机器人足球视觉图像快速识别方法的研究

机器人足球比赛作为多智能体系统（Multi-agent System, MAS）的理想研究平台已成为复杂人工智能研究的一个新兴领域.机器人足球比赛是使用计算机视觉闭环的反馈控制系统.机器人足球队员的色标设计是直接关系到系统辨识精度、实时性和抗干扰性的一个重要因素.该文通过对4种典型色标设计进行比较和分析,研究出一种比较合理的全新的队员识别算法设计思路,并针对性地提出了一种快速准确的神经网络边缘检测算法,利用足球机器人外形特征取得了良好的辨识结果.该算法对基于视觉的分布式控制式足球机器人系统的研究与开发进行了有益的探索.     

A Real-Time Hybrid Architecture for Biped Humanoids with Active Vision Mechanisms

A real-time hybrid control architecture for biped humanoid robots is proposed. The architecture is modular and hierarchical. The main robot’s functionalities are organized in four parallel modules: perception, actuation, world-modeling, and hybrid control. Hybrid control is divided in three behavior-based hierarchical layers: the planning layer, the deliberative layer, and the reactive layer, which work in parallel and have very different response speeds and planning capabilities. The architecture allows: (1) the coordination of multiple robots and the execution of group behaviors without disturbing the robot’s reactivity and responsivity, which is very relevant for biped humanoid robots whose gait control requires real-time processing. (2) The straightforward management of the robot’s resources using resource multiplexers. (3) The integration of active vision mechanisms in the reactive layer under control of behavior-dependant value functions from the deliberative layer. This adds flexibility in the implementation of complex functionalities, such as the ones required for playing soccer in robot teams. The architecture is validated using simulated and real Nao humanoid robots. Passive and active behaviors are tested in simulated and real robot soccer setups. In addition, the ability to execute group behaviors in real- time is tested in international robot soccer competitions.     

全自主机器人足球系统的研究综述

综述了全自主机器人足球系统的历史和研究现状 .对机器人足球系统的协作系统体系结构、机器学习、路径规划、实时通信、视觉和多传感器融合等技术进行了较为详细的分析 ,并且对各种研究方法的优势与不足进行了比较 .     

足球机器人路径规划算法的研究及其仿真

研究足球机器人路径规划优化问题,足球机器人由于赛场情况千变万化,系统本身存在非线性,环境也具有时变性特点,要求机器人相互协作实时性要求高。结合足球机器人系统特点,提出一种蚁群算法的足球机器人路径规划算法。把每一只蚂蚁看作是一个机器人,蚂蚁根据信息素调整自己的前进方向,通过蚂蚁间的信息交流和相互协作快速找到一条最短的机器人运行无碰撞的路径。采用算法进行测试,结果表明,用蚁群算法较好地克服了局部最优的缺陷,获得最优路径,且无碰撞现象,符合足球机器人路径规划的实时性要求。     

基于文化萤火虫算法的足球机器人动态路径规划

提出一种基于文化算法框架的萤火虫优化算法,结合动态避障和滑模控制求解足球机器人动态路径规划问题,并利用数学定理证明算法的收敛性.根据足球机器人在比赛中承担任务的分工不同,分别对进攻和防守两种角色进行分析讨论,进攻时结合动态避碰的方法平滑和修正规划的路径;防守时通过滑模控制跟踪足球或对手机器人的轨迹,利用CFA算法进行整定优化滑模控制的参数,计算出机器人的运行速度和角速度.以足球机器人比赛实例进行测试,实验结果证实所提出算法无论对无碰撞危险还是有多个障碍物机器人碰撞危险等不同情况,都具备有效性和高效性.考察路径采样点数、种群数量和进化迭代次数等参数变化对收敛性能的影响,并将所提出算法与PSO和ACO等进化计算算法进行性能比较,验证了算法更容易搜索到全局最优解,有更好的收敛性能.     

足球机器人动态路径规划方法研究

针对机器人足球系统的高度实时性、不确定性,提出了一种基于统计预测的路径规划方法,该方法考虑到障碍物的速度大小和方向的不确定性,用数学统计的方法对障碍物的运动进行建模;机器人在运动过程中,根据得到的环境信息在机器视觉范围内建立预测窗口和避障窗口,在预测窗口内,机器人根据障碍物的信息建立障碍物的预测区域,在避障窗口内,机器人根据自身的位置与障碍物的预测区域,分别调用切线法或滚动窗口法进行路径规划;该方法属于局部路径规划方法,机器人在移动过程中需要不断更新环境信息来进行避障.     

Architecting centralized coordination of soccer robots based on principle solution

Coordination strategy is a relevant topic in multi-robot systems, and robot soccer offers a suitable domain to conduct research in multi-robot coordination. Team strategy collects and uses environmental information to derive optimal team reactions, through cooperation among individual soccer robots. This paper presents a diagrammatic approach to architecting the coordination strategy of robot soccer teams by means of a principle solution. The proposed model focuses on robot soccer leagues that possess a central decision-making system, involving the dynamic selection of the roles and behaviors of the robot soccer players. The work sets out from the conceptual design phase, facilitating cross-domain development efforts, where different layers must be interconnected and coordinated to perform multiple tasks. The principle solution allows for intuitive design and the modeling of team strategies in a highly complex robot soccer environment with changing game conditions. Furthermore, such an approach enables systematic realization of collaborative behaviors among the teammates.     

Development of micro-robot system for playing soccer games

This paper surveys recent trends in developing a micro-robot soccer system, and presents a design procedure for soccer-playing robots, focusing on our system based on the centralized approach. The robot soccer game has a lot of challenging problems, such as coordination between robots, motion planning of robots, visual recognition of objects, and so on. Considering the results of the MIROSOT contests, the centralized approach may be more powerful than the distributed approach in order to implement such functions. Our attempt was to develop a micro-robot system with a remote-brainless control architecture. After that, new techniques were applied to the chasis design, the actuators, the radio link, the vision system software, and the control strategy software. Using a fast vision system, we obtain the configuration of each robot, and then the host computer computes the desired motion and commands each robot directly via RF communication. We describe in detail some technical tips for developing the robots, and explain our strategy for obtaining the scores. This article also includes the most recent improvements in robot hardware and software. This work was presented, in part, at the Third International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 19–21, 1998     

From roles to teamwork: A framework and architecture

Teamwork requires organization, strategies, and coordination. The design of a multiagent system should support these conceptual properties for constructing effective teams. The advantage of a teamwork approach is the reduction in complexity of the task through distribution of responsibilities, resulting in better utilization of resources, robust behaviors, and a greater variety of behaviors against competitors. In this article a framework for building teams of responsible agents using roles, responsibilities, and strategies is described. Its application to the domain of soccer is used to design a high-performance team of soccer agents. The architecture for these agents utilizes a reactive planning system with support for teamwork. The team of soccer agents will be tested in a series of competitions against other teams in the real-time soccer simulator proposed for Robocup-97, which provides an uncertain, resource bounded world.     

自主式足球机器人控制系统设计研究

足球机器人为智能机器人学科的发展提供一个具有挑战性的课题,本文介绍了一种基于DSP的足球机器人控制系统的实现方案,并对足球机器人系统的整体体系结构、硬件系统和软件系统进行了介绍。实验证明,该足球机器人运行稳定性,设计合理。     

足球机器人混合分层控制体系结构

为进一步提高足球机器人队伍在动态环境下的整体比赛能力,针对目前普遍存在的队伍体系结构过于偏向协作或应急的问题,对传统的慎思主体分层模型和算法作了较大改进.提出了混合分层模型,模型层次分明,兼备中短期任务规划能力和紧急情况下的应急能力,而且易于移植和扩展,最后通过仿真实验验证了其正确性和有效性.     

Evolving reliable and robust controllers for real robots by genetic programming

 Using Genetic Programming (GP)-based approaches to evolve robot controllers has the advantage of operating variable-size genotype. This is an important feature for evolving robot control systems as it allows complete freedom for the control architecture in respect to the task complexity which is difficult to predict. However, GP-based work in evolving controllers has been questioned in the verification of the performance on real robots, the generalisation of defining primitives, and the computational cost needed. In this paper, we present our GP framework in which a special representation of the robot controller is designed; this representation can capture well the characteristic of a behaviour controller so that our system can efficiently evolve desired robot behaviours by a relatively low computational cost. This system has been successfully used to evolve reliable and robust controllers working on a real robot, for a variety of tasks.     

基于扩散方程的改进型路径搜索算法在机器人足球中的应用

通过对扩散方程基本理论的研究,提出一种基于扩散方程的路径搜索法。在深入研究传统扩散方程路径搜索方法优缺点的基础上,进一步提出基于扩散方程的改进型路径搜索算法,并将其用于机器人足球的运动路径规划。通过仿真机器人足球实验表明该算法可行且有效。     

Managing plans: Integrating deliberation and reactive execution schemes

In this paper, we argue that a shift is needed for plan-based architectures to support versatile, long-lived systems. Our hypothesis is that we need to integrate plan generation, plan analysis and plan adaptation within a wholesome framework that allow a seamless integration of planning and plan execution activities, i.e. that the architectural focus should move away from planning towards so-called plan management. We present, in this paper, a software framework for plan management, which is based on a novel plan representation. This representation has been designed so that the actual context of the execution is available at all times: what the robot is doing and–more importantly–why it is doing it. Our plan manager implementation is available as open source, and has already been used on three different live systems, on which it demonstrated its capabilities.     

基于网络的足球机器人比赛系统的研究与实现

提出了一种基于Internet的C/S模式的人机交互的足球机器人系统．整个系统采用Win XP、VC++和Winsock网络编程技术．同时,开发了策略协调子系统来减小时延对比赛的影响．通过总控、视觉、策略协调及串口通讯等子系统的开发,实现了基于Internet网络的机器人足球比赛系统．     

Development of an object-oriented blackboard model for stamping process planning in progressive die design

This paper reports preliminary work to investigate the suitability of using a blackboard framework as a problem-solving model for stamping process planning in progressive die design. The model is described at two levels: knowledge level and computational level. The knowledge level describes how the stamping process planning domain is represented in a blackboard architecture. The computational level describes how the blackboard architecture is modeled and implemented using object technology. A software prototype has been developed using CLIPS and C++ interfaced with Solid Edge CAD system. An example is presented to illustrate the feasibility and practicality of the proposed approach.     

Fuzzy controller for wall-climbing microrobots

This paper presents a fuzzy control system that incorporates sensing, control and planning to improve the performance of the wall-climbing microrobots in unstructured environments. After introduction of the robot system, a task reference method is proposed which is based on a fuzzy multisensor data fusion scheme. The method provides a novel mechanism to efficiently integrate task scheduling, action planning and motion control in a unified framework. A robot gait generation method is described which switches the robot locomotion between different motion modes with the help of a finite state machine driven by sensory information. A fuzzy motion controller is designed to improve control performance and reduce power consumption by the suitable selection of fuzzy sets and inference methods, as well as the definition of corresponding membership functions and control rule bases. A fuzzy logic compensator is developed to compensate the gravitational effects according to different robot configurations and task situations. Experimental results prove the validity of the proposed methods.     

A programming environment for real-time control of distributed multiple robotic systems

In recent years there has been great interest in robot software control architectures. However, although many interesting solutions have been presented, most of the research problems tackled related to a single robot perception, navigation and action in everyday environments. Instead, most of the practical applications of mobile robotics for service tasks in civilian environments consist of systems composed of multiple robots communicating with each other, with external sensing and actuating devices, and with external supervising workstations. RoboCup offers a great opportunity to deal with this problem. In fact the software architecture of a robot soccer player must allow successful intra-robot integration of the different activities (visual perception, path planning, strategy planning, motion control, etc.) spanning many different types of representation (raw sensor data, images, symbolic plans, etc.) and it must also guarantee successful inter-robot integration by supporting communication and cooperation. This paper focuses on this problem, presenting ETHNOS-IV - a programming environment for the design of a real-time control system composed of different robots, devices and external supervising or control stations - which has been successfully used within the Italian ART robot team in the RoboCup-99 competition. ETHNOS provides support from three main point of views which will be addressed in detail: inter-robot and intra-robot communication, realtime task scheduling, and software engineering and code reuse. Experimental results illustrating the advantages of this approach will also be presented.     

基于视觉系统的足球机器人无线通信实现

在足球机器人大赛中提高机器人对各种传感器信息的处理能力是一项关键技术问题。在机器人自身有限负重能力情况下,通过无线通信方式,借助外部计算机和工作站处理传感器信息成为一种可行方案。文中以一种轮式移动机器人作为试验平台,研究足球机器人基于视觉系统的无线通信实现。     

基于改进型遗传算法的足球机器人路径研究

目前针对足球机器人路径规划,主要采用栅格法和链接图法,但栅格法无法达到精确的规划路径,而连接图法主要针对具有复杂多边形的障碍物,这两种方法不能满足足球机器人实时性的要求.为此采用简化编码方式和格雷码,建立了以路径最短、避障为优化目标的遗传算法适应度函数,采用轮盘赌选择,单点交叉,基本位变异等方法,完成了遗传操作.仿真结果表明:在建立的约束关系下,改进型遗传算法在路径最短方面比人工势场法有所改进,表现出较好的优化效果.