Optimal Design of 1 Phase Linear Oscillatory PM Motor Series for Small Compressor Like Drives: With FEM and Self-Starting Transients Validation

Refrigerator compressors are currently driven mostly by rotary line start or variable-speed (inverter-fed) motors with mechanical transmission. Direct driving of pistons by linear oscillatory resonant PM 1 phase motors has just been introduced to low power (less than 100 W) such applications. The present paper introduces a 3 pole PM mover 1 phase PM linear oscillatory motors, in terms of optimal nonlinear analytical design methodology, with FEM and dynamics validation. Both 50 and 250 Hz (inverter fed) operation for 2000 and 100 W is exemplified for minimum active materials costs and, respectively, minimum global costs (losses capitalized cost is added). For the line start case study (at 2000 W, 50 Hz) a circuit model for transients is introduced and the motor self-starting transients with full power delivery at above 91% efficiency is available. The 50 Hz motors are heavier around (5.7 kg/kW at 2000 W and 7.5 kg/kW at 100 W, respectively) than the 250 Hz motors around (1.2 kg/kW, 3 kg/kW) but the latter require inverter control.     

Modeling and Design Optimization Of Permanent Magnet Motors

ABSTRACT

Variable-speed permanent (PM) magnet motors are being used in an ever-increasing range of industrial and commercial applications. The objective of this paper is to provide a basis for optimizing the design of such permanent magnet motors and, through this, to provide insight into a comparison of PM motors with other types of drive motor. First, design models are presented for the approximate analysis of torque capability, losses, thermal characteristics, magnet protection and power factor control. These models are then used in an optimization program using sequential unconstrained minimization techniques to produce designs for a wide range of motor torque ratings. In order to examine the potential for large PM motor drives, the design criterion chosen for emphasis in optimization is the minimum total lifetime cost, including the cost of losses. The high efficiency and good power-to-weight ratio of the optimized PM motors leads to a total present value cost which is expected to be significantly lower than achieved with induction motors.     

Temperature effects on torque production and efficiency of PMmotors using NdFeB magnets

Recent developments in high energy magnets have created widespread interest in the area of permanent magnet (PM) motors. The use of PM synchronous motors or brushless motors to replace conventional DC or induction type motors has not been as speedy as anticipated earlier. This paper deals with the temperature effects of PM motors using neodymium magnets on the torque production capability and on the efficiency of the motor. When PM motors are designed to operate in a wide temperature range, the reversible demagnetization of the neodymium magnets with temperature and the increase in winding resistance with temperature influence the maximum torque capability at rated speed and efficiency of the PM motor. The maximum torque at rated speed is limited due to the fixed DC link voltage of the inverter feeding the motor. In this paper, it is shown that over an operating range of -40°C to 150°C the maximum torque capability and efficiency of the motor can vary over a wide range. It is also shown that for certain designs, a near flat maximum torque versus temperature characteristic may be obtained. The major factors influencing these variations are identified. The discussion in this paper is concentrated on PM motors with a trapezoidal back EMF waveform. The idea could be extended to sinusoidal back EMF motors and to PM DC motors     

Permanent-Magnet Motors for Energy Savings in Industrial Applications

The present and future market for motors places a high value on operating efficiency, reliability, variable-speed operation, low running temperature, quiet operation, and low cost. Permanent-magnet (PM) motors are now able to meet these market expectations across an increasing range of ratings. Compared to the prolific induction motor, PM motors provide the attributes of efficiency, reliability, etc. They also have the additional advantages of higher power density, superior power factor (low current), low rotor temperature, and synchronous operation. Advancement in magnet technologies allows operation at higher temperatures without permanent magnetization loss. The economic viability of PM motors is increasing with additional sources offering rare-earth magnets such as neodymium iron boron at lower prices. Performance comparisons between induction motors, surface PMs, and salient-pole PM motors are presented in this paper.      

Structure and Characteristics of High‐Performance PMASynRM with Ferrite Magnets

Recently, the use of permanent magnet (PM) motors has risen markedly because of improvements in the performance of rare earth PM motors. However, the use of rare earth materials, which is an important aspect of the high‐performance PM motor, should be reduced because of the high cost and unpredictability associated with procuring such materials. The performance of motors that use rare earth materials has reached a very high level, one that will not be easy to match without such materials. In this paper, we propose a structure for a high‐power‐density PM‐assisted synchronous reluctance motor involving the use of a ferrite PM. The structure prevents irreversible demagnetization of the PM even in the presence of heavy flux‐weakening excitation or an inverter fault. It is shown that the proposed structure achieves high‐power and high‐efficiency performance. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 187(1): 42–50, 2014; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.22362     

A novel polyphase multipole square-wave permanent magnet motordrive for electric vehicles

A novel high-power-density permanent magnet (PM) motor drive for electric vehicles (EVs) is proposed. The motor is a polyphase multipole square-wave PM motor, which can be classified as a kind of PM brushless DC motor. The distinct features of the proposed motor as compared to those of the conventional PM brushless DC motor are as follows. First, the multipole magnetic circuit arrangement enables the minimization of the magnetic yoke, resulting in the reduction of motor volume and weight. Second, the coil span is purposely designed to be equal to one slot pitch, thus saving the amount of copper used. Third, by using a fractional number of slots per pole per phase, the arrangement of the numbers of poles and slots is so unique that the magnetic force between the stator and the rotor at any rotating position is uniform, hence eliminating the cogging torque that usually occurs in PM motors. Finally, the motor can be controlled to operate at a constant torque region and a constant power region with field weakening, thus both high starting torque and high cruising speed can be achieved. Therefore, as the proposed motor drive possesses the distinct advantages of high power density, high efficiency, and superior dynamic performance, it is very suitable for EV applications. A prototype of a five-phase 22-pole 5 kW motor drive has been designed for an experimental EV     

带正反转功能的通用型无刷直流电机控制器设计

永磁无刷直流电机由于效率高、寿命长等优点得到了广泛应用。永磁无刷直流电机的控制器通常包括霍尔编码电路、驱动电路和逆变电路三部分。霍尔编码电路可以采用单片机或通用控制芯片,针对不同的电机,编写不同编码程序,使电机控制器和永磁无刷直流电机相匹配;也可以采用结构简单的逻辑门电路实现编码功能,通常电机绕组和霍尔安放位置的不同,其编码电路也不同。通过改进逻辑门电路的结构,使得改进后的编码电路能适用于所有的永磁无刷直流电机,同时通过开关的开合实现了电机的正反转控制。     

Novel high-speed induction motor for a commercial centrifugalcompressor

This paper describes the electrical, mechanical and metallurgical design, construction, and testing of a novel low-cost high-speed high-efficiency induction motor to drive a new type of small centrifugal compressor in industrial cooling applications. The 28-shaft-hp 50-kr/min motor features a unique laminated rotor with a multifunction high-strength copper-alloy cage brazed with a novel process. Relatively thin high-silicon steel laminations were used to achieve low losses and high mechanical strength at low cost, Different heat treatments for the stator and rotor laminations were used to optimize the mechanical and magnetic properties, The preprototype motors achieved about 94% (electromagnetic) efficiency at the rated point, including inverter harmonics, while meeting cost (less than one-tenth of aerospace practice) and produceability goals     

Inverter-Induction Motor Drive for Transit Cars

The advent of large power semiconductors has made it possible to apply inverters and ac motors to traction applications. Either synchronous or induction motors and several types of power converters can be considered. The induction motor and the pulsewidth modulated (PWM) inverter are selected as favorable for application to a transit car drive. A general method of sizing the PWM inverter and induction motor in terms of the car performance requirements is out-lined. This method results in a minimum size inverter and allows optimization of system weight and cost. A discussion of wheel size effects and the optimization of regenerated energy is included.     

Operating Limits of Inverter-Driven Permanent Magnet Motor Drives

Recent developments of high-energy permanent magnet (PM) materials such as neodymium-iron-boron have focused attention on the use of PM synchronous motors supplied from inverters for a wide variety of speed control applications. PM motor drives are readily applicable where full torque is required up to full or base speed. They are, however, limited in their ability to operate in the power-limited regime where the available torque is reduced as the speed is increased above its base value. In contrast with the field weakening approach used in dc drives, the magnet is permanent. The torque-speed operating limits of PM motor drives, of conventional design are explored, and then design measures which can substantially extend operation into the power-limited regime are proposed. A trade-off between the low speed-torque limit and the extent of the speed range above base speed is achieved by variations in magnet dimensions and the depth of inset of the magnets in the rotor iron. Experimental results are presented for two motors of different design, each using neodymium magnets and each supplied from a current-controlled inverter with hysteresis control of current waveshape.     

A super high speed PM motor drive system by a quasi-current sourceinverter

This paper describes a surface mounted PM motor with the ratings of 5 kW and 150000 RPM for super high speed drive applications such as a machine tool. A much larger air gap, compared with that of the existing PM motors, is utilized to reduce the slot ripples and hence the resultant eddy current loss in the metallic sleeve that retains the permanent magnets, otherwise this loss would be objectionable at such high speeds. The motor is supplied from a quasi-current source inverter with the DC current controlled by a chopper and operated at a near unity power factor by the use of a simple position sensor-less control, to improve the motor efficiency. The analytic results are presented to show the slot ripple reducing effect of increasing the air gap length. To investigate the losses of the sleeve, several motors with different sleeves were manufactured and tested. Typical experimental results on these prototypes are given, which show that motor efficiency of higher than 90% can be realized at the rated torque over a wide speed range     

A novel permanent magnet motor with doubly salient structure

A new type of doubly salient machine is presented in which the field excitation is provided by nonrotating permanent magnets. This doubly salient permanent magnet (DSPM) motor is shown to be kindred to square waveform permanent magnet brushless DC motors. Linear and nonlinear analyses are made to investigate the characteristics of this new type of PM motor. A prototype DSPM motor is designed and comparisons made between this new type of motor and the induction motor. It is shown that by fully exploiting modern high energy PM material and the doubly salient structure, the DSPM motor can offer superior performance over existing motors in terms of efficiency, torque density, torque-to-current ratio, torque-to-inertia ratio etc., while retaining a simple structure amenable to automated manufacture     

高速永磁无刷直流电机设计和试验

高速永磁无刷直流电机具有功率密度高、体积小、效率高等优点,在很多领域有着广泛应用。介绍了高速永磁无刷直流电机设计的关键问题,研制了2.3 kW,15万r/min的高速永磁无刷直流电机样机和控制系统,并结合空载试验计算了电机的定子铁耗和轴承损耗。     

保护环对高速永磁无刷直流电机转子涡流损耗的影响

高速永磁无刷直流电机具有功率密度高、体积小、效率高等优点,在很多领域有着广泛的应用。转子涡流损耗会使电机的效率下降并能引起转子永磁体的退磁。该文结合所研制的2.3 kW,15×104r/min的高速永磁无刷直流电机,对比分析了不同电导率的保护环对转子涡流损耗的影响,结果表明:钛合金保护环中的涡流磁场能削弱气隙谐波磁场,对永磁体中的涡流损耗有屏蔽作用。     

Low-cost compact permanent magnet machine for adjustable-speed pumpapplication

The variable-speed driven pump can result in significant energy conservation where reduced flow rates are required for long periods of time. In regard to adjustable-speed pump drives, one major contribution of this paper is the demonstration that a permanent magnet (PM) motor based on the slotless axial-flux permanent magnet machine (AFPM) topology can be a suitable candidate to advantageously compete with the induction motor for such a low-cost drive application. For the purpose of a cost comparison, the paper discusses design and construction of a prototype machine which has been conceived to replace a 1.2 HP induction motor being used in a standard adjustable-speed pump drive. Results taken from laboratory tests of the prototype machine are reported, together with an assessment of the machine manufacturing cost     

交流永磁伺服电动机气隙磁密优化设计

利用有限元仿真软件Ansoft对二维电机模型进行分析,研究计算了磁钢偏心距、极弧系数及气隙长度对交流永磁伺服电动机气隙磁密的影响.通过合理设计各参数,使气隙磁密更接近正弦,并研制了样机,样机测试的效率为93％,满足了高效节能电机的技术要求.     

Achieving a constant power speed range for PM drives

Flux weakening has long been a standard approach in obtaining a constant power speed range for traction drives with commutator motors. There is much interest in using permanent magnet (PM) commutator motors or, preferably, electronically commutated PM motors for such applications. Some PM motor designs, such as those using inset or buried magnets, have been proposed to achieve flux weakening. This paper questions the desirability of the flux weakening approach for a number of applications where energy efficiency is of prime importance, such as in electric vehicles. For an acceptable increase in the rating of some of the semiconductor devices, standard PM commutator motors and switched PM motors with surface-mounted magnets can be used and a significant reduction in power loss can be achieved     

变频调速节能技术在石化工业中的应用

介绍了电动机变频调速节能技术在石化工业中的应用情况,列举了渣油进料泵、加热炉鼓风机和液氨输送泵的变频节能改造应用实例。实践证明,应用电动机变频调速技术,不仅减少了电动机、风机、泵和阀门等设备的故障率,延长其使用寿命,而且节约电能效果显著,从而实现了电动机、风机、泵类设备的经济运行,提高了企业的经济效益和社会效益,推进了石化企业的节能降耗、降本增效和可持续性发展。     

高速永磁电动机设计的关键问题

高速电机具有功率密度大、尺寸小、响应快、可直接与高速机械设备连接等优点。永磁电机因其高效率、高功率因数等特点成为高速电机研究的热点。该文详细讨论了高速永磁电机设计应考虑的关键问题,包括材料选取、铁耗计算方法、转子结构和轴承选取等。     

Selection criteria of induction machines for speed-sensorless drive applications

Induction motors, both three and single phase, are used extensively for adjustable-speed drives' applications. These machines are structurally very robust and are a primary source of motive power and speed control where DC machines cannot be used. For closed-loop control of these machines, sensorless speed estimation is usually preferred. Among the current estimation techniques available for speed-sensorless induction motor drives, speed measurement based on rotor-slot-related harmonic detection in machine line current happens to be a prominent one. While these harmonics can be strong in certain kinds of machines, some other machines may exhibit very weak rotor slot harmonics that can be obscured by noise. Skewing, slot shapes and types, structural unbalances, etc., also have a prominent effect on the detectability of these harmonics. This paper attempts to investigate this problem based on the interaction of pole pairs, number of rotor bars, and stator winding. Although the analysis and experimental results have been mainly provided for three-phase squirrel-cage induction motors, single-phase and slip-ring induction motors have also been addressed. Further, it has been shown that eccentricity-related fault detection could also be easily accommodated with this kind of speed detection technique at no or negligible extra cost when certain motors are selected.