自力式油气水三相流气液分离装置的设计与实验

针对油井油气水三相流量测量难、测准更难这一实际问题,对溢气型集流伞的结构作了优化和改进,设计出一种自力式油气水三相流气液分离装置,装置上安装了涡轮流量计和电导持水率计,完成油气水产出剖面测井仪的研制。利用多相流测试系统对产出剖面测井仪进行了流量测量实验,实验结果表明,产出剖面测井仪能有效降低油井气相对油井液相流量和持水率测量的影响,可提高油田测量精度及采收率。     

基于X射线的三相流量计装置研究

三相流计量技术中γ射线吸收法在现有的技术中测量精度最高，但是受到国家环保政策限制没有在国内推广。近年来，随着X射线稳定性的提升，使得X射线作为γ射线的替代已经应用在很多工业测量中。本文介绍了一种基于X射线吸收法的三相流量计装置的方法研究。采用X射线双能法对液相的油水比例进行测量，利用超声波法计量气相的流量、科里奥力流量计测量液相流量，根据双能法的特点进行了防爆结构设计。经过实测，各项指标都已经达到了国内三相流量计的先进水平。     

油田多相流计量方法研究与探讨

分析了多相流分离计量和在线计量方法,总结了多相流计量的核心技术和研究进展,分析了弯管流量计测量油水和气水两相流实验数据,结果表明弯管测量油水两相流准确性较好,测量气水两相流误差较大.探讨了弯管流量计与密度计或与其它流量计配合的测量方案.     

密度对质量流量计测量原油含水率的影响

针对利用质量流量计测量原油含水率的过程中油水密度的问题，对其原理及影响测量精度的密度因素进行理论分析，并根据含水率监测误差发生的原因进行分析，总结质量流量计在原油含水监测中出现的误差的调整措施，为该型仪表在原油计量方面的应用做了进一步的探索。     

一种永置式石油生产地面多井组单井轮巡 三相流监测装置及应用研究

为了解决传统石油开发集中计量方式难以获取单口油井油气水三相流相关参数的难题,采用流体体积和有限元分析等方法在建立该测量装置的数值仿真模型基础上对其结构参数、气液分离效果等进行了深入研究与优化,从而确定了该监测装置的最优结构参数,并研制了可以在现有集中计量环境中长期、稳定与可靠使用的一种永置式石油生产多井组单井轮巡三相流监测装置。另外,还在搭建的永置式石油生产地面多井组单井轮巡三相流多参数监测平台上开展了实验研究,实验结果表明,所研制的装置在气、液相流量5～70 m³/d,液相持水率50%～90%等混合流体下持水率、气量测量误差均小于10%,流量测量误差小于4%。仿真和实验均证明了永置式监测装置具有良好的多分相测量性能。     

科氏流量计应用于气液两相流测量的实验研究

以空气-水为介质,对科氏流量计应用于气液两相流双参数测量进行了实验研究.实验过程中保持液相流量一定,通过加入不同体积分数的空气来分析含气率对科氏流量计测量精度的影响,采用Weisman垂直上升管气液两相流流型图与实验数据进行了比较.结合实验结果,初步归纳出含气量、流型和科氏流量计测量精度之间的关系,总结出液相中含气影响科氏流量计测量精度的主要因素及其影响规律,为进一步研究科氏流量计气液两相流测量误差修正提供了一种技术方法.     

燃料电池氢气加气机用超高压科里奥利流量计

液化石油气（LPG）和压缩天然气（CNG）用汽车加气（油）机的传统贸易计量仪表是容积式流量计。随着CNG用作汽车燃料日益增多和压力提高，CNG加气机用计量仪表品种已拓展到临界流文丘利喷喷（简称音速喷嘴）和科里奥利质最流量计（CMF），以克服容积式仪表天然气组分及其压缩系数变化和压力／温度修正计算误差增大的缺点．CMF和音速喷嘴则有较高计量精度。     

三维“Z”形声道气体超声流量计的试验研究

气体超声流量计用于城市燃气管线的用气计量己成为精确计量的趋势。为满足所需的计量精度和稳定性,流量计在设计时须考虑燃气在管道输送中不同雷诺数的流场下线速度的分布规律,设计合理的声道走向结构,减少紊流干扰造成流量计的测量不稳定性。研发了三维"Z"形声道的气体超声流量计,并对公称直径50 mm～200 mm的流量计进行试验,结果表明:三维"Z"形声道气体超声流量计能有效避开管线轴中心线上高流速区域,在流量范围内,用时差法测量气流流速与流过管道内的平均计算流速在一定的雷诺数范围内有恒定函数关系,从而提高气体超声流量计的计量精度和稳定性。     

电导式相关流量计应用于油井井下流量测量

本文提出了一种新型的电导相关流量计,其敏感元件采用两个电导传感器,该流量能够应用于高含水油井的油水两相流流量测量,在多相流动实验装置上进行的实验表明,该流量计测量的流速范围宽,线性好,该流量计已经在大庆油田进行现场试验,使用该流量计在井下测量的油水的总流量与地面计量结果对比良好。     

高精度超声波流量计的设计

超声波时差法是流量计量的常用方法，通过测量超声波在流体中顺流、逆流传播的时差来计算流量。本文讨论了一种时差法超声波流量计KH-5的设计方法，给出了流量计的电路结构，详细论述了超声波发射/接收、调理电路的工作原理。文中描述了高精度时差算法的原理及程序设计方法，讨论了流量的算法及各种扩展应用。经计量标定，KH-5可以达到0.5级的精度。在计量应用中，可以在热力站、工厂车间等场景的工况下正常工作，计量稳定可靠。     

气液旋流分离装置的研制与可行性试验

为了适应油田高含水后期气液分离的需要，在满足经济性、工况条件和操作压力等前提下，研制出一种新型气液分离装置，其主要特征是小型化、高效率、低成本。与常规容器式气液分离器相比，该气液旋流器装置具有结构简单、体积及占地面积小、重量轻、易安装、易操作及易维护等特点。经过初步试验其可行性得以验证。     

复合T形管内稠油-水预分离性能的研究

气液或液液两相流通过T形管时会发生相分配不均现象,其相分配不均程度与介质物性、T形管结构及工作参数有着密切关系。以稠油和水为工作介质,采用含有3个分支管的复合T形管分离器进行稠油-水两相分离特性试验研究。结果表明:复合T形管在稠油-水预分离方面具有一定的可行性。试验工况范围内,随着入口流速和分流比的减小,下水平主管出口的含水率增加,分离效率较高;增加入口含油率在一定程度上能够提高稠油中游离水的脱除程度,而分离效率呈现小幅度的增加趋势;当入口含油率为10.67%和17.5%,分流比接近入口含油率时,上水平管出口含水率可以降到30%以下,满足电脱分离器深度脱水的进液要求。     

油气计量分离器的内流场CFD模拟

简要介绍了旋流式油气计量分离器.用计算流体力学CFD数值方法,并采用RSM模型对油气计量分离器的流场进行了数值模拟.模拟结果表明旋流器流场呈Rankine涡的特点,且与实验结果吻合较好,说明该湍流模型和算法是可行的.另外还对油-气两相流场进行了研究,初步揭示了气-液两相分离的现象,这都为进一步研究旋流器特性参数对分离效率的影响和旋流器的结构优化提供了参考.     

The extended surface forces apparatus. IV. Precision static pressure control

We report on design and performance of an extended surface forces apparatus (eSFA) built into a pressurized system. The aim of this instrument is to provide control over static pressure and temperature to facilitate direct surface force experiments in equilibrium with fluids at different loci of their phase diagram. We built an autoclave that can bear a miniature eSFA. To avoid mechanical or electrical feedtroughs the miniature apparatus uses an external surface coarse approach stage under ambient conditions. The surface separation is thus pre-adjusted to approximately ~3 μm before sliding the apparatus into the autoclave. Inside the autoclave, the surface separation can be further controlled with a magnetic drive at sub-?ngstrom precision over a 14 μm range. The autoclave pressure can then be set and maintained between 20 mbar and 170 bars with few mbar precision. The autoclave is connected to a specially designed pressurization system to precondition the fluids. The temperature can be controlled between -20 and 60 °C with few mK precision. We demonstrate the operation of the instrument in the case of gaseous or liquid carbon dioxide. Thanks to a consequent decoupling of the eSFA mechanical loop from the autoclave structure, the obtained measurement stability and reproducibility, at elevated pressures, is comparable to the one established for the conventional eSFA, operated under ambient conditions.     

Phase behaviour and phase separation kinetics measurement using acoustic arrays

Speed of sound and acoustic wave attenuation are sensitive to fluid phase composition and to the presence of liquid-liquid interfaces. In this work, the use of an acoustic array comprising 64 elements as a non-intrusive sensor for liquid-liquid interface, phase separation kinetics measurement in bulk fluids, and local composition measurement in porous media is illustrated. Three benchmark examples: the phase behaviour of methanol + mixed hexanes and methanol + heptane mixtures at 25.0 °C and 1 bar, and Athabasca bitumen + heptane in a synthetic silica porous medium at 22.5 °C and 1 bar, illustrate the accuracy of liquid-liquid interface and potential research and industrial applications of the technique. Liquid-liquid interfaces can be detected independently using both speed of sound and acoustic wave attenuation measurements. The precision of the interface location measurement is 300 μm. As complete scans can be performed at a rate of 1 Hz, phase separation kinetics and diffusion of liquids within porous media are readily tracked. The technique is expected to find application where the fluids or porous media are opaque to visible light and where other imaging techniques are not readily applied, or are too costly. A current limitation is that the acoustic probes must be cooled to less than 315 K in order for them to operate.     

DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF A NOVEL HIGH-PRECISION STEADY FLOW INSTRUMENT FOR UNSATURATED SOILS

This study is concerned with the development of a novel, high-precision, steady-flow instrument applicable to common unsaturated soils such as clay, silt, sand, gravel soil, and soft soil. The instrument consists of three parts: a high-precision water pressure control system, a high-precision air pressure control system, and a high-precision measurement system. A stepping motor was chosen as the source of water pressure power because it had a high divided driver, reliable operation, simple structure, low cost, and easy maintenance. An electro-pneumatic pressure regulator was used to produce the demanded air pressure. High-precision measurement was archived by a high-resolution grating interferometer, a high-precision balance, and a high-speed 16-bit A/D converter. The device can fully meet the precision requirement of the water pressure, air pressure, and the measurement during the steady flow test for unsaturated soils, which is a very automatic instrument (automatic testing and recording). In this study, volumes of inlet water and outlet water, which are usually difficult to gauge in traditional modes, were gauged by a high-resolution grating interferometer (0.001 mm) and a high-precision balance (0.001 g), and the related experimental study was successfully accomplished.     

一种扫描式铸轧板带凸度检测方法

根据铸轧工艺的特点,文章提出了一种扫描式铸轧板带凸度检测的方法,即采用双束激光差动扫描测量板带的厚度分布,从而计算出板带的凸度。文章设计了激光板凸度检测装置,现场应用表明,系统可以满足铸轧板凸度检测与控制的要求,具有成本低、精度高等特点。     

Crack separation mechanism in CO2 laser machining of thick polycrystalline cubic boron nitride tool blanks

An improved method for cutting thick polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) tool blanks is explored because current methods of pulsed Nd:YAG laser cutting and wire electrical discharge machining (EDM) are constrained by low speed and low precision. We present a CO₂ laser/waterjet (LWJ) process to cut 4.8-mm-thick PCBN tool inserts by a crack separation mechanism. In LWJ, the PCBN blank is locally heated using a high-power continuous wave CO₂ laser to cause phase transition from cubic to hexagonal followed by water quenching to generate thermal stresses and form boron oxide leading to increased brittleness, subsequent cracking, and material separation. A 2³ fractional design of experiment (DOE) approach was employed to determine the factors of laser power, cutting speed, and waterjet pressure on the responses of phase transformation depth, taper, and surface roughness. A numerical heat flow model, based on Green’s function, was used to calculate the temperature distributions along the depth. Surface profilometer, scanning electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy were utilized to analyze the phase transformation and crack zones. Results from LWJ compared with pulsed Nd:YAG laser and laser microjet? methods indicate LWJ cuts 30 times faster; this was attributed to a nonconventional material removal (crack separation) mechanism. When LWJ was compared against nitrogen-assisted CO₂ laser cutting, improved cut quality (less taper and smaller heat-affected zone) was observed due to a greater control on phase transformation and crack propagation. DOE analysis revealed laser power and waterjet pressure, and the interactions among them are more significant factors than others.     

双激光杠杆／电测两用横向变形引伸计

】文中建议一种双激光杠杆／电测横向变形引伸计,运用光电结合方法,用于非金属材料长时间粘弹性泊松比测量,从０．０１ｓ～１０５ｓ以上的期间内能保证３位有效数字的测量精度,既适合短期内的拉压冲击测量,也可用于非金属材料老化的监测。