Thermal analysis of magnetic shields for induction heating

For the design of magnetic shields for induction heating, it is useful to analyse not only the magnetic field reduction but also the temperature behaviour of the shield. The latter is heated by its electromagnetic losses and by thermal radiation from the workpiece. A coupled thermal-electromagnetic axisymmetric finite element model is used to study the temperature of a shield for an axisymmetric induction heater, highlighting the effect of the radius, length, thickness and material of the shield on its temperature and magnetic shielding factor. Also the effect of frequency and workpiece dimensions is investigated. The model is validated by measuring magnetic induction, induced currents in the shield and temperature of the shield on the experimental setup. The temperature is unacceptably high for shields close to the excitation coil, especially if the shield length is lower than the workpiece length. Although the study is carried out for one specific induction heater geometry, the paper indicates the effect of parameters such as geometry, material and frequency on shield temperature so that the results are also useful for other induction heating configurations.     

Sensitivity analysis and multiobjective optimization of a parallel-plate active magnetic regenerator using a genetic algorithm

This paper analyzes the energetic and exergetic performance of an active magnetic regenerative refrigerator. A 1D numerical model has been developed to simulate a system composed of a parallel-plate regenerator, magnetic source, pump, heat exchangers and control valves. The effects of several parameters like the mass flowrate and the plate and fluid thicknesses are studied. Various types of refrigerants are tested thanks to the CoolProp library, accounting for temperature-dependent properties. A multiobjective optimization based on a genetic algorithm is used to enhance the system performance regarding the Pareto efficiency. Parameters like mutation and crossover fraction are considered in order to determine the optimal results in a fair computational time. The main goals are to maximize the coefficient of performance, the exergetic efficiency, and the cooling power while respecting precise constraints. The best tuning leads to a solution 9 times faster than mapping all possibilities using a rough grid size.     

One-component cesium magnetometer for measuring the residual magnetic induction in ferromagnetic shields

A simple design for a miniature cesium magnetometer intended for measuring the residual magnetic induction (B ₀≤1000 nT) in ferromagnetic shields of cylindrical shape with an internal diameter ⊘≥15 mm is described. Pis’ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 25, 42–46 (May 12, 1999)     

Optimizing welding sequence with genetic algorithm

The genetic algorithm method has been utilized with a thermomechanical model to determine an optimum welding sequence. The thermomechanical model developed for this purpose predicts residual stress and distortion in thin plates. The thermal history of the plate is computed using a transient two-dimensional finite element model which serves as an input to the mechanical analysis. The mechanical response of the plate is estimated through a thermoelastic-viscoplastic finite element model. The proposed model is verified by comparison with the experimental data where available. By choosing the appropriate objective function for the considered case, an optimum welding sequence is determined by a genetic algorithm.     

Optimizing chromatic aberration calibration using a novel genetic algorithm

Advances in digitalized image optics has increased the importance of chromatic aberration. The axial and lateral chromatic aberrations of an optical lens depends on the choice of optical glass. Based on statistics from glass companies worldwide, more than 300 optical glasses have been developed for commercial purposes. However, the complexity of optical systems makes it extremely difficult to obtain the right solution to eliminate small chromatic aberration. Even the damped least-squares technique, which is a ray-tracing-based method, is limited owing to its inability to identify an enhanced optical system configuration. Alternatively, this study instead attempts to eliminate even negligible axial and lateral colour aberration by using algorithms involving the theories of geometric optics in triplet lens, binary and real encoding, multiple dynamic crossover and random gene mutation techniques.     

On the interaction of magnetic fields and magnetic shields

Some general mathematical expressions have been derived for the induced self and mutual inductances of the wires inside a cylindrical ferromagnetic shell. An application of these results is given. It is shown that the effect of the ferromagnetic shell on the inductances of the multiconducting wires is strongly geometry dependent; the closer the wires to the magnetic shell, the stronger the effect. For wires in the center of the cylinder, no significant result will be caused by the presence of the magnetic shell.     

Optimizing survivability of multi-state systems with multi-level protection by multi-processor genetic algorithm

In this paper we consider vulnerable systems which can have different states corresponding to different combinations of available elements composing the system. Each state can be characterized by a performance rate, which is the quantitative measure of a system's ability to perform its task. Both the impact of external factors (stress) and internal causes (failures) affect system survivability, which is determined as probability of meeting a given demand.In order to increase the survivability of the system, a multi-level protection is applied to its subsystems. This means that a subsystem and its inner level of protection are in their turn protected by the protection of an outer level. This double-protected subsystem has its outer protection and so forth. In such systems, the protected subsystems can be destroyed only if all of the levels of their protection are destroyed. Each level of protection can be destroyed only if all of the outer levels of protection are destroyed.We formulate the problem of finding the structure of series–parallel multi-state system (including choice of system elements, choice of structure of multi-level protection and choice of protection methods) in order to achieve a desired level of system survivability by the minimal cost. An algorithm based on the universal generating function method is used for determination of the system survivability. A multi-processor version of genetic algorithm is used as optimization tool in order to solve the structure optimization problem. An application example is presented to illustrate the procedure presented in this paper.     

Mechanical heating by active galaxies

Jets and winds are significant channels for energy loss from accreting black holes. These outflows mechanically heat their surroundings, through shocks as well as gentler forms of heating. We discuss recent efforts to understand the nature and distribution of mechanical heating by central active galactic nuclei (AGN) in clusters of galaxies, using numerical simulations and analytic models. Specifically, we will discuss whether the relatively gentle 'effervescent heating' mechanism can compensate for radiative losses in the central regions of clusters, and account for the excess entropy observed at larger radii. J. Binney discusses the possible role of violent, episodic heating by AGN in clusters.     

基于遗传算法的层间等级网络编码优化

面向单信源异构信宿网络,研究了层间等级网络编码的编码类型优化。基于遗传算法,提出了一种最优编码类型的快速搜索方案。该方案充分考虑了信源输出链路上进行的层间等级网络编码的编码类型对整个网络传输性能的影响,将网络总吞吐量作为评价编码类型优劣的标准,设计了符合层间等级网络编码本质特性的遗传操作。实验结果表明,与分层组播网络编码和基于现有启发式算法的层间等级网络编码相比,基于本文方案实现的层间等级网络编码能够为单信源异构信宿网络获得更高的网络总吞吐量。     

Designing optimal controllers for doubly fed induction generators using a genetic algorithm

This work presents a design procedure based on evolutionary computation, more specifically on a genetic algorithm combined with the formal pole placement project, to obtain optimal controllers to the rotor-side converter of doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs), in variable-speed wind generation systems connected to the electrical grid. With this procedure it is intended to improve the global system dynamic behaviour during and after the fault period, also increasing the transient stability margin of the power system and the fault ride-through capability. The control action of the DFIG converters is accomplished by proportional and integral controllers, whose gainspsila adjustment is not a trivial task, because of the high complexity of the system. The results obtained confirm the efficiency of the proposed control design procedure.     

A field-theoretical approach to magnetic induction heating of thin circular plates

A field-theoretical approach is used to analyze the subject of magnetic induction heating of thin circular plates by planar coils. Closed-form solutions for the electric and magnetic fields are found to the basic field problem of a single circular loop carrying current at a frequency ω in the presence of a plate characterized by a permeability μ and conductivity σ. By using these fields, expressions are derived for the complex Poynting vector at the surface of the plate, and for the induced EMF in the coil. The theory is extended to include multiturn coils and a field-dependent permeability, and a specific multiturn coil and plate combination is chosen as an example. The complex amplitude of the magnetic field and the Poynting vector are calculated along the surface of the plate using iterative methods to assure self-consistency with the field dependent permeability of the plate. By using Fourier transform techniques, the transient coil current and coil voltage waveforms are calculated under the experimental conditions used to take data on the sample coil and plate. The absorbed power is calculated from these waveforms and is found to be within 10 percent of the measured power absorption for all levels of operation from 50 to 2000 W. The calculated coil current waveform is compared with the measured waveform and is found to be in very good agreement in both shape and period.     

基于六脉波诱导加热算法的压缩机预加热技术

提出一种压缩机预加热技术——六脉波诱导加热技术,该技术可同时对压缩机腔体外壁、定子线圈、定子硅钢和转子硅钢加热,省去原有曲轴箱加热带,提高传热效率,减小热量损失和待机功率,降低制造成本。通过调整加热算法中占空比偏置时间,实现预加热功率可调:既可以实现短时间大功率注入,快速加热油池,又可以减少用户开机等待时间;预热功率可小单元功率调节,实现高精度功率控制算法。采用该技术后,多联机首次通电等待时间缩短75%,待机功率降低92.7%。     

Finite element analysis of leakage magnetic flux from an induction heating system

The finite element method is applied to calculate the leakage magnetic field from an induction heating system consisting of an exciting coil and a conducting circular plate. The basic technique of the method is to draw a mathematical sphere to enclose the system. The total energy functional is assumed to be given by the interior and exterior functionals. The former is represented by using the usual axisymmetric triangular elements. On the other hand, the latter is given in a simple form by expanding exterior fields in terms of the solutions of a differential equation governing exterior empty spaces. The interior and exterior potentials are then matched on the spherical interface. After the validity of the method is verified by comparing results with analytic solutions for a single coil, the leakage magnetic flux from an induction heating system is computed at large distances.     

Optimal design of heating channels for rapid heating cycle injection mold based on response surface and genetic algorithm

Rapid heating cycle molding (RHCM) technology is a novel polymer injection molding method developed in recent years. In this paper, the principle of RHCM was introduced and a RHCM mold for producing a large-size LCD TV panel was presented. Aiming at achieving a uniform temperature distribution on the cavity surface of the stationary mold insert, the distances between the neighbor heating channels were considered as the main design variables. An objective function for optimizing the temperature distribution uniformity was proposed. The experiment samples for calculating the objective function were selected by using the Latin Hypercube Design experiment method. A quadric response surface equation for calculating temperature distribution uniformity was established. The design variables were optimized by using genetic algorithm and the optimal solutions were obtained. The temperature distribution uniformity on the stationary mold insert cavity surface was greatly improved. The effectiveness of the optimization method presented in this paper was also demonstrated by industrial injection production of a LCD TV panel.     

基于遗传算法的神经网络被动声呐目标分类研究

被动声呐目标识别系统中目标分类器的设计和训练是一项重要内容，本文设计了目标分类器的神经网络结构，提出了一种用改进的遗传算法训练神经网络分类器的新方法，最后，对海上实录的Ａ，Ｂ，Ｃ三类目标噪声进行了分类识别，实验结果表明基于遗传算法的神经网络分类器比传统的基于ＢＰ算法的神经网络分类源泛化性能有明显提高。     

Optimizing process parameters for laser beam micro-marking using genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization

Laser micro-marking is an efficient technique for permanent marking and logo printing on materials. This study details the selection of an optimal parametric combination for laser micro-marking. In this work, markings were performed on Gallium Nitride (GaN) with varying the levels of marking parameters. The parameters considered in the present work are current (A), pulse frequency (Hz), and scanning speed (mm/sec). This experiment was designed using a “central composite design,” grounded in the response surface methodology. Mark intensity, which is a prominent response in laser marking, was considered the output response. The data interpretation involved analysis of variance (ANOVA) and mathematical modelling between the input parameters. It is essential to determine the relationship and significance of input-output variation. The interaction effect of various input parameters on mark intensity was also studied. Finally, two techniques, namely genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO), were applied, and the optimal settings of input constraints were predicted.     

Flow control using localized induction heating in a VARTM process

Voids formed during the mold filling stage of the vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) process become defects in the fabricated parts. Active flow control is one way to eliminate these defects by guiding the flow along a desired path during the mold filling stage of the process. Building upon previous work of the authors [Johnson R, Pitchumani R. In: Proceedings of the thirty-fourth international SAMPE technical conference, MD, USA, vol. 34(1); 2002, p. 250–61; Johnson R, Pitchumani R. Enhancement of flow in VARTM using localized induction heating. Compos Sci Technol 2003;63(15):2202–15; Johnson R., Pitchumani R. In: Proceedings of the fourteenth international conference on composite materials, CA, USA; 2003, Paper# 0861; Johnson R, Pitchumani R. Simulation of active flow control based on localized preform heating in a VARTM process. Compos Part A-Appl Sci Manuf, in press doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2005.09.007], this paper presents implementation of an active flow control using induction heating as a means of locally reducing viscosity to counteract the effects of nonhomogeneity in the permeability of preform layups in a prototype VARTM process. Feedback of flow front locations during the filling stage of the process is used together with a numerical process model to arrive at decisions on the trajectories of the induction coil and the coil voltage, so as to maintain a uniform flow progression without exceeding a prescribed maximum temperature limit. A flow front following control strategy is implemented in a lab-scale experimental setup and tested on several preform layups exhibiting spatial permeability variation, as well as in the case of preforms with mold inserts. Results of these studies demonstrate that active flow control is capable of reducing the fill time, improving the flow front uniformity throughout the duration of the mold fills, and eliminating dry spot formation.     

Optimization of all-garnet magneto-optical magnetic field sensors with genetic algorithm

In this article, we introduce a simple magnetophotonic crystal structure for magnetic field sensing applications. Design procedure, which is performed using a global optimization tool called genetic algorithm, provides great flexibility for structures with layers having nonquarter-wavelength thickness. Results show that our proposed genetic sensor comparatively exhibits higher simplicity, sensitivity, and spatial resolution, with better photo-response and performance. We also analyze the underlying physical phenomenon responsible for such improvement by inspection of electric field distribution in the interior of the structure.     

利用感应加热技术进行炭纤维连续石墨化

采用感应加热技术研制出炭纤维连续高温热处理专用设备石墨化炉，最高使用温度3000℃。对PAN基炭纤维T300进行了连续石墨化处理，热处理温度为2000℃～3000℃，制备出力学性能相当于日本东丽公司M40的石墨纤维，验证了该设备的技术可行性。考察了热处理温度对炭纤维力学性能、密度和直径的影响，用SEM观察了石墨化前后炭纤维表面微观形态的变化。结果表明：随热处理温度的提高，炭纤维的密度增大、直径减小，弹性模量升高，而抗拉强度下降。经3000℃高温热处理后，纤维的弹性模量高达450GPa。