激光视觉搭接焊缝的图像识别

研究了激光视觉搭接焊缝的图像识别方法。针对原始焊接坡口激光图像中的噪声,比较了均值滤波和中值滤波去噪方法,提出了一种改进的滤波方法,采用自适应阈值调整的最大方差法计算滤波图像的二值化阈值,从而实现对图像的分割。针对搭接坡口激光图像提出了三种坡口中心位置的识别和提取方法,并通过图像处理实验比较了三种识别方法的坐标误差、识别正确率。试验证明,最大方差法的图像处理过程和快速Hough变换识别法有效,能满足焊缝实时跟踪的要求。     

Threshold behaviour of the maximum likelihood method in population decoding

We study the performance of the maximum likelihood (ML) method in population decoding as a function of the population size. Assuming uncorrelated noise in neural responses, the ML performance, quantified by the expected square difference between the estimated and the actual quantity, follows closely the optimal Cramer-Rao bound, provided that the population size is sufficiently large. However, when the population size decreases below a certain threshold, the performance of the ML method undergoes a rapid deterioration, experiencing a large deviation from the optimal bound. We explain the cause of such threshold behaviour, and present a phenomenological approach for estimating the threshold population size, which is found to be linearly proportional to the inverse of the square of the system's signal-to-noise ratio. If the ML method is used by neural systems, we expect the number of neurons involved in population coding to be above this threshold.     

图象阈值选取方法的构造

阈值选取是图象处理与分析问题的基础,如何才能正确地找到适当的阈值,是一个古老而重要的问题,目前已有的若干阈值选取方法并不能适应所有的实际图象,常常需根据具体情况自己构造新的阈值选取方法。通过对一种较通用的阈值选取方法构造模式的讨论,提出了一种解决具体问题时构造阈值选取方法的可行思路,并通过一些常用的阈值选取方法和一些新的阈值选取方法的导出,对共有效性进行了验证,通过分析,根据实际图象的具体特点可以     

Study of a Controllable Queueing System with Unreliable Heterogeneous Servers

We consider a two-channel Markov queueing system with unreliable heterogeneous servers and a common queue. The claims are distributed among the servers with a threshold control policy. According to this policy, a server with the smaller average usage cost must be busy if the system itself is not empty, and the other server is used if the number of customers in the queue exceeds a certain threshold. We analyze the system in stationary mode. We present a method for computing the probabilities of system states and expressions for average performance and reliability characteristics. For the problem of minimizing average losses per unit of time, we obtain a heuristic formula that approximately computes the optimal threshold policy and proposes a method for computing the stationary distribution of the claim waiting time in the system.     

Analysis of priority queueing system based on thresholds and its application to signaling system no. 7 with congestion control

We analyze a priority queueing system with congestion control based on thresholds. A priority queue with a triple of thresholds consisting of an abatement threshold, an onset threshold and a discard threshold was investigated by San-qi Li. We extend Li's model to a priority queue with N triples of thresholds and obtain the stationary probabilities of queue length by using the Embedded Markov chain method. We obtain the loss probability and the mean delay of packet of each class. We apply our result to signaling system no. 7 network with a congestion control based on thresholds.     

利用混沌布谷鸟优化的二维Renyi灰度熵图像阈值选取

为了进一步降低现有的Renyi熵阈值法的计算复杂度,提出了基于混沌布谷鸟算法和二维Renyi灰度熵的阈值选取。首先,引入一维Renyi灰度熵阈值选取公式,建立基于像素灰度和邻域梯度的二维直方图,推导出基于该直方图的二维Renyi灰度熵阈值选取公式,通过快速递推公式来减少阈值准则函数的计算量;最后,采用混沌布谷鸟算法搜索最优阈值来完成图像分割。结果表明,与二维Arimoto熵法、基于粒子群的二维Renyi熵法、基于混沌粒子群的二维Tsallis灰度熵法、基于布谷鸟算法的二维Renyi灰度熵法相比,所提出的方法能够准确实现图像分割,且运算速度有所提升。     

基于文档发散度的作文跑题检测

作文跑题检测是作文自动评分系统的重要模块。传统的作文跑题检测一般计算文章内容相关性作为得分,并将其与某一固定阈值进行对比,从而判断文章是否跑题。但是实际上文章得分高低与题目有直接关系,发散性题目和非发散性题目的文章得分有明显差异,所以很难用一个固定阈值来判断所有文章。该文提出一种作文跑题检测方法,基于文档发散度的作文跑题检测方法。该方法的创新之处在于研究文章集合发散度的概念,建立发散度与跑题阈值的关系模型,对于不同的题目动态选取不同的跑题阈值。该文构建了一套跑题检测系统,并在一个真实的数据集中进行测试。实验结果表明基于文档发散度的作文跑题检测系统能有效识别跑题作文。     

基于小波阈值的心电信号去噪算法

将小波阈值方法应用于心电信号的去噪处理,在对常用阈值函数理解分析的基础上提出一种改进的阈值函数,并利用Matlab对MIT-BIH数据库中的心电数据进行仿真,分别采用常用阈值函数和改进阈值函数进行硬、软阈值处理．实验表明,改进阈值函数的软阈值去噪方法能有效地滤除心电信号中主要干扰,并较好地保留了心电信号的特征信息．     

Efficient algorithm for a novel pattern of time series

In this paper, a novel kind of threshold similarity query is introduced. It reports a threshold if exceeding which the queried time series has the most similar time intervals compared to that of the given query time series above its query threshold, and the extent of the similarity between the two time interval sequences should be within a user-specified range. We present an efficient method composed by two steps to solve the query. The first step is to dramatically narrow the search space into a quite small subspace without false dismissals, and the second to search iteratively in the subspace. In more detail, a lower bounding distance function is described, which guarantees no false dismissals during the first step. Furthermore, we use binary search to quickly locate the solution within the subspace based on the continuity and monotone of the length function of time intervals, which are proved in this paper. We implemented our method on traffic data and discovered some useful knowledge. We also carried out experiments on diverse time series data to compare our method with brute force method. The results were excellent: our method accelerated the search time from 10 times up to 150 times.     

A new approach for thresholding spectral change detection using multispectral and hyperspectral image data,a case study over Sokolov,Czech republic

Change detection and multitemporal analyses aim to detect changes occurring over a specific geographical area using two or more images acquired at two or more different times. In this article, we present a new thresholding approach for unsupervised change detection. This approach focuses on determining the threshold that discriminates between change and no-change pixels. The differences between pixels in the two images are associated with real changes or noise. We propose a thresholding scheme that separates the threshold into two parts: (1) a spectral domain threshold that accounts for errors related to sensor stability, atmospheric conditions, and data-processing variations, and (2) a spatial domain threshold associated with georectification errors. We demonstrate our method using both multispectral Landsat images and airborne imaging spectroscopy HyMap images. The results show that the spectral domain threshold gives high detection capabilities with moderate false-alarm rate. Adding the spatial domain threshold to the spectral domain threshold reduces the false-alarm rates while maintaining good detection capabilities.     

基于加速度传感器的人体跌倒检测方法

针对人体跌倒检测阈值算法在由于阈值设定不当而引起的检测精度下降问题,采用支持向量机方法决定跌倒检测的阈值大小。从加速度传感器中获取人体运动信号,提取合加速度以及倾角作为分类特征,根据人体在跌倒时经过的失重、撞击地面和平稳三个阶段,建立基于阈值的跌倒检测模型。采用所建立的跌倒检测模型,分别用支持向量机方法以及人工方法设定阈值,仿真结果显示采用支持向量机设定阈值的检测效果优于对比算法,结果表明本文方法能有效识别跌倒。     

Mathematical modeling of lactate metabolism with applications to sports

Based on a mathematical model of the blood circulatory system, we construct a mathematical model for lactate metabolism in a human body. We pose the identification problem for lactate metabolism parameters by measurements. We develop the method, algorithm, and software for solving this identification problem. We also consider practical applications in sports medicine and the training process, in particular in our studies of the anaerobic threshold phenomenon and propose new methods for estimating the individual anaerobic threshold and maximal oxygen consumption for athletes.     

基于向量空间模型的多主题Web文本分类方法*

对给定的网页,提取其特征向量,计算网页特征向量与分类特征向量的相似度,使用K-means聚类方法寻找归属类得到动态阈值,提出了一种基于动态阈值的向量空间模型多主题Web文本分类方法.该方法通过网页与每个类的相似度和动态阈值的比较,实现了将包含多个主题的网页划分到相应的多个类中.实验证明,这种方法具有较好的精确度和召回率.     

Multiple threshold perceptron

As a natural generalization of the linear perceptron with a single threshold element, we define a multiple threshold perceptron which learns a particular type of piecewise linear discriminant set of functions, namely those that are describable by a set of parallel hyperplanes. We also suggest a learning method in the form of an error-correction procedure, and a kind of gradient method that seeks the minimum of a rational criterion function. Experimental results show that the proposed procedure is effective.     

A simple automated dynamic threshold extraction method for the classification of large water bodies from landsat-8 OLI water index images

Traditional manual methods of extracting water bodies from remote sensing images cannot satisfy the requirements for mass processing of remote sensing data, and new automated methods are complicated and require a large amount of auxiliary data. The histogram bimodal method is a frequently used objective tool for threshold selection in image segmentation. However, automatically calculating the threshold is difficult because of complex surfaces and image noise, which lead to imperfect twin peaks. To overcome these difficulties, we developed an operational automated water extraction method. This method does not require the identification of twin histogram peaks but instead seeks minimum values in the threshold range to achieve an automated dynamic threshold. We calibrated the method for 18 lakes in China using Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager images, for which the relative error (RE) and coefficient of determination (R²) for threshold accuracy were 2.1% and 0.96, respectively. The RE of area accuracy was 0.59%. The advantages of the method lie in its simplicity and minimal requirements for auxiliary data while still achieving an accuracy comparable to that of other automatic water extraction methods. It can be applied to mass remote sensing data to calculate water thresholds and automatically extract large water bodies.     

基于邻域相关性多阈值新函数寻优法的小波降噪分析

为了更好地获取噪声影响下的原有信号,在邻域小波系数收缩的NeighCoeff方法基础之上,提出了一种邻域相关性多阈值新函数的小波降噪方法.该方法根据小波系数之间的相关性,将邻域窗口内所有小波系数的平方和的大小划分为邻域硬阈值、邻域窗口阈值和邻域扩张阈值.将这些邻域阈值与修正的通用阈值相比较,来实现窗口尺寸的自适应调节和小波系数的保留或收缩,以此达到消噪的目的.此外新函数的收缩因子能够较好体现与被滤波噪声的相互关系,可以进一步提高消噪的精度.然后将多阈值函数与修正的全局阈值相结合,利用混沌粒子群对邻域扩张阈值参数γ和修正的全局阈值参数α进行寻优,以获取最优小波系数的重构信号.所提方法与其它阈值函数去噪方法相比,其仿真结果表明在信号信噪比、降低有用信号失真和抑制噪声等方面都有一定的提高.     

Optimum image thresholding via class uncertainty and regionhomogeneity

Thresholding is a popular image segmentation method that converts a gray-level image into a binary image. The selection of optimum thresholds has remained a challenge over decades. Besides being a segmentation tool on its own, often it is also a step in many advanced image segmentation techniques in spaces other than the image space. We introduce a thresholding method that accounts for both intensity-based class uncertainty-a histogram-based property-and region homogeneity-an image morphology-based property. A scale-based formulation is used for region homogeneity computation. At any threshold, intensity-based class uncertainty is computed by fitting a Gaussian to the intensity distribution of each of the two regions segmented at that threshold. The theory of the optimum thresholding method is based on the postulate that objects manifest themselves with fuzzy boundaries in any digital image acquired by an imaging device. The main idea here is to select that threshold at which pixels with high class uncertainty accumulate mostly around object boundaries. To achieve this, a threshold energy criterion is formulated using class-uncertainty and region homogeneity such that, at any image location, a high energy is created when both class uncertainty and region homogeneity are high or both are low. Finally, the method selects that threshold which corresponds to the minimum overall energy. The method has been compared to a maximum segmented image information method. Superiority of the proposed method was observed both qualitatively on clinical medical images as well as quantitatively on 250 realistic phantom images generated by adding different degrees of blurring, noise, and background variation to real objects segmented from clinical images     

Efficient C4.5 [classification algorithm]

We present an analytic evaluation of the runtime behavior of the C4.5 algorithm which highlights some efficiency improvements. Based on the analytic evaluation, we have implemented a more efficient version of the algorithm, called EC4.5. It improves on C4.5 by adopting the best among three strategies for computing the information gain of continuous attributes. All the strategies adopt a binary search of the threshold in the whole training set starting from the local threshold computed at a node. The first strategy computes the local threshold using the algorithm of C4.5, which, in particular, sorts cases by means of the quicksort method. The second strategy also uses the algorithm of C4.5, but adopts a counting sort method. The third strategy calculates the local threshold using a main-memory version of the RainForest algorithm, which does not need sorting. Our implementation computes the same decision trees as C4.5 with a performance gain of up to five times     

Automatic multi-thresholds selection for image segmentation based on evolutionary approach

Automatic thresholding has been widely used in machine vision for automatic image segmentation. Otsu’s method selects an optimum threshold by maximizing the between-class variance in a grayscale image. However, the method becomes time-consuming when extended to multi-level threshold problems, because excessive iterations are required in order to compute the cumulative probability and the mean of class. In this paper, we focus on the issue of automatic selection for multi-level thresholding, and we greatly improve the efficiency of Otsu’s method for image segmentation based on evolutionary approaches. We have investigated and evaluated the performance of the Otsu and Valleyemphasis thresholding methods. Based on our evaluation results, we have developed many different algorithms for automatic threshold selection based on the evolutionary method using the Modified Adaptive Genetic Algorithm and the Hill Climbing Algorithm. The experimental results show that the evolutionary approach achieves a satisfactory segmentation effect and that the processing time can be greatly reduced when the number of thresholds increases.     

基于DSP 的分布式测温系统

分布式光纤测温系统具有本质安全、抗电磁干扰能力强、快速多点测量和定位、易于安装等特点。提出了以DSP为核心的分布式测温系统,并针对拉曼散射温度信号完全淹没在噪声之中的特点,采用一种改进的小波阈值函数和阈值选取方法来对拉曼散射温度信号进行去噪。仿真实验表明,改进阈值函数的小波去噪有效地提高了去噪效果,从而提高了分布式光纤测温系统的精度并简化了系统结构。