基于DWT-SVD域的彩色图像自适应水印算法

为了保护数字彩色图像版权,提出了一种结合离散小波变换(DWT)和矩阵奇异值分解(SVD)的彩色图像自适应水印算法。其主要设计思想是:先将原RGB彩色图像的各颜色分量进行小波分解;再将得到的中、低频带的小波系数与原水印图像分别进行奇异值分解,水印信息的奇异值重复嵌入到三通道中、低频带的小波系数奇异值中,且利用临界视觉阈值与奇异值之间的关系对水印嵌入强度作自适应调节,从而达到增强水印鲁棒性和确保水印透明性的目的。本算法适用于二值及灰度水印,在二值水印的提取过程中需设定一个提取阈值,以保证提取水印的完整性。仿真结果说明本算法对水印系统的透明性与鲁棒性作了较好的协调,是一种较稳健的算法。     

基于奇异值分解的量化水印盲检算法

提出了一种基于奇异值分解的量化水印盲检算法.利用图像矩阵的奇异值稳定性好且最大奇异值远远大于其他奇异值的特点,首先时分块图像最大奇异值进行量化,再结合其奇偶性将二值水印嵌入量化后的奇异值中.实验结果表明,水印算法在满足较好的不可见性和较强的鲁棒性的同时;还可实现水印的盲提取.     

A new robust reference watermarking scheme based on DWT-SVD

This paper presents a new semi-blind reference watermarking scheme based on discrete wavelet transform(DWT) and singular value decomposition(SVD) for copyright protection and authenticity. We are using a gray scale logo image as watermark instead of randomly generated Gaussian noise type watermark. For watermark embedding, the original image is transformed into wavelet domain and a reference sub-image is formed using directive contrast and wavelet coefficients. We embed watermark into reference image by modifying the singular values of reference image using the singular values of the watermark. A reliable watermark extraction scheme is developed for the extraction of watermark from distorted image. Experimental evaluation demonstrates that the proposed scheme is able to withstand a variety of attacks. We show that the proposed scheme also stands with the ambiguity attack also.     

Comments on “A digital watermarking scheme based on singular value decomposition and tiny genetic algorithm”

In the recent paper entitled “A digital watermarking scheme based on singular value decomposition and tiny genetic algorithm” by C.-C. Lai (2011) [1], a robust digital image watermarking scheme based on singular value decomposition and a tiny genetic algorithm is proposed. This comment shows that this watermarking scheme is fundamentally flawed in that the extracted watermark is not the embedded watermark but determined by the reference watermark.     

基于SIFT的NSCT-SVD域水印算法

提出一种利用尺度不变特征变换（SIFT）关键点对图像几何校正的非抽样Contourlet变换-奇异值分解域（NSCT-SVD）彩色图像水印算法。该算法利用蓝色与绿色分量的NSCT域低频子块的最大奇异值的关系,在蓝色分量上嵌入经过混沌加密的水印信息。水印检测时,先利用红色分量NSCT域低频系数上匹配的SIFT关键点信息对被检测图像进行几何攻击校正,恢复了水印的同步信息后再提取水印。实验结果表明,该算法对于噪声、滤波、压缩以及各类几何攻击具有较好的鲁棒性。     

An adaptive color image watermarking using RDWT-SVD and artificial bee colony based quality metric strength factor optimization

Image watermarking has emerged as a useful method for solving security issues like authenticity, copyright protection and rightful ownership of digital data. Existing watermarking schemes use either a binary or grayscale image as a watermark. This paper proposes a new robust and adaptive watermarking scheme in which both the host and watermark are the color images of the same size and dimension. The security of the proposed watermarking scheme is enhanced by scrambling both color host and watermark images using Arnold chaotic map. The host image is decomposed by redundant discrete wavelet transform (RDWT) into four sub-bands of the same dimension, and then approximate sub-band undergoes singular value decomposition (SVD) to obtain the principal component (PC). The scrambled watermark is then directly inserted into a principal component of scrambled host image, using an artificial bee colony optimized adaptive multi-scaling factor, obtained by considering both the host and watermark image perceptual quality to overcome the tradeoff between imperceptibility and robustness of the watermarked image. The hybridization of RDWT-SVD provides an advantage of no shift-invariant to achieve higher embedding capacity in the host image and preserving the imperceptibility and robustness by exploiting SVD properties. To measure the imperceptibility and robustness of the proposed scheme, both qualitative and quantitative evaluation parameters like peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), structural similarity index metric (SSIM) and normalized cross-correlation (NC) are used. Experiments are performed against several image processing attacks and the results are analyzed and compared with other related existing watermarking schemes which clearly depict the usefulness of the proposed scheme. At the same time, the proposed scheme overcomes the major security problem of false positive error (FPE) that mostly occurs in existing SVD based watermarking schemes.     

A new robust reference logo watermarking scheme

In this paper, a new yet simple reference logo watermarking scheme based on fractional Fourier transform (FrFT) and singular value decomposition (SVD) is proposed. The core idea of the proposed scheme is to segment host image into non-overlapping blocks by the means of Hilbert space filling curve and a reference image is formed by considering Human visual system (HVS). First, reference image is transformed into FrFT domain and embedding is done by modifying singular values of the reference image using singular values of watermark. After embedding, modified reference image is segmented into blocks and these modified blocks are mapped into their original places for constructing watermarked image. For extraction, a reliable watermark extraction scheme is proposed. The experimental results demonstrate better visual imperceptibility and resiliency of the proposed scheme against intentional or un-intentional variety of attacks.     

An adaptive watermarking scheme for e-government document images

This paper proposes an adaptive watermarking scheme for e-government document images. The adaptive scheme combines the discrete cosine transform (DCT) and the singular value decomposition (SVD) using luminance masking. As a core of masking model in the human visual system (HVS), luminance masking is implemented to improve noise sensitivity. Genetic algorithm (GA), subsequently, is employed for the optimization of the scaling factor of the masking. Involving a number of steps, the scheme proposed through this study begins by calculating the mask of the host image using luminance masking. It is then continued by transforming the mask on each area into all frequencies domain. The watermark image, following this, is embedded by modifying the singular values of DCT-transformed host image with singular values of mask coefficient of host image and the control parameter of DCT-transformed watermark image using Genetic Algorithm (GA). The use of both the singular values and the control parameter respectively, in this case, is not only to improve the sensitivity of the watermark performance but also to avoid the false positive problem. The watermark image, afterwards, is extracted from the distorted images. The experiment results show the improved adaptive performance of the proposed scheme is in resistant to several types of attacks in comparison with the previous schemes; the adaptive performance refers to the adaptive parameter of the luminance masking functioned to improve the performance or robustness of an image from any attacks.     

A robust semi-blind watermarking for color images based on multiple decompositions

In this paper, a robust semi-blind watermarking scheme for color images, based on multiple decompositions is proposed to preserve the copyrights of the owner. Using multiple decompositions, the gray watermark is embedded into a host color image. Prior to that, to enhance security the gray watermark is encrypted with Arnold transform and SVD by generating secret keys. The luminance component of the given host image is subjected to discrete wavelet transform(DWT), contourlet transform(CT), Schur decomposition and singular value decomposition(SVD) in sequence and finally the watermark is embedded. In the semi-blind extraction process, the watermark is extracted without the help of the original host image. Experimental results show that the proposed watermarking scheme has better visual imperceptibility and high robustness against image & signal processing attacks compared to other methods.     

基于奇异值分解的数字图像二值水印嵌入与盲检测

提出了一种基于奇异值分解的数字图像二值水印嵌入与盲提取算法.利用图像矩阵的奇异值稳定性好且最大奇异值远远大于其它奇异值的特点,首先对分块图像进行奇异值分解,再结合二值水印和一个事先设置好的量化参数对每个分块的最大奇异值进行微调,从而达到水印嵌入的目的.实验结果表明,新的水印方案具有较高的不可见性和较强的鲁棒性;可灵活控制水印容量的大小;水印提取不需要原始图像的参与,从而可成功实现水印图像的盲提取.     

A novel hybrid of DCT and SVD in DWT domain for robust and invisible blind image watermarking with optimal embedding strength

To optimize the tradeoff between imperceptibility and robustness properties, this paper proposes a robust and invisible blind image watermarking scheme based on a new combination of discrete cosine transform (DCT) and singular value decomposition (SVD) in discrete wavelet transform (DWT) domain using least-square curve fitting and logistic chaotic map. Firstly cover image is decomposed into four subbands using DWT and the low frequency subband LL is partitioned into non-overlapping blocks. Then DCT is applied to each block and several particular middle frequency DCT coefficients are extracted to form a modulation matrix, which is used to embed watermark signal by modifying its largest singular values in SVD domain. Optimal embedding strength for a specific cover image is obtained from an estimation based on least-square curve fitting and provides a good compromise between transparency and robustness of watermarking scheme. The security of the watermarking scheme is ensured by logistic chaotic map. Experimental results demonstrate the better effectiveness of the proposed watermarking scheme in the perceptual quality and the ability of resisting to conventional signal processing and geometric attacks, in comparison with the related existing methods.     

基于整数小波变换的灰度图像水印技术

数字水印技术通过在媒体图像中隐藏信号来达到保护媒体版权的作用。论文提出一种针对灰度图像水印的,基于整数小波提升算法的水印技术。该方法在对原始图像分块的基础上进行整数小波提升变换,然后对灰度水印图像置乱,再进行位平面分解,最后将每一个位面的水印信息都嵌入到原始图像的小波变换系数中。实验结果表明,该方法能较好地抵抗剪切和JPEG压缩攻击,对于滤波及噪声干扰也有一定的鲁棒性。     

基于混沌和图像内容的脆弱水印方案

针对脆弱水印方案的“伪认证攻击”问题,提出了基于混沌和图像内容的脆弱水印方案。该方案基于矩阵奇异值的特性,选取与图像内容密切相关的图像矩阵奇异值作为水印,并用混沌系统对其加密增强水印的安全性。认证时通过水印差别图和奇异值差值双重比较来抵抗简单脆弱水印嵌入方法的“伪认证攻击”。理论分析和仿真实验表明:该算法能有效地抵抗“伪认证攻击”,具有更好的安全性能。     

基于SVD和Radon变换的抗旋转攻击盲水印算法

为了提高传统基于奇异值变换（SVD）的数字水印抗几何攻击能力,提出一种在小波变换域将Radon变换和奇异值变换相结合的抗旋转攻击鲁棒性水印算法。将宿主图像进行小波变换,对变换后的低频子带进行奇异值分解,将经过仿射变换置乱后的二值水印图像嵌入到奇异值中。在水印嵌入操作上采用了奇偶量化嵌入算法从而实现了二值水印图像在水印检测时的盲提取;同时在水印检测之前,利用Radon变换检测算法对待检测图像进行几何校正,然后提取水印信息。实验结果表明,该算法对于噪声感染、滤波、JPEG压缩等常规信号处理的鲁棒性优于传统的基于SVD的数字水印算法,同时对于旋转几何变换具有很好的鲁棒性。     

实离散分数Krawtchouk变换及其在数字图像水印中的应用

目的传统Krawtchouk变换处理图像时存在变换域信息表示单一、不可调节等问题,传统分数阶Krawtchouk变换处理实信号表示有冗余等问题。为了构造更加灵活的图像变换域表示,提出了实离散分数阶Krawtchouk变换,并应用于数字图像水印。方法利用对传统Krawtchouk变换矩阵特征值分解的方式,通过对分解后的特征值矩阵的实矩阵分数化构造得到了实离散分数阶Krawtchouk变换的变换矩阵,从而构造出实离散分数阶Krawtchouk变换。然后,利用所提变换从实数域变换到实数域这一特性,提出了在实离散分数阶Krawtchouk变换嵌入水印信息的图像水印算法。算法采用了图像分块处理的方式,对每个图像块的实离散分数Krawtchouk变换系数进行奇异值分解,将水印信息嵌入奇异值分解矩阵中,然后进行逆向实离散分数阶Krawtchouk变换得到嵌入水印后的图像。结果通过比较所提实离散分数阶Krawtchouk变换域水印算法和传统Krawtchouk变换域水印算法,提取水印的平均错误率在中值滤波、均值滤波、高斯滤波、JPEG压缩和缩放攻击下,分别降低了12.39%、10.04%、18.50%...     

基于图像奇异值的脆弱水印方案

针对精确定位型脆弱水印算法的安全性问题,提出一种基于图像奇异值的脆弱水印方案。该方案选取与图像内容密切相关的图像奇异值作为水印,用混沌系统对其加密来增强水印的安全性。认证时通过水印差值定位图像被篡改的位置,通过奇异值差值反映被篡改区域的篡改强度。实验仿真结果表明该算法不仅提高了精确定位型水印算法的安全性,而且还可以估计出被篡改区域的篡改强度。     

基于多小波变换和分块SVD的彩色图像水印算法

提出了一种基于多小波变换和分块SVD的非盲水印算法。选择彩色图像的饱和度分量作为水印的嵌入域,水印为有意义的灰度图像,水印经Arnold置乱后被嵌入到饱和度分量多小波变换的不同中频区域中。实验证明,该算法不仅对噪声、JPEG压缩、剪切及Photoshop处理具有很好的鲁棒性,而且能抵抗旋转、放缩和平移等几何攻击。     

DWT-SVD and DCT based robust and blind watermarking scheme for copyright protection

In this article, a new DWT-SVD and DCT with Arnold Cat Map encryption based robust and blind watermarking scheme is proposed for copyright protection. The proposed scheme solves the most frequently occurring watermarking security problems in Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) based schemes which are unauthorized reading and false-positive detection. This scheme also optimizes fidelity and robustness characteristics. The grey image watermark splits into two parts using four bits MSBs and four bits LSBs of each pixel. Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) coefficients of these MSBs and LSBs values are embedded into the middle singular value of each block having size 4 × 4 of the host image’s one level Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) sub-bands. The reason for incorporating Arnold Cat Map in the proposed scheme is to encode the watermark image before embedding it in the host image. The proposed scheme is a blind scheme and does not require the choice of scaling factor. Thus, the proposed scheme is secure as well as free from the false positive detection problem. The proposed watermarking scheme is tested for various malicious and non-malicious attacks. The experimental results demonstrate that the scheme is robust, imperceptible and secure to several attacks and common signal processing operations.     

基于SVD的灰度水印单色通道嵌入算法

为了更有效地进行多媒体数据的版权保护,提出了一种在真彩色宿主图像中利用奇异值分解实现的灰度水印嵌入的鲁棒算法。该算法首先利用奇异值的特征来对灰度水印图像进行编码预处理,编码后的水印信息存储为二值数字序列,并选择视觉掩蔽性高的宿主图像区域进行隐藏。为了保证水印的不可察觉性,该水印算法先提取宿主图像RGB彩色空间中的蓝色通道分量,然后选择其中具有高活动因子的图像分块作为水印的嵌入区域。用该算法对灰度水印图像进行处理,不仅实现了水印的盲提取,而且在保证隐藏灰度水印大容量生动信息的同时,对宿主图像的视觉效果影响很小。实验结果表明,该水印算法不仅较传统方法有更高的鲁棒性,而且灰度水印图像的提取结果受常见的图像处理攻击操作的影响非常小。     

An audio watermarking scheme using singular value decomposition and dither-modulation quantization

Quantization index modulation is one of the best methods for performing blind watermarking, due to its simplicity and good rate-distortion-robustness trade-offs. In this paper, a new audio watermarking algorithm based on singular value decomposition and dither-modulation quantization is presented. The watermark is embedded using dither-modulation quantization of the singular values of the blocks of the host audio signal. The watermark can be blindly extracted without the knowledge of the original audio signal. Subjective and objective tests confirm high imperceptibility achieved by the proposed scheme. Moreover, the scheme is quite robust against attacks including additive white Gaussian noise, MP3 compression, resampling, low-pass filtering, requantization, cropping, echo addition and denoising. The watermark data payload of the algorithm is 196 bps. Performance analysis of the proposed scheme shows low error probability rates.