树脂型固体酸催化水解稻草秸秆的新工艺研究

对利用树脂型固体酸催化剂催化水解稻草秸秆制备可溶性糖工艺进行了研究,单因素考察了固固比、固液比、反应温度、反应时间、秸秆目数对秸秆水解产率的影响。研究结果表明:秸秆粉碎至100目,常压下固液比(反应体系中固形物与液体质量比)为1∶10、固固比(树脂型固体酸与秸秆质量比)为1∶1、反应温度100℃、反应时间15 h为最适反应条件,在该条件下树脂型固体酸催化水解稻草秸秆反应的水解产率为32.5%。该新工艺为稻草秸秆的水解利用开辟了一条绿色环保的新途径。     

超临界水非催化稻草秸秆一步法制备还原糖的研究

超临界水非催化稻草秸秆一步法制备还原糖是一种新型的燃料酒精制备方法。采用自制超临界水的间歇反应器,在设定反应时间内,通过锡浴加热使反应体系达到超/近临界状态。稻草秸秆经处理后,由冷水急冷终止反应。结果表明在反应温度 350℃、反应压力 16 MPa、处理时间 25 s、固液比为1:15且稻草秸秆未经任何预处理的条件下,还原糖收率达到最大值 28.81%;此外,稻草秸秆使用超临界水一步法水解比用碱液处理后再进行超临界水解更利于其转化为还原糖。     

预处理蔗渣纤维素水解糖化研究

采用两段稀酸水解法对用质量分数为5%氢氧化钠溶液预处理后的蔗渣进行了水解糖化研究,考察了液固比、硫酸体积分数、反应时间及催化剂硫酸亚铁对葡萄糖得率及纤维素水解率的影响。结果表明:第一段主要是半纤维素水解,以及少量纤维素水解,最优条件为液固比10 mL/g,硫酸体积分数3%,在121℃下反应3 h,葡萄糖得率为22.16%,纤维素水解率为25.98%;对残渣继续第二段水解,最优条件为液固比8 mL/g,硫酸体积分数为8%,硫酸亚铁质量分数1%,在121℃下反应5.5 h,葡萄糖得率为41.05%,纤维素水解率为56.36%;采用两段稀酸水解法水解蔗渣,葡萄糖总得率为52.68%,纤维素总水解率为67.70%。     

木薯秸秆木质纤维素的预处理研究

对木薯秸秆稀酸预处理条件进行了优化研究.考察了液固比、反应温度、盐酸体积分数、反应时间对水解液还原糖浓度的影响.结果表明,在液固比为40:1、反应温度为100℃、盐酸体积分数为3%、反应时间为5 h的优化条件下,水解液中还原糖浓度达9.35 g·L-1.     

混酸水解纤维素的工艺研究

研究了盐酸质量分数、液固比、温度和时间对纤维素水解的影响,并对水解工艺条件进行优化。实验结果表明,水解的最佳工艺条件为:盐酸在混酸中的质量分数为4%,混酸与纤维素液固比为24∶1(g/g),反应温度65℃,反应时间8 h。在此条件下,总还原糖得率为25%,葡萄糖得率为16.7%,纤维低聚糖的得率为8.3%。     

木糖渣稀酸水解制取还原糖条件的研究

在高温条件下通过对木糖渣稀硫酸水解的研究,探讨了影响水解还原糖产率的因素如固液比、硫酸浓度、时间和温度,得到了水解还原糖的较优条件是固液比为1：15（质量体积比）,硫酸浓度为8%,反应温度为120℃,反应时间为120min。在此条件下,得到还原糖产率为45.6%。证明通过稀酸水解处理木糖渣是一条重要和环境友好型的途径。     

微波辐射对硫酸催化稻草水解的促进作用

研究了微波辐射对硫酸催化稻草水解的促进作用.考察了微波辐射功率、辐射时间、硫酸质量分数及每升硫酸溶液中稻草添加量对还原糖得率的影响.与常规酸水解比较,微波辐射可显著加快水解速率,缩短糖化时间.采用正交试验法对微波辐射下稻草硫酸水解条件进行了优化,最佳条件为:微波功率280 W,辐射时间30 min,硫酸质量分数25%,每升硫酸溶液中稻草添加量30 g,还原糖得率达到26.5%.     

以秸秆为原料制备低聚木糖工艺研究

研究了稻草粉经氯化钠预处理后加氧氧化钠高温蒸煮提取木聚糖,然后再加酶水解生产低聚木糖的工艺路线.稻草粉在质量分数为2.5%的NaCl溶液中浸泡12 h后,滤去浸泡液,然后采用固液比1∶10、120℃、120 min的蒸煮条件进行蒸煮.结果表明,木聚糖的提取得率达29.05%(按稻草粉中木聚糖计),用底物质量分数为3%的木聚糖,加入木聚糖酶液,水解温度80℃,反应时间5 h,最后测得还原糖总质量浓度可达3.54g/L.     

杨木屑硫酸水解的研究

对杨木屑分别进行浓硫酸和稀硫酸水解,稀硫酸水解时水解温度为200℃,硫酸质量分数为2.5%时,得糖率最高为64.5%;浓硫酸水解时水解温度为60℃,硫酸质量分数为70%,得糖率可达到96.4%。采用低酸固比硫酸水解杨木屑,考察水解温度、时间及二次水解时间对得糖率的影响,结果表明:较好的条件是水解温度95℃,时间0.5h,二次水解时间2h,得糖率可达到61.9%。此方法与浓硫酸、稀硫酸水解相比较,耗酸量少,反应条件较温和,能取得较好的水解效果。     

稻草酸水解制备乙酰丙酸的研究

以稻草为原料,高压酸水解法制备乙酰丙酸,采用气相色谱法测定水解液中乙酰丙酸的含量,考察了反应温度、反应时间、固液比和硫酸质量分数对乙酰丙酸得率的影响,通过单因素试验确定了最佳水解条件。结果表明,在高压 1.6 MPa 条件下,反应温度 170℃,反应时间 60 min,固液比1:10,硫酸的质量分数为 5% 时,所制得乙酰丙酸得率为 24.35%,此条件下水解残渣中纤维素和多戊糖均已完全反应。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。