压头对Ni基单晶合金纳米压痕结果的影响

采用分子动力学方法研究压头尺寸(半径分别为1.5nm、2.5nm、3.5nm、4.5nm)和加载速度(10m/s、20m/s、30m/s、40m/s)对Ni基单晶合金γ/γ′(001)晶面纳米压痕测试结果(弹性模量和硬度)的影响。结果表明压头尺寸和加载速度对Ni基单晶合金γ/γ′(001)晶面的纳米压痕测试结果有显著影响。采用中心对称参数研究各模型不同压入深度时基体中位错的形核和运动情况,结果表明压头尺寸越大、加载速度越快,基体γ相中位错形核形式越剧烈。压头尺寸较大或加载速度较快的模型在γ相中产生了棱柱型位错环,棱柱型位错环在γ相中沿着{111}面滑移,最终在γ/γ′相界面处塞积,然后有新的棱柱型位错环产生。     

雾化气体淬火过程耦合流场数值模拟及实验研究

运用计算流体动力学(CFD)的方法在FLUENT平台上建立雾化气体淬火的三维非稳态模型,对介质不同速度工况下淬火过程中试件温度场、流体速度场、流体温度场和流体压力场进行了流固热耦合数值模拟,并将模拟结果与边界条件实验结果进行了对比分析。结果表明,同等工况下,介质进口速度越大,流体的速度也越大;同截面上200m/s速度工况下试件上下表面两区域的压力差值比100m/s速度工况下大;试件放在淬火区淬火80s后,200m/s速度工况下试件的最高温度为299.5℃,100m/s速度工况下试件的最高温度为336℃,由此得出淬火介质进口速度越大,淬火试件的温度下降越快,试件冷却速度越快,冷却效果越好。     

真空高压气淬炉中淬火气体压力、流速和类型对工件冷却性能影响的数值模拟

本文运用FLUENT软件,通过大量的计算机模拟,研究了真空高压气淬炉中淬火气体压力、进口速度、气体类型对工件冷却性能的影响.通过对比氮气在0.45 MPa、0.6 MPa、1.0 MPa和1.5 MPa淬火压力下工件的冷却速度,量化了淬火压力对工件冷却速度的影响程度.氮气在0.6 MPa下,将气体速度由40 m/s增至60m/s,工件冷却速度提高27％,但风机功率增加3.4倍.由于气体体积流量一定的情况下,淬火气体比热和密度的协同影响了换热系数的大小,通过计算机模拟了四种淬火气体氢气、氦气、氮气和氩气对工件冷却速度的影响,得出在相同气体压力和流量下,四种气体的冷却能力是:氮气＞氢气＞氦气＞氩气;在消耗相同的风机功率下,密度小比热大的气体冷却能力高,四种气体的冷却能力依次是氢气＞氦气＞氮气＞氩气.     

AP1000安全壳在大型商用飞机撞击下的动力响应分析

自“9·11”事件以来,核电站抵御大型商用飞机撞击一直是核安全领域的热点问题。采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件建立波音737 MAX 8和AP1000安全壳的精细化有限元模型,基于Riera法验证了飞机撞击有限元模型准确性,进行了5种不同初始撞击速度(100 m/s, 150 m/s, 200 m/s, 250 m/s和300 m/s)和5种不同撞击高度(30 m, 39 m, 47 m, 54 m和65 m)的飞机撞击安全壳全过程数值模拟,研究和分析了飞机的撞击力时程和动能时程、钢制安全壳的动力响应、等效应力分布和其局部破坏情况。结果表明：飞机撞击过程引擎对撞击力的贡献最大,约为机身撞击力的3～4倍;筒身等效钢梁处的撞击力峰值较非等效钢梁处大,最大达到了后者的171%(速度为300 m/s);安全壳筒身段与穹顶的交界处为安全壳结构的最危险位置,在此位置处安全壳环向和竖向贯穿尺寸均大于同初始撞击速度下其他位置的贯穿尺寸,最大环向、竖向贯穿尺寸分别达到29.68 m和17.86 m;当飞机的撞击速度大于150 m/s时,撞击区域钢板等效应力影响范围随初始撞击速度的增加而减少,撞击等效钢...     

特定生产现场纳米粉体泄漏扩散的数值模拟

运用计算流体动力学软件FLUENT对某厂生产厂房内纳米粉体泄漏扩散进行模拟,分析大气风速、射流方向对粉体泄漏的扩散浓度和危险性区域的影响。结果表明:大气主导风速对气体扩散浓度和危险性区域影响较大,射流方向和风速一致时,vx=-3 m/s比在vx=-1 m/s条件下危险性区域扩大4 m,分析得出vx=-2 m/s时,扩散区域在x=28～35 m,y=25～28 m,z=1～4 m内。采用三维激光多普勒测速技术,对生产现场100∶1缩微模型进行速度场测量,并将测量结果与数值模拟结果进行对比。结果表明:两者颗粒速度基本吻合,说明采用计算流体动力学技术对生产现场纳米粉体泄漏扩散行为的模拟是可行的。     

中低加载速率下BFRP筋-混凝土粘结性能研究

BFRP(basalt fiber reinforced polymer)筋是一种取代钢筋用于土木工程领域的新型纤维复合材料,中低加载速率下BFRP筋-混凝土粘结性能是保证其协同作用承受动荷载的重要前提.该文根据正交试验方法设计了16组粘结试件,利用MTS试验系统对不同加载速率(0.005 mm/s～5 mm/s)下的...     

防暴弹室内爆炸扩散试验及刺激剂浓度预测

为研究室内环境中不同初始风场条件对刺激剂防暴弹威力效能的影响,在尺寸为10.9 m×9.1 m×3.28 m的平房内开展了三种不同送风速度下(1.0 m/s、1.2 m/s和1.5 m/s)OC刺激剂防暴弹的爆炸扩散试验.首先在室内空间中布置36个采样点,采用智能多路气体采样器采集刺激剂并计算采样点浓度.接着对不同风速、不同时间、不同空间位置的试验浓度数据进行分析,从而得到爆炸后刺激剂浓度在时空中的分布规律及其在不同送风条件下的影响规律.可得到如下结论:刺激剂在爆炸作用下形成的气溶胶会受到室内风场的影响呈现浓度差,浓度由上风口至下风口逐渐升高;刺激剂气溶胶颗粒受重力影响向低处聚集,室内低处刺激剂浓度较高;初始流场的风速大小对刺激剂气溶胶颗粒扩散效果影响较大,一定范围内,风速越大刺激剂扩散速度越快.在此基础上,以试验数据作为训练样本,采用BP神经网络方法建立了1.0～1.5 m/s速度范围内的浓度预测模型.通过对比试验数据得到该模型预测误差为5％,并应用该模型开展了相关预测,结果表明:在送风速度为1.0～1.5 m/s的范围内,测点的浓度值随风速的增加而基本呈线性降低,且高度1.5 m的测点浓度值高于高度为0.5 m的测点,2.5 m高度处的测点浓度最低.     

铅铋共晶合金的流动速度对CLAM钢腐蚀行为的影响

为了研究中国低活化马氏体(CLAM)钢在不同相对流速铅铋共晶合金(LBE)中的腐蚀行为,本研究对CLAM钢在550℃不同流动速度(0 m/s、1. 70 m/s、2. 98 m/s、3. 69 m/s、4. 77 m/s)的液态LBE中进行了500 h的腐蚀试验。试验后分别对腐蚀试样表面进行SEM、XRD检测以及对试样截面进行SEM-EDS和面扫描检测。结果表明,经过500 h腐蚀试验后的试样表面均形成双层结构的氧化层,外氧化层由Fe_3O_4组成,内氧化层由(Fe,Cr)_3O_4组成。在LBE相对流速从0 m/s增大到2. 98 m/s的过程中,试样表面氧化层的厚度逐渐增大,这是由于相对流速的增大提高了Fe元素的溶解速率和O元素的扩散迁移速率,进而导致试样表面发生严重的氧化腐蚀。而当LBE相对流速从2. 98 m/s继续增大到4. 77 m/s时,CLAM钢表面的氧化层厚度逐渐减小,这是由于随着LBE相对流速的进一步增大,试样表面冲蚀腐蚀程度逐渐加重,外氧化层厚度因遭受一定程度的剥落而急剧减小,进而使得试样表面总氧化层的厚度逐渐减小。本研究结果为未来ADS嬗变系统的实际应用提供了数据支持和参考。     

Mg处理X100管线钢的焊接CCT曲线及其组织

采用焊接热模拟技术和显微组织分析等方法,对Mg处理X100管线钢在连续冷却转变下的显微组织的变化规律进行了研究。通过对Mg处理X100管线钢CCT曲线的建立和显微组织分析结果表明:对比焊接CCT模拟工艺和常规950℃保温的CCT工艺,前者AC1、AC3相变点要分别高于后者25℃,奥氏体晶粒显著大于后者,冷却相变点要低于后者50～80℃。在焊接热模拟工艺下,当冷却速度在0.1～3℃/s之间时,组织以准多边形铁素体(QF)和粒状贝氏体为主;在3～30℃/s的冷却速度范围,主体组织为粒状贝氏体(GB)和针状铁素体(BF);当冷却速度为30～50℃/s,组织以贝氏体铁素体(BF)为主;大于50℃/s的冷却速度,将形成马氏体(M)组织。     

ZK61镁合金的磨损性能

在MDW-02高速往复摩擦磨损试验机上,通过设置不同参数的滑动干摩擦实验,研究了载荷、滑动速度和时间对时效态ZK61镁合金磨损性能的影响,并绘制了磨损机制转变图。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对磨损试样表面形貌进行了分析,结果表明,当滑动速度(0.12m/s)一定时,ZK61镁合金的磨损量随着载荷和时间的增加而增加,载荷愈大,磨损愈严重,在120N、60min时发生轻微磨损向严重磨损的转变。当滑动时间(20min)一定时,ZK61镁合金的磨损形式随着滑动速度和载荷的增大而发生变化。当滑动速度(0.12m/s)较小时,在不同载荷(50~150N)下均表现为轻微磨损;当滑动速度为0.24m/s,载荷超过100N后磨损进入严重磨损阶段;当滑动速度(0.36m/s)较大时,均表现为严重磨损。     

钢纤维增强水泥砂浆压剪联合冲击下动态剪切性能

基于唐志平等提出的剪切波跟踪技术(SWT),对钢纤维增强水泥砂浆进行了冲击速度40m/s~270m/s倾斜角为0~20°的斜撞击试验.研究结果表明,在此冲击速度下,材料处于损伤状态和由损伤状态向孔洞崩塌过渡阶段.此结果与聚丙烯纤维增强水泥砂浆的实验结果进行对比,发现钢纤维体积含量为0.5%时,对压缩性能的增强效果并不明显,但相应的剪切波速明显增加;当钢纤维体积含量为1%时对压缩性能和剪切波速均有较大的提高.由于钢纤维与水泥砂浆基体的强度相差太大,剪切强度有一定的改善,但数据较离散.同时通过对剪切结果分析表明,采用剪切波,尤其是卸载剪切波来探测脆性材料内部动态损伤非常有效.     

Molecular dynamic simulations of uniaxial tension at nanoscale of semiconductor materials for micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) applications

Molecular dynamic (MD) simulations of uniaxial tension at nanoscale were conducted on two semiconductor materials, namely, silicon (Si) and germanium (Ge) to determine their mechanical properties and investigate the nature of deformation under applied load at nanolevel. A general form of Tersoff-type, three-body potential was used for the interaction between the Si atoms and between the Ge atoms in the simulations. Both, Si and Ge were found to exhibit a linear elastic behavior followed by a nonlinear increase in stress in the plastic region up to the ultimate tensile stress (instead of catastrophic brittle fracture soon after the elastic limit, which is typical of most nominally brittle materials at macrolevel). Further loading beyond the ultimate tensile stress resulted in catastrophic failure of these materials by a ductile fracture mode, namely, slip at 45° to the loading direction. The strain at failure was found to be much higher than the corresponding values at macroscale possibly due to the higher loading rates used. Based on the simulation results, the Young's modulii of Si and Ge in the [100] direction were determined to be 130 and 103 GPa, respectively, and the ultimate strengths, 25 and 20 GPa, respectively, at 500 m s⁻¹. These results are in reasonable agreement with the experimental and simulation results reported in the literature. The effect of strain rate via the rate of loading (10–500 m s⁻¹, where 1 m s⁻¹ corresponds to 10⁻² Å ps⁻¹) on the nature of deformation and the measured properties were also investigated. As the rate of loading (or the strain rate) decreases, the stress–strain curves more or less overlap up to the ultimate strength with a slight decrease in the ultimate tensile stress but a significant decrease in the value of strain at failure or strain at ultimate tensile stress.     

Dynamic-failure micromechaimisms for ductile high-tensile steel

Three batches of ductile hightensile Cr-Mo-Ni steel have been used in shock loading at speeds of 50–500 m/sec to show that dynamic strain and failure occur simultaneously at several scale levels, with the dynamic strength in antiphase at adjacent levels. This characteristic is directly related to the kinetics of the elementary plastic-strain carriers. In particular, increasing the spread in particle velocity at the mesolevel (1–10 m) increases the macroscopic strength, which indicates that a wide velocity distribution at the mesolevel favors homogenization and the elimination of local stresses. Microstructure studies show that the highest dynamic strength occurs in a material in which there are rotational strain mechanisms at the mesolevel, and the wider the particle velocity distribution, the less the dynamic-rotation diameter.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 1, pp. 31–42, January, 1994.     

Dynamic strength evaluations for self-piercing rivets and resistance spot welds joining similar and dissimilar metals

This paper summarizes the dynamic joint strength evaluation procedures and the measured dynamic strength data for 13 joint populations of self-piercing rivets (SPR) and resistance spot welds (RSWs) joining similar and dissimilar metals. A state-of-the-art review of the current practice for conducting dynamic tensile/compressive strength tests in different strain rate regimes is first presented, and the generic issues associated with dynamic strength test are addressed. Then, the joint strength testing procedures and fixture designs used in the current study are described, and the typical load versus displacement curves under different loading configurations are presented. Uniqueness of the current data compared with data in the open literature is discussed. The majority of experimental results indicate that joint strength increases with increasing loading rate. However, the strength increase from 4.47 m/s (10 mph) to 8.94 m/s (20 mph) is not as significant as the strength increase from static to 4.47 m/s. It is also found that with increasing loading velocity, displacement to failure decreases for all the joint samples. Therefore, ‘brittleness’ of the joint sample increases with impact velocity. Detailed static and dynamic strength data and the associated energy absorption levels for all the samples in the 13 joint populations are also included.     

激励与滚筒振动耦合下采煤机动力学特性分析

为了研究采煤机截割过程中的动力学特性及其对截割载荷的影响,采用含滚筒振动量的锋利截齿截割阻力模型描述滚筒截割载荷,采用含间隙齿轮啮合模型描述行走轮驱动载荷,采用库伦摩擦模型描述平滑靴摩擦载荷,建立了采煤机整机五自由度动力学模型,利用ode45对模型求解.结果表明:当煤岩硬度f=3,行走速度为3m/min时,采煤机右摇臂振动幅值约为0.8×10~(-4)rad,左摇臂振动幅值约为0.4×10~(-5)rad;机身振动速度在-1.4~+1.4mm/s间波动,右、左摇臂的振动角速度分别在-1×10~(-3)~+1×10~(-3) rad/s和-4.5×10~(-4)~+4.5×10~(-4) rad/s间波动;通过对比考虑滚筒振动和未考虑滚筒振动时的截割载荷,表明滚筒的振动有利于对煤岩的截割;对右侧摇臂的振动量进行了实验测量,其大小及波动范围与仿真值较为接近,说明采煤机的动力学模型具有一定的准确性.     

Relationships between multiaxial stress states and internal fracture patterns in sphere-impacted silicon carbide

Internal fracture patterns developed in silicon carbide cylindrical targets as a result of dynamic indentation (63–500 m/s) by tungsten carbide spheres are defined. Microscopy of recovered and sectioned targets delineate into three regions, each associated with distinct cracking modes, i.e., shallow cone macrocracking at and near the impact surface, steep interior cone macrocracks that radiate into the target from the impact region and local grain-scale microcracking directly underneath the impact region. The observed fracture patterns are found to maintain a noticeable degree of self-similarity upto the impact velocity of 500 m/s. Linear elastic analysis of the full (surface and interior) stress field developed under static (Hertz) contact loading delineate the target into four regions, based on the number of principal stresses that are tensile (none, 1, 2 or all 3). A strong correlation is found between the principal stress conditions within each region and the forms of cracking, their locations and orientations present therein. This correlation has a number of implications, including non-interaction of crack systems, which are discussed. Illustrative linear elastic fracture mechanics analyses are performed for three regions, and calculated and observed macrocrack lengths are found to be in reasonable agreement.     

平纹机织玻璃纤维增强复合材料面内压缩力学行为及破坏机制

为了研究平纹机织玻璃纤维复合材料SW200/LWR-2 的面内压缩力学性能并建立其本构模型, 对其进行了应变率为0. 001 s-1 、0. 1 s-1 、500 s-1 , 温度从- 55 ℃到100 ℃范围内的面内压缩实验研究。动态压缩实验在SHPB 装置上进行, 通过波形整形器实现了恒定应变率加载, 且经过验证试样两端应力平衡。实验结果表明, SW200/ LWR-2 复合材料性能具有明显的应变率敏感性及温度敏感性, 其强度随着应变率的升高而增大, 随着温度的升高而减小。对破坏后试样进行宏观及微观观察发现, 准静态加载时试样为剪切破坏, 伴随大量纤维束内脱粘和纤维拔出; 动态加载时试样为剪切破坏与分层破坏并存, 并出现大量碎屑, 纤维束为整束剪断, 束内脱粘受到抑制。根据损伤力学理论, 建立了SW200/ LWR-2 复合材料应变率及温度相关面内压缩损伤统计本构模型, 本构模型结果与实验结果吻合较好。      

Mean out-of-plane dynamic plateau stresses of hexagonal honeycomb cores under impact loadings

Double-walled hexagonal honeycomb cores (DHHCs) are important cushioning materials and their out-of-plane impact properties depend upon their configuration parameters and impact velocities. In this paper, the reliable finite element (FE) model by using ANSYS/LS-DYNA was designed to investigate the relations between configuration parameters of DHHCs and their out-of-plane dynamic plateau stresses at the impact velocities from 3 to 350 m/s. FE simulations demonstrate, when all configuration parameters are kept constant, mean out-of-plane dynamic plateau stresses are related to impact velocities by conic curves. For a given impact velocity, mean out-of-plane dynamic plateau stresses are related to the ratios between cell wall thickness and edge length and to edge length ratios by power laws. There are complicated relations between mean out-of-plane dynamic plateau stresses and expanding angels, which are discussed in detail. Many empirical expressions on mean out-of-plane dynamic plateau stresses of DHHCs are suggested.     

半圆盘构件冲击断裂特性的动态焦散线实验研究

采用动态焦散线实验系统,对有机玻璃（PMMA）在冲击载荷下的I型和I-II混合型裂纹在起裂和扩展时的动态断裂特性进行了研究。结果表明：随着PMMA由I型断裂转变为I-II混合型断裂,从落锤作用在试件上到裂纹起裂所需时间不断增加,说明裂纹起裂需要的能量有所增加,同时从裂纹起裂到最终贯通所需时间不断减少,说明裂纹平均扩展速度也不断增大;在I型断裂中,PMMA的断裂韧度KIC为2.04 MN/m3/2,而在I-II混合型断裂中,PMMA的断裂韧度KIC低于I型断裂时的断裂韧度KIC,但是KIIC有所增大;对于I-II混合型断裂,PMMA极限扩展速度约为366m/s,当达到极限扩展速度后,裂纹尖端出现微裂纹增韧现象,使裂纹的表面能迅速增大,随后裂纹的扩展速度迅速减小。     

Static and dynamic axial crushing of square thin-walled aluminium extrusions

An experimental investigation was carried out to study the behaviour of square thin-walled aluminium extrusions in alloy AA6060 subjected to axial loading. Both static and dynamic tests were performed and the primary variables were the wall thickness and temper of the square tubes and the impact velocity of the projectile. The mass of the projectile in the dynamic tests was 56 kg, while the impact velocity was in the range 8–20 m/s. The experimental results show that a symmetric deformation mode is formed for the static tests with a lobe number that is a function of the temper. In the dynamic tests a mixture of modes is found. The experimental results also show that the dynamic mean force is significantly higher than the corresponding static force for the same axial displacement, which indicates a strong inertia effect. For initially straight square tubes, the mean load ratio between a dynamic and a static test is a decaying function with respect to the axial displacement. However, by introducing initial geometrical imperfections prior to dynamic testing an almost constant ratio is found.