流水线A/D转换器最新研究进展

基于运算跨导放大器(OTA)和开关电容的流水线A/D转换器(ADC)需要使用高增益大带宽OTA来保证其速度和精度.在纳米级CMOS工艺条件下,高性能OTA的设计和实现更加困难,功耗更大,成为基于OTA的流水线A/D转换器提高速度和精度的瓶颈.介绍了流水线ADC的基本原理,阐述了基于OTA和开关电容的流水线ADC的实现技术、性能瓶颈及其在纳米级CMOS工艺条件下实现的主要限制,综述了国际上针对基于OTA和开关电容的流水线ADC的各种限制所提出的几种最新设计技术及其研究进展.     

14位100MSPS流水线ADC的低功耗设计

为实现14位100MSPS流水线模数转换器(ADC)的低功耗设计,提出了一种新型的运放和电容共享技术。该技术将流水线ADC的前端采样保持电路(SHC)并入第一流水线级,并在后面的流水线级中相邻两级使用运放共享技术,消除了常规的运放和电容共享技术所存在的需要额外置零状态和引入的额外开关影响运放建立时间的缺点。芯片采用TSMC 0.18μm互补型金属氧化物半导体(CMOS)混合信号工艺,仿真结果表明,在100MSPS采样率和10MHz输入信号频率下,ADC可达到77.6dB的信号噪声失调比(SNDR),87.3dB的无杂散动态范围(SFDR),±0.4LSB的微分非线性(DNL),±1LSB的积分非线性(INL),0.56pJ/conv的品质因数(FOM),在3.3V供电情况下功耗为350mW。     

用于14位210 MS/s电荷域ADC的4.5位子级电路

该文提出了一种用于高速高精度电荷域流水线模数转换器(ADC)的电荷域4.5位前端子级电路。该4.5位子级电路使用增强型电荷传输(BCT)电路替代传统开关电容技术流水线ADC中的高增益带宽积运放来实现电荷信号传输和余量处理,从而实现超低功耗。所提4.5位子级电路被运用于一款14位210 MS/s电荷域ADC中作为前端第1级子级电路,并在1P6M 0.18 μm CMOS工艺下实现。测试结果显示,该14位ADC电路在210 MS/s条件下对于30.1 MHz单音正弦输入信号得到的无杂散动态范围为85.4 dBc,信噪比为71.5 dBFS, ADC内核面积为3.2 mm2,功耗仅为205 mW。     

一种用于12位250MSPS流水线ADC的中频采样前端

设计了一种具有中频采样功能的流水线ADC采样保持前端电路.采样保持前端电路采用基于开关电容的底板采样翻转式结构,运算放大器采用了米勒补偿型两级结构以提高信号摆幅,采样开关采用了消除衬底偏置效应的自举开关以提高中频采样特性.该采样保持前端电路被运用于一种12位250 MSPS流水线ADC,电路采用0.18μm lP5M 1.8 V CMOS工艺实现,测试结果表明该ADC电路在全速采样条件下对于20 MHz的输入信号得到的SNR为69.92 dB,SFDR为81.17 dB,-3 dB带宽达700 MHz以上,整个前端电路的功耗为58 mW.     

一种用于高速ADC的采样保持电路的设计

设计了一个用于流水线模数转换器(pipelined ADC)前端的采样保持电路.该电路采用电容翻转型结构,并设计了一个增益达到100dB,单位增益带宽为1 GHz的全差分增益自举跨导运算放大器(OTA).利用TSMC 0.25μm CMOS工艺,在2.5 V的电源电压下,它可以在4 ns内稳定在最终值的0.05%内.通过仿真优化,该采样保持电路可用于10位,100MS/s的流水线ADC中.     

1.8V 10位 50Ms/s低功耗流水线ADC的设计

采用每级1.5位精度的流水线结构,设计了一个10位50 Ms/ s的低功耗ADC.每级流水线所用的电容按比例缩小,大大地节省了功耗.同时提出了一种提高OTA压摆率的方法,进一步降低了电路的功耗,采用TSMC0.18μm CMOS工艺进行设计,结果表明该ADC在输入频率20MHz、采样速率50MHz下,SNR为59dB,DNL和INL分别为±0.4和±0.5 LSB,ADC的功耗为47mW.     

用于14位1.25 GS/s ADC的跨导运算放大器

设计了一种用于14位1.25 GS/s 流水线ADC的全差分的跨导运算放大器(OTA)。采用带正反馈和增益自举电路的套筒式两级混合密勒补偿结构,并在传统密勒补偿结构基础上增加了带一组调零电阻的辅助密勒补偿结构。这两种补偿结构使得频率补偿更加灵活。对OTA的零极点进行理论分析和整体传递函数解析,再进行传递函数重构,进而实现了高增益、大带宽和高相位裕度。仿真结果表明,该OTA的增益带宽积大于17 GHz,开环增益大于94 dB。该OTA完全满足14位1.25 GS/s流水线ADC的性能要求。     

一种用于流水线ADC的高增益高带宽放大器

介绍了一种适用于高速高精度流水线模数转换器(ADC)的放大器.该放大器使用了增益提升技术,具有高增益、高单位增益带宽的特点,能满足高速高精度ADC对放大器的性能要求.该放大器采用1.8 V 1P6M 0.18 μm CMOS工艺实现,仿真表明直流增益为100 dB,单位增益频率为1.2 GHz(负载电容1.5 pF),功耗16 mW.将该放大器用于10位100 MS/s转换速率的流水线ADC,测试结果表明该放大器性能达到设计要求.     

1．5位／级结构在流水线型ADC中的设计与应用

本文首先阐述了沟道电荷注入效应的产生机理，然后分析可以有效消除沟道电荷注入效应的开关一电容结构的底板采样技术，最后给出流水线型ADC中采用开关一电容结构的1．5位／级电路设计及仿真结果。     

一个没有采用校准技术的12位分辨率100兆采样率的流水线模数转换器

本文给出了一个基于0.18um CMOS工艺的12bit 100MS/s的流水线ADC。其中第一级采用了3.5比特结构以降低对电容匹配的要求,采样保持放大器、第一级和第二级均采用了自举开关以改善ADC线性度,后级采用级缩减技术节省了功耗和面积。当输入信号频率为15.5MHz、采样率为100MHz时,该ADC达到了79.8dB的SFDR和10.5bit的有效位数。芯片采用1.8V电压供电,包含输出驱动的总功耗为112mW, 芯片面积为3.51mm2 。     

GaAs switched-capacitor circuits for high-speed signal processing

Switched-capacitor building blocks are presented which are suitable for implementation in GaAs MESFET technology. They include gain stages, operational amplifiers, and transmission gates. Switched-capacitor design techniques are discussed that minimize filter sensitivity to GaAs op-amp limitations. Experimental results are presented on a variety of GaAs switched-capacitor circuits, including a gain stage, a second-order bandpass filter, and a third-order low-pass filter. The circuits demonstrate sampling rates exceeding 100 MHz without significant loss of accuracy.     

Buffer-based switched-capacitor gain stages

New unity-gain buffer-based switched-capacitor S/H circuit and gain stages are described which have low sensitivity to buffer gain and offset voltage, and are only moderately sensitive to stray capacitances. The circuits are simple, require fewer switches and less capacitance and offer higher speed, lower noise and lower DC power consumption than op-amp based gain stages     

A 1-V, 8-bit successive approximation ADC in standard CMOS process

A 1-V 8-bit 50-kS/s successive approximation analog-to-digital converter (ADC) implemented in a conventional 1.2-μm CMOS process is presented. Low voltage, large signal swing sample-and-hold, and digital-to-analog conversion are realized based on inverting op-amp configurations with biasing currents added to the op-amp negative input terminal so that the op-amp input common-mode voltages can be biased near ground to minimize the supply voltage. At the same time, the input and output quiescent voltages can be set at half of the supply rails. A low-voltage latched comparator is realized based on the current-mode approach. The entire ADC including all the digital circuits consumes less than 0.34 mW. An effective number of bits of 7.9 was obtained for a 1-kHz 850-mV peak-to-peak input signal     

Improved offset-compensation schemes for switched-capacitor circuits

Novel switched-capacitor stages which are free from the effects of op-amp DC offset voltage are described. The op-amps used in the stage need not slew between the desired output voltage and the offset voltage as in previously described offset-free circuits. The use of the new scheme in general applications is also discussed.     

A Sub 1-V Constant Gm– C Switched-Capacitor Current Source

A switched-capacitor bias that provides a constant G_m-C characteristic over process and temperature variation is presented. The bias can be adapted for use with subthreshold circuits, or circuits in strong inversion. It uses eight transistors, five switches, and three capacitors, and performs with supply voltages less than 0.9 V. Theoretical output current is derived, and stability analysis is performed. Simulated results showing an op-amp with very consistent pulse response are presented     

On lossless switched-capacitor power converters

This paper addresses the design of efficient switched-capacitor power converters. The discussion starts with a review of the fundamental limitation of switched-capacitor circuits which shows that the topology of such circuits and the “forced” step changes of capacitor voltages are the inherent attributes of power loss. Although the argument follows from a rather trivial result from basic circuit theory, it addresses an important issue on the maximum efficiency achievable in a switched-capacitor power converter circuit. Based on the observed topological constraint of switched-capacitor power converter circuits, the simplest lossless topology for AC/DC power conversion is deduced. Also discussed is a simple version of lossless topology that achieves isolation between the source and the load. Finally, an experimental AC/DC switched-capacitor power converter, based on the proposed idea, is presented which demonstrates an improved efficiency over other existing switched-capacitor power converters. The proposed AC/DC power converter contains no inductors and thus is suitable for custom IC implementation for very low power applications     

A switched-capacitor delta-sigma modulator with reduced sensitivityto op-amp gain

Low operational amplifier (op-amp) gain can degrade the performance of a switched-capacitor delta-sigma modulator (ΔΣM). A ΔΣM that incorporates a new gain-compensated switched-capacitor integrator is described. The resulting ΔΣM topology has reduced sensitivity to op-amp gain. Simulation and measurement results for an experimental ΔΣM that demonstrate the advantages of the new architecture are presented     

Comparator-Based Switched-Capacitor Circuits for Scaled CMOS Technologies

A comparator-based switched-capacitor circuit (CBSC) technique is presented for the design of analog and mixed-signal circuits in scaled CMOS technologies. The technique involves replacing the operational amplifier in a standard switched-capacitor circuit with a comparator and a current source. During charge transfer, the comparator detects the virtual ground condition in place of the opamp which normally forces the virtual ground condition. A prototype 1.5-bit/stage 10-bit 7.9-MS/s pipeline ADC was designed using the comparator-based switched-capacitor technique. The prototype ADC was implemented in 0.18-mum CMOS. It achieves an ENOB of 8.6 bits for a 3.8-MHz input signal and dissipates 2.5 mW     

高速ADC(模拟数字转换器)结构设计技术

系统分析了当前主流的FLASHADC、折叠式ADC、流水线ADC等各种高速ADC的结构,比较各种结构之间的优缺点,阐述了高速ADC结构的发展趋势。     

A Zero-Crossing-Based 8-bit 200 MS/s Pipelined ADC

Zero-crossing-based circuits (ZCBC) are introduced as a generalization of comparator-based switched-capacitor circuits (CBSC). To demonstrate this concept, an 8-bit, 200 MS/s, pipelined ADC is implemented in a 0.18 CMOS technology. A dynamic zero-crossing detector and current source replace the functionality of an opamp to realize a precision charge transfer. Furthermore, current source splitting improves linearity at high speeds and bit decision flip-flops replace traditional bit decision comparators for increased speed. The complete ADC draws no static current and consumes 8.5 mW of power. The corresponding FOM is 0.38 pJ/step at 100 MS/s and 0.51 pJ/step at 200 MS/s.