测得砂轮表面形貌和磨粒突出高度信息,并对这些信息进行Kolmogorov-Smirnov正态验证,发现砂轮表面形貌不服从高斯分布.对非高斯分布的数据进行Johnson变换,建立砂轮形貌的数值模型.结合砂轮表面形貌和磨粒与工件的相对运动分析,提出了一种表面轮廓搜索方法,进而生成了加工表面的三维形貌.最后,在DMG ULTRASONIC 70-5 linear机床上进行切削实验,对仿真结果进行了验证,结果表明仿真与实验结果具有较好的一致性,并对仿真误差产生的原因进行了分析.     

基于电子凸轮飞剪的枕式包装机控制系统设计

目的 为了丰富枕式包装机的包装种类,提高其包装精度和包装效率,对现有机器中电子凸轮飞剪算法进行改进。方法 根据枕式包装机的工艺流程,建立电子凸轮飞剪的数学模型,设计五次多项式运动控制算法,实现送料轴、送膜轴、切刀轴的协调同步运行,然后进行控制系统的设计。结果 通过测试结果可以看出,随着包装速度的增加和包装长度的减少,包装的合格率会有所降低,但五次多项式规划设计的电子凸轮曲线具有良好的连续性和柔性,避免了刚性冲击和机械振动,在包装允许的误差±1 mm的范围内,包装合格率始终为100%,有效提高了控制精度。结论 设计的电子凸轮曲线完全满足生产工艺要求,实际测试证实了基于电子凸轮飞剪的控制系统的可靠性与稳定性,也证实了运动控制算法的优越性。     

Continuous generating grinding method for beveloid gears and analysis of grinding characteristics

Continuous generating grinding has become an important gear processing method owing to its high efficiency and precision. In this study, an adaptive design model is proposed for the continuous generation of beveloid gears in common gear grinding machines. Based on this model, a method for determining the installation position and grinding kinematics is developed alongside an analytical meshing model for grinding contact trace and derivation of key grinding parameters. By combining these aspects, a general mathematical model for the continuous generation of beveloid gears is presented, comprising the entire grinding process from worm wheel dressing to the evaluation of grinding deviation. The effects of the worm and dressing wheel parameters on the grinding deviation were analysed, facilitating the development of an approach to improve the grinding accuracy. The presented procedure represents a novel design method for the continuous generation of beveloid gears in common gear grinding machines, facilitating the appropriate selection of worm and dressing wheel parameters.The full text can be downloaded at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40436-022-00388-z     

Microscale wear of vitrified abrasive materials

The study of bonding hard materials such as aluminium oxide and cubic boron nitride (cBN) and the nature of interfacial cohesion between these materials and glass is very important from the perspective of high precision grinding. Vitrified grinding wheels are typically used to remove large volumes of metal and to produce components with very high tolerances. It is expected that the same grinding wheel be used for both rough and finish machining operations. Therefore, the grinding wheel, and in particular its bonding system, is expected to react differently to a variety of machining operations. In order to maintain the integrity of the grinding wheel, the bonding system that is used to hold abrasive grains in place will react differently to forces that are placed on individual bonding bridges. This paper examines the role of vitrification heat treatment on the development of strength between abrasive grains and bonding bridges, and the nature of fracture and wear in vitrified grinding wheels that are used for precision grinding applications.     

基于梯形模糊数的数控磨床砂轮架系统故障树分析

数控磨床砂轮架系统故障树分析中的一大难点是确定基本事件的发生概率,基本事件的发生情况存在模糊性且由于时间和成本的限制往往无法通过实验获得足够的可靠性数据。为了解决这一问题,引入模糊集合论,用梯形模糊数来描述故障树分析中的基本事件和顶事件的发生概率。首先对数控磨床砂轮架系统的结构层次进行分析,建立砂轮架系统的故障树。然后以砂轮架系统主轴振动异响为例进行模糊故障树分析,求解顶事件发生概率的梯形模糊数;并类比传统故障树分析中"临界重要度"的概念,定义适用于模糊故障树分析的"模糊临界重要度"。最后根据求解的模糊临界重要度对基本事件进行排序,确定危害程度较高的基本事件,结果与企业的实际情况相符合。结果表明该方法能够有效解决数控磨床故障树分析中基本事件难于准确赋值的问题,为企业提高机械系统的可靠性提供了一种定量依据。     

成形磨砂轮圆弧廓形关键参数在位检测方法及试验研究

针对成形磨砂轮精密磨削加工中准确高效地检测砂轮形状精度的需求,提出砂轮廓形参数在位检测新方法.首先采用线状激光位移传感器采集砂轮表面微观形貌数据,构建测量矩阵模型,再通过滤波去噪、宏观轮廓线提取、非线性曲线拟合等算法分析处理出砂轮廓形曲率半径和圆度误差检测指标.通过磨削验证试验分析和检测不确定度评定,证明该方法稳定可靠...     

Simulation of cylindrical plunge grinding based on the behaviour of cutting edge wear

In cylindrical plunge grinding, a series of workpieces are ground successively without intermediate dressing of the wheel. Through the grinding, the wheel characteristic is continuously changed by the wear, fracture and new exposure of abrasive grains, having a profound effect on the grains on wheel surfaces in the cylindrical grinding process are developed to make it possible to describe the time dependent results of grinding and to establish the grinding operation standards capable of estimating grinding wheel performance and selecting grinding conditions, in which many parameters in actual grinding operations are considered. This simulation system can display its results in graphical form including the time dependent results and the effects of various parameters as well as optimization capabilities. This simulation has the same effects as many grinding experiments, and capable of selecting the optimum grinding wheels and conditions.     

硅晶圆磨削减薄工艺的磨削力模型

硅晶圆磨削减薄是一种有别于传统磨削的材料加工方式。磨削减薄过程中,硅晶圆和砂轮同时绕旋转轴旋转,砂轮沿垂直方向连续进给去除材料,其中磨削力是磨削质量的决定性因素。目前,尚缺少一个用于硅晶圆磨削减薄工艺的磨削力预测模型。为了得到磨削力模型,分析了磨削减薄过程中的硅晶圆材料去除机理,将磨削力分为摩擦力和切屑力,考虑了磨粒运动轨迹,分别计算了单颗磨粒在法向和切向上的摩擦力和切屑力,最后基于有效磨粒总数建立了总磨削力模型。模型综合考虑了磨削参数、砂轮和硅晶圆的几何参数和材料性质对磨削力的影响。讨论了砂轮进给速度、晶圆转速和砂轮转速三个主要磨削参数对磨削力的影响,讨论了硅晶圆上晶向对磨削力的影响,给出了磨削力在硅晶圆面上沿径向的分布情况。     

弧面凸轮分度机构设计及建模方法研究

利用D-H坐标系建立弧面凸轮的轮廓方程和共轭接触线方程。充分利用球形滚子的几何特征,先绘制中心轨迹线,然后通过Pro/E软件建立弧面凸轮的三维实体模型,从而为实现弧面凸轮的数控加工、该机构的动力学分析和运动仿真等奠定了基础。     

New Vitrified Bond Diamond Grinding Wheel for Grinding the Cylinder of Polycrystalline Diamond Compacts

In this work, a kind of new vitrified bond based on Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2 glass ceramics was used to bond the diamond grains, which is made into grinding wheel and the cylindrical grinding process of polycrystalline diamond compacts （PDCs） by using the new vitrified bond diamond grinding wheel was discussed. Several factors which influence the properties of grinding wheel such as amount of vitrified bond and the kinds and amount of stuff in grinding wheel were also investigated. It was found that the new vitrified bond can firmly combine diamond grains, when there are only diamonds and vitrified bond in the structure of grinding wheel, the longevity of the grinding wheel is about 2.5-3 times as that of resin bond grinding wheel for processing PDCs. The grinding size precision of PDCs can be improved from 4-0.03 mm to 4-0.01 mm because of larger Young＇s modulus of vitrified bond than resin bond. The grinding time of a PDC product can be 1.75-2.0 min from 3.25-3.5 min, so this kind of grinding wheel can save much time for processing PDCs. Also, there is hardly noise when using this new vitrified bond diamond grinding wheel to process PDCs. The amount of vitrified bond in grinding wheel influences the longevity of grinding wheel. When the size of diamond grains is 90-107 μm, the optimal amount of vitrified bond in grinding wheel is 21% （wt pct）. When the amount of vitrified bond exceeds 21%, there are many pores in grinding block, which will decrease the longevity of grinding wheel. The existence of addition stuff such as Al2O3 or SiC can reduce the longevity of grinding wheel.     

Study into grinding force in back grinding of wafer with outer rim

Back grinding of wafer with outer rim (BGWOR) is a new method for carrier-less thinning of silicon wafers. At present, the effects of process parameters on the grinding force remain debatable. Therefore, a BGWOR normal grinding force model based on grain depth-of-cut was established, and the relationship between grinding parameters (wheel infeed rate, wheel rotational speed, and chuck rotational speed) and normal grinding force was discussed. Further, a series of experiments were performed to verify the BGWOR normal grinding force model. This study proves that the BGWOR normal grinding force is related to the rotational direction of the wheel and chuck, and the effect of grinding mark density on the BGWOR normal grinding force cannot be ignored. Moreover, this study provides methods for reducing the grinding force and optimizing the back thinning process of the silicon wafer.The full text can be downloaded at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40436-020-00316-z     

一种高速药卷堆码装置推送机构的研究

利用摇杆的预定急回运动设计了曲柄摇杆滑块机构。采用计算机软件生成凸轮模型,并对凸轮机构进行运动分析,得出摆动从动件凸轮机构在运动过程中的速度与加速度曲线,通过正确选择凸轮从动件运动规律,来减小推药过程中推药板对药组的冲击力,实现柔性推送药卷的目的。整个机构以2 s为一个周期,停歇1 s,推送的进程和回程在1 s内完成。     

磁流变阻尼器控制砂轮振动实验

砂轮振动是磨床磨削过程中产生工件加工表面振纹,影响加工质量的重要因素。针对砂轮不平衡引起主轴振动,搭建砂轮振动控制实验台,模拟磨床工作状态。在砂轮主轴上安装磁流变阻尼器,实验研究阻尼器对砂轮振动控制影响规律。结果表明,在砂轮机工作转速下,阻尼器通入电流,砂轮主轴振动峰峰值及转频振动幅值均有明显下降,降幅随电流增大而增大。通过分析时域及频域波形,可知阻尼器能有效抑制砂轮主轴振动,使砂轮振动保持在较低水平。     

基于PLC与伺服的枕式包装机电子凸轮特性设计

目的分析枕式包装机横封旋转轴的运动特点和规律,提出一种基于PLC、伺服放大器和伺服电机的电子凸轮系统,用于代替现有凸轮机械结构。方法研究枕式包装机横封轴的机械结构和运动轨迹,采用物理建模法建立运动模型,重点论述电子凸轮的运动过程、模型建立和关键参数的求取。结果与传统高阶次数学模型相比,该模型简单且易于编程实现,同时提高了横封旋转轴运动过程中不同时间点速度的可控性,实现了柔性变速旋转。结论解决了因机械凸轮长期磨损造成精度损失而导致裁剪效果、包装精度变差等问题,从而提高了包装精度,增加了横封切刀的寿命,减小了设备机械振动。