微波热解工艺参数影响气液产物组成的研究

针对生物质微波热解生物油产率低且含水量高,气体产物较为复杂的特点,通过实验对热解参数、堆积程度、传热介质3个方面进行考察研究。实验结果表明,在热解温度为600℃,预热温度为160℃,填充程度为100%的条件下得生物油最大产率为51.12%,生物炭产率为26.56%,合成气产率为22.32%;生物油以酚类化合物和呋喃类化合物为主,合成气以CO,H2,CH4,CO2,C2～C4小分子气体为主。     

玉米秸和稻壳热解产物的分布规律

研究了玉米秸和稻壳热解产物在不同反应温度和停留时间下的分布规律.试验结果表明,400℃时热解产物中液体质量分数接近50%;随着反应温度升高,大分子的碳氢化合物逐步裂解,气态产物逐渐增多,800℃时气体产物质量分数超过了55%.反应温度对热解产物的分布具有显著影响,而停留时间影响较小.随着反应温度升高,H2含量明显增加,CO和CO2含量明显降低,CH4含量受温度的影响较小.当反应温度在400～500℃时,热解气体的低位热值在11～15 MJ/m3;反应温度超过500℃时,气体热值在15～16.5 MJ/m3.     

烟煤煤焦的CO2气化反应

采用TG-FTIR方法,在反应温度为950～1300℃时,研究了几种典型煤种及其在高温下慢速和快速热解煤焦的CO2气化反应特性.对4种原煤及其1200℃快、慢速热解条件下煤焦气化产物CH4和CO进行了实时检测和分析.同时对煤焦的孔隙结构和化学组成进行了分析.结果表明,各种热解煤焦的反应速率随气化温度的升高而增大,当达到最大值后随温度的升高而下降;4种煤焦的活化能随热解和气化温度的升高而增大;煤焦气化过程释放CH4和CO的特性与原煤的趋势相似,但原煤热解气化过程中释放CH4的质量浓度比不同热解速率制得煤焦的热解气化释放CH4的质量浓度高出2个数量级,快焦相比慢焦释放出更高质量浓度的CH4;各种煤焦的BET比表面积都较小(除神府慢焦外都小于2 ㎡/g);快焦的气化活性比慢焦的好.     

花生壳和松木屑固定床低温热解特性的实验研究

分别以花生壳和松木屑为原料在固定床上进行低温热解实验,探究热解温度对热解产物产率的影响。利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对热解所得生物油组分进行定性分析,并对生物油中的愈创木酚进行定量分析。结果表明:花生壳和松木屑热解过程中半焦的产率都随热解温度的升高而降低;生物油的产率都随热解温度的升高先升高后降低,且都在500℃达到最大值,最大产率分别为13.14%和20.41%;热解气体的产率都随热解温度的升高而升高。两种生物质热解生物油中各类组分的含量随热解温度的升高发生不同的变化,其中愈创木酚的含量都随热解温度的升高先升高后降低,并在400℃达到最大值。     

内循环串行流化床生物质催化热解试验研究

在处理量为0.2 kg/h的新型内循环串行流化床(IIFB)上进行了生物质催化热解制油的试验研究.以木屑为原料、石英砂为热载体,研究了在没有催化剂条件下反应温度对热解产物分布的影响;以HZSM-5催化剂与石英砂混合物为床料进行了催化热解试验,并对热解产物和反应后的催化剂进行了表征分析.结果表明:反应温度为515℃时,液体产物的收率最高.HZSM-5催化剂的加入促进了气体以及焦炭的生成,使液体产物的收率降低,且催化剂体积分数越大,影响越显著.催化荆表面的积炭经燃烧反应后被除去,催化剂的稳定性得到改善.热解不可冷凝气体的主要成分为CO和CO2,随着热解温度的升高,CO2产量下降,CO和CH4的产量增加.经HZSM-5催化热解后,生物油中的酸、醛和酮类物质含量明显减少,而小分子的烃类与酚类物质含量明显增加,表明催化剂具有明显的脱氧效果.     

热解温度对2种煤在流化床中热解产物的影响

利用小型流化床热解试验台,对比分析了小龙潭褐煤和李嘴孜烟煤在不同热解温度下的热解过程,获得了不同热解温度下热解产物产率和成分的变化规律.结果表明:与李嘴孜烟煤相比,煤化程度较低的小龙潭褐煤热解后产生的煤气产率较高,煤气中H2和CO2的体积分数较高,CH4的体积分数较低,焦油产率较低,焦油中烷烃类质量分数较高;当热解温度从500℃升高至700℃时,小龙潭褐煤和李嘴孜烟煤的煤气产率均明显升高,半焦产率有所降低;焦油和热解水产率随着温度的升高先升高后降低,在550~600℃内达到最大值;随着热解温度的升高,煤气中H2的体积分数明显升高,而CO2体积分数则有所降低,同时焦油中烷烃类质量分数降低,萘类芳烃类质量分数升高.     

油泥-煤混合燃料热解产物的研究

利用色谱分析技术对油泥-煤混合燃料热解产物的析出规律进行研究。研究表明油泥-煤混合燃料热解主要产物为H2、N2、CO2、CO、CH4、C2H6、C2H4、C3H8和C3H6。无机气体产量在热解温度900℃达到最大值,烃类气体产量在热解温度650℃达到最大值。热解产物产量在煤占混煤比例为40%时达到最大值。     

稻壳连续热解特性研究

在自行研制的生物质连续热解反应装置上进行稻壳连续热解和二次裂解实验研究。随着稻壳热解温度的提高,炭产率降低,气体产率增加,液体产率先增加后减少;随着滞留时间的减少,炭产率、液体产率增加,气体产率减少。稻壳热解气以CO2和CO为主,且二者为竞争关系,热解温度提高,CO2产量降低,CH4、H2、C2H4、C2H6产量增加,CO的产率变化不大;滞留时间对热解气组分影响不大。二次裂解温度提高,裂解气中的H2、CH4、C2H4含量明显增加,二次裂解温度为800℃时,H2产率达到12%。稻壳500℃热解挥发物600℃二次裂解木醋液中醋酸含量高达49.44%,焦油中检测到的物质主要为丙酮和异丙醇。     

废弃印刷线路板真空热解产物的研究

自行设计热解装置,对废弃印刷线路板进行了真空热解,并对热解产物进行了分析。在热解终温550℃,升温速率10℃/min的条件下,得到的热解产物中液、气体、固三种产物的质量分数分别为18.13%、8.5%以及73.37%。对热解液体进行常压蒸馏后进行气相色谱—质谱联用分析,发现热解油中主要成分为苯酚和4-异丙基苯酚,且主要分布于110~230℃的馏分中,而110~230℃的馏分可以占到热解液体产物的50%以上,热解液体中水分含量17.32%左右,同时检测到2-溴苯酚的存在。而热解气体产物通过气相色谱检测,发现主要成分为CH4、H2、CO、CO2等,其中CO2主要生成于反应的初期,随着热解温度的升高,CO2含量急剧下降,而CH4和H2的含量快速上升。热解气中可燃性高热值气体含量高,可以通过燃烧实现热量回收。     

稻壳热解气化特性的试验研究

以稻壳为试验原料,DHC-32为催化剂.高纯N2为载气,在管式炉中研究了热解温度和DHC-32催化剂对稻壳热解气化特性的影响.试验结果表明:稻壳热解气中H2,CO含量随热解温度升高而增加,CH4CO2含量随热解温度升高而呈下降趋势;添加DHC-32催化剂后,未改变H2,CO,CH4,CO2含量随热解温度的变化趋势,但对4种气体的相对含量有一定的影响;在试验温度范围内,添加10%DHC-32催化剂比3%DHC-32催化剂对稻壳热解气影响更大一些.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.