Al-Si-Mg-Sc铸造合金微观组织演变及其细化变质机制研究

本文利用真空感应熔炼炉制备了Al-7%Si-0.3%Mg-X%Sc(X=0、0.1、0.2、0.3、0.5和0.8)铸造合金。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM),能谱仪(EDS)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)等测试手段,表征了实验合金的微观组织,探讨了实验合金的细化变质机制。结果表明：实验合金主要物相包括α-Al、共晶Si、Al₃Sc、AlSc₂Si₂、富铁相(β-AlFeSi和π-AlSiMgFe)等。添加Sc元素后的实验合金组织均得到细化。随着Sc含量的增加,α-Al枝晶间距减小,共晶Si尺寸变小。当Sc含量为0.3%时,实验合金细化效果最好。α-Al细化主要归功于含Sc合金中产生大量细小的Al₃Sc颗粒与基体α-Al共格,且二者晶格错配度为1.0%,Al₃Sc可以作为α-Al的有效异质形核质点。添加Sc后的共晶Si发生变质及得到细化,这是因为存在于共晶Si中的稀土Sc元素,可以作为杂质元素被吸附在共晶Si{111}密排面上,从而促发共晶Si形成孪晶。此外,合金中形成的AlSc₂Si₂能够消耗部分Si元素,使得共晶Si数量减少、尺寸减小。     

硅对高硅奥氏体不锈钢析出相的影响

采用XRD、TEM和压痕变形等方法研究了Si含量（4%~8%,质量分数）对高硅奥氏体不锈钢（ZeCorn）显微组织的影响。结果表明,Si含量的增加会导致ZeCor合金的相组成发生变化：ZeCor-4%Si合金组织为单相奥氏体（γ相）,ZeCor-6%Si合金主要含γ相和少量σ相,在ZeCor-8%Si合金中主要析出Cr₃Ni₅Si₂相和少量σ相。此外,Cr₃Ni₅Si₂与σ相相比具有更高的硅、镍含量。显微硬度HV高达7840 MPa的Cr₃Ni₅Si₂相是典型的硬脆相,该相的析出将大大提高ZeCor-8%Si合金中γ基体的显微硬度。ZeCor合金中γ基体的强化机制如下：固溶强化是ZeCor-6%Si合金的主要强化机制,而Si的固溶强化和Cr₃Ni₅Si₂的析出强化机制都大大提高ZeCor-8%Si合金中的γ基体的显微硬度。在ZeCor-8%Si合金中,Cr₃Ni₅Si₂相起显著作用。     

热处理对Al-Si-Mg-Cr合金微观组织与力学性能及耐腐蚀性能的影响

本文采用真空电磁感应熔炼炉制备了Al-Si-Mg-Cr合金,利用Thermo-calc软件进行热力学模拟,使用SEM、EDS等测试方法,表征了不同热处理状态下Al-Si-Mg-Cr合金微观组织,并测试其力学性能。采用了失重法和电化学法测试其腐蚀性能。结果表明：实验合金主要物相包括初晶α-Al、（α-Al+Si）共晶、Al13Cr4Si4、β-Al（Cr, Fe）Si、富Fe相（β-Al5FeSi和π-AlSiMgFe）。热处理后的实验合金组织均得到细化,共晶组织区域变窄,共晶Si球化,合金中Al13Cr4Si4、β-Al（Cr, Fe）Si相弥散分布。腐蚀测试结果显示：实验合金主要的腐蚀方式为晶间腐蚀,热处理后实验合金共晶区域减小,导致腐蚀通道变窄;提高了合金的耐腐蚀性能。当热处理工艺为535℃ 6h+160 26h时,实验合金微观力学性能及耐腐蚀性最佳。     

Ca和Mn添加对铸态及热处理态Al-Mg-Si合金的微观组织、力学性能和导电性能影响

制备了Al-0.59Mg-0.54Si-X (X=0, 0.253Ca, 0.253Mn)合金来探究微量Ca、Mn添加对铸态、固溶态及时效态Al-0.59Mg-0.54Si-X合金的微观组织、力学性能及导电性能的影响。研究发现,Ca和Mn添加都显著细化了α-Al的晶粒尺寸。Ca能够诱导高密度的Mg₂Si和Al₂Ca颗粒在铸态α-Al晶粒中析出,使合金在铸态下具有最优的力学性能。固溶和时效处理会导致颗粒粗化并且偏聚在晶界,使合金的力学性能急剧下降,但其电导率却增加到了52.44%IACS。Mn添加使得晶界上的粗大β-Al₅FeSi杂质相转化成α-Al(FeMn)Si颗粒,并且诱导Mg₂Si和AlMn颗粒在铸态合金中析出。因此经过固溶和时效处理后的Al-0.59Mg-0.54Si-0.253Mn合金表现出最优的力学性能以及可接受的电导率。     

MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF Mg–12Zn–4Al–0.3Mn ALLOY CONTAINING Sr AND Ca

以Mg--12Zn--4Al--0.3Mn(质量分数, %)为母合金, 制备了6种合金. 实验观察证实, Mg--12Zn--4Al--0.3Mn合金的铸态组织由α--Mg基体和沿晶界分布的准晶Q相组成. 在母合金中加入少量的Sr后, 亚稳准晶相转变为Mg₃₂(Al, Zn)₄₉平衡相以及Mg₅₁Zn₂₀共晶相. 在母合金中复合加入Sr与Ca后, 铸态组织出现了Al₂Mg₅Zn₂共晶相. 随着Sr含量的增加, 合金室温和高温下的力学拉伸强度提高, 高温蠕变性能下降; Sr与Ca的复合加入使合金抗拉强度和塑性下降, 但高温屈服强度提高. 在\linebreak 175 ℃/70 MPa条件下, Mg--12Zn--4Al--0.2Sr--0.4Ca--0.3Mn合金表现出良好的高温抗蠕变性能.     

三元共晶成分Al2O3/YAG/ZrO2粉体及陶瓷的制备与组织性能研究

本文采用醇水共沉淀法制备了三元共晶成分Al₂O₃/YAG/ZrO₂粉体,在600-1350_oC温度范围煅烧后研究其物相转变过程。经1300_oC煅烧后Al₂O₃/YAG/ZrO₂共晶成分粉体的物相由α-Al₂O₃、c-ZrO₂和YAG构成,且具有α-Al₂O₃相包裹c-ZrO₂相的特殊结构。将煅烧粉体在1550_oC下热压烧结,制备具有内晶型结构的共晶成分Al₂O₃/YAG/ZrO₂复相陶瓷,其致密度、室温抗弯强度、断裂韧性和高温(1000_oC)抗弯强度分别为98.8%、420 MPa、3.69 MPa.m_1/2和464 MPa,并对复相陶瓷组织结构的形成机理进行了探讨。     

Si、Mg含量对Al-Mg-Si合金显微组织及显微硬度的影响

通过添加不同含量Si和Mg,研究Si、Mg对Al-Mg-Si合金显微组织与显微硬度的影响。采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）和显微硬度计分别对合金的微观形貌、相组成及显微硬度进行测试分析。结果表明：合金中主要有初生α-Al、骨骼状Mg2Si相、板片状共晶Si,还会出现少量的Al9Si、Al8Si6Mg3Fe、Al0.3Fe3Si0.7 和Al0.5Fe3Si0.5。随着Si含量的增加,Al-Mg-Si合金中α-Al枝晶变得细小,初生硅含量增加。随着Mg含量的增加,α-Al枝晶变粗、变大,从α-Al基体和初晶Si中的析出相逐渐明显,Mg2Si强化相聚集长大,同时α-Al初生晶尺寸增大。随着Si含量的增加,Al-Mg-Si合金的显微硬度也随之提高。随着Mg含量的增加,合金显微硬度先增大后减小。     

Mg-8.07Al-0.53Zn-1.36Nd镁合金微观组织及裂纹演变行为研究

利用XRD、SEM、TEM、EDS等测试方法对Mg-8.07Al-0.53Zn-1.36Nd镁合金微观组织结构进行了表征与分析,并采用原位拉伸试验研究了合金显微组织对裂纹萌生及扩展行为的影响。研究结果表明：试验合金组织中主要包括α-Mg基体,β-Mg₁₇Al₁₂,α β共晶相,Al₁₁Nd₃针状相和Al₂Nd颗粒相。Al₂Nd存在孪晶结构,孪晶面为{11-1},Al₁₁Nd₃存在连续的凹凸界面结构。合金室温原位拉伸试验结果显示：裂纹主要在粗大的β-Mg₁₇Al₁₂相内部萌生,裂纹扩展方式包括沿晶扩展和穿晶扩展方式。裂纹穿晶扩展主要归因于沿晶界分布的Al₁₁Nd₃、Al₂Nd相与周围组织界面结合能力较强,Al₁₁Nd₃凹凸界面对基体与共晶组织的啮合作用显著。     

析出相对含Ca镁合金腐蚀行为的影响

利用XRD、SEM、TEM和EDS等方法表征了Mg-Al-Zn-xCa(x=0、1.25%、1.74%、2.53%)合金腐蚀前后的组织结构,并采用失重法、电化学法、扫描探针显微镜(SPM)研究了合金腐蚀行为。结果表明：合金主要由α-Mg、β-Mg₁₇Al₁₂、Al₂Ca和(Mg,Al)₂Ca 组成。随着Ca含量的增加,合金组织中枝晶臂减小,主要沿晶界分布的Mg₁₇Al₁₂尺寸、数量逐渐减小, Al₂Ca由骨骼状连接成网状,(Mg,Al)₂Ca增多长大。腐蚀测试结果显示：添加Ca后的合金中α+β共晶减少,导致腐蚀通道变窄且比例减小。Ca元素能够使阳极自腐蚀电位升高,形成的Al₂Ca阴极相抑制了析氢过程。合金中主要析出相Al₂Ca 与α-Mg的电势差小于β-Mg₁₇Al₁₂与α-Mg的电势差。     

Y和Sc对A356合金组织与性能的影响

对比研究了微量稀土元素Y、Sc对A356合金铸态显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,0.3%的Y、0.3%的Sc均能明显减小合金中α-Al枝晶间距,细化α-Al晶粒,使片状共晶Si部分纤维化,但对Si变质效果均不如Sr。等量Y和Sc细化变质效果相比,Y的细化效果不如Sc,但Sc对共晶Si的变质效果不如Y;与之相对应,Y提高A356合金铸态力学性能的幅度优于等量Sc。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。