一种具有多模态索引结构的XML查询算法

将编码方案、路径索引和名字外延思想相结合,提出一种针对XML数据检索的多模态索引结构.它既可支持结构连接计算,用以判断任意结点之间的子孙后代关系,也可支持基于名字外延的路径连接算法,用以判断任意结点之间的父子关系,同时可支持包含拥有关系的小枝查询;进而给出基于该结构的外延连接算法,使得对于长度为n的Xpath绝对路径查询,最多只需n/2-1次外延连接.实验结果表明,本文提出的索引结构可有效提高查询处理性能.     

Index structures for matching XML twigs using relational query processors

Various index structures have been proposed to speed up the evaluation of XML path expressions. However, existing XML path indices suffer from at least one of three limitations: they focus only on indexing the structure (relying on a separate index for node content), they are useful only for simple path expressions such as root-to-leaf paths, or they cannot be tightly integrated with a relational query processor. Moreover, there is no unified framework to compare these index structures. In this paper, we present a framework defining a family of index structures that includes most existing XML path indices. We also propose two novel index structures in this family, with different space–time tradeoffs, that are effective for the evaluation of XML branching path expressions (i.e., twigs) with value conditions. We also show how this family of index structures can be implemented using the access methods of the underlying relational database system. Finally, we present an experimental evaluation that shows the performance tradeoff between index space and matching time. The experimental results show that our novel indices achieve orders of magnitude improvement in performance for evaluating twig queries, albeit at a higher space cost, over the use of previously proposed XML path indices that can be tightly integrated with a relational query processor.     

An adaptive path index for XML data using the query workload

Due to its flexibility, XML is becoming the de facto standard for exchanging and querying documents over the Web. Many XML query languages such as XQuery and XPath use label paths to traverse the irregularly structured XML data. Without a structural summary and efficient indexes, query processing can be quite inefficient due to an exhaustive traversal on XML data. To overcome the inefficiency, several path indexes have been proposed in the research community. Traditional indexes generally record all label paths from the root element in XML data and are constructed with the use of data only. Such path indexes may result in performance degradation due to large sizes and exhaustive navigations for partial matching path queries which start with the self-or-descendent axis(“//”). To improve the query performance, we propose an adaptive path index for XML data (termed APEX). APEX does not keep all paths starting from the root and utilizes frequently used paths on query workloads. APEX also has a nice property that it can be updated incrementally according to the changes of query workloads. Experimental results with synthetic and real-life data sets clearly confirm that APEX improves the query processing cost typically 2–69 times compared with the traditional indexes, with the performance gap increasing with the irregularity of XML data.     

Evaluation Techniques for Generalized Path Pattern Queries on XML Data

Finding the occurrences of structural patterns in XML data is a key operation in XML query processing. Existing algorithms for this operation focus almost exclusively on path patterns or tree patterns. Current applications of XML require querying of data whose structure is complex or is not fully known to the user, or integrating XML data sources with different structures. These applications have motivated recently the introduction of query languages that allow a partial specification of path patterns in a query. In this paper, we consider partial path queries, a generalization of path pattern queries, and we focus on their efficient evaluation under the indexed streaming evaluation model. Our approach explicitly deals with repeated labels (that is, multiple occurrences of the same label in a query). We show that partial path queries can be represented as rooted dags for which a topological ordering of the nodes exists. We present three algorithms for the efficient evaluation of these queries. The first one exploits a structural summary of data to generate a set of path patterns that together are equivalent to a partial path query. To evaluate these path patterns, we extend a previous algorithm for path-pattern queries so that it can work on path patterns with repeated labels. The second one extracts a spanning tree from the query dag, uses a stack-based algorithm to find the matches of the root-to-leaf paths in the tree, and merge-joins the matches to compute the answer. Finally, the third one exploits multiple pointers of stack entries and a topological ordering of the query dag to apply a stack-based holistic technique. We analyze our algorithms and perform extensive experimental evaluations. Our experimental results show that the holistic algorithm outperforms the other ones. Our approaches are the first ones to efficiently evaluate this class of queries in the indexed streaming model.     

一种基于Schema的XML索引结构

XML Schema作为一种描述XML文档模式信息即结构信息的标准，对于XML索引的建立及查询效率的提高有着重要的作用。现有的大部分XML索引结构着重研究XML文档的结构查询，而对于XML文档的更新支持却不多，对无效查询也不能作出快速的判断。该文基于已有的XML文档的编码方式，提出了一种基于Schema的XML索引结构，不仅能支持基于有效性验证的动态更新，使得XML文档和XML Schema保持一致，而且对用户提出的无效的路径查询也能在较短时间内作出判断。     

基于视图的正则路径查询重写

正则路径查询的重写是实现XML查询重写优化的基础。通过比较正则路径视图和正则路径查询的结构信息,分析了两者之间进行映射应满足的条件,描述了正则路径视图到正则路径查询的映射和基于有穷自动机的映射过滤算法,并从理论上阐明了两个算法的重写等价性。借助于此两个算法,能够极大地减少需要求解的映射数目和提高正则路径查询处理的效率。     

改进XISS索引技术的仿真研究

研究了数据库查询优化问题,而XISS索引是XML数据库索引中支持正则路径表达式的典型代表。XISS索引对于长查询路径表达式,要产生大量中间结果,连接操作代价十分高,加大了查询的时间和空间复杂度,导致查询的效率和准确率低。为了提高XML数据库查询效率和准确率,提出一种改进的XISS索引技术。首先引入DTD模式信息,简化编码方式;然后对节点索引结构进行改进,减少中间结果的连接次数,使得查询时间与路径长度无关,提高了查询效率和准确率。最后通过实验对改进前后的XISS索引进行仿真。结果表明,改进的XISS索引缩短了建立索引的时间,加快了查询响应的速度,提高了XML数据库查询的效率和准确率。     

一种高效的XML路径查询索引

XML文档的查询索引是当前研究的热点。提出一种高效的XML路径查询索引KDXI,首先对XML文档进行编码,然后建立结构索引并对结构索引进行编码。研究了基于KDXI索引结构的半结构连接算法和路径查询处理过程。通过KDXI索引机制,可以有效执行一般的路径查询语句,并避免冗余的结构连接操作。实验证明了KDXI索引机制的优越性。     

基于XPath的XML查询优化

随着XML作为Internet上数据表示和交换的标准,如何高效地进行XML数据的查询己经变得越来越重要,许多XML查询语言也随之出现。这些查询语言虽然种类繁多,但都有个共同特征:使用基于XPath数据模型下规则路径表示来查询XML数据。研究表明,当前的关系数据库技术在处理规则路径表示的查询时通常效率不高。文章在介绍了传统的基于遍历树的方法的基础上重点讨论了基于路径分解的查询处理算法,并对选择连接顺序算法提出了基于动态规划思想的改进。     

基于XPath的XML查询优化

随着XML作为Internet上数据表示和交换的标准,如何高效地进行XML数据的查询己经变得越来越重要,许多XML查询语言也随之出现。这些查询语言虽然种类繁多,但都有个共同特征：使用基于XPath数据模型下规则路径表示来查询XML数据。研究表明,当前的关系数据库技术在处理规则路径表示的查询时通常效率不高。 文章在介绍了传统的基于遍历树的方法的基础上重点讨论了基于路径分解的查询处理算法,并对选择连接顺序算法提出了基于动态规划思想的改进,     

一种基于路径分块索引的XML查询方法

针对XML的相对路径查询及引用路径查询问题,提出了一种面向XML数据的路径分块索引KI。探讨了KI索引构造方法、索引节点分裂算法和相关查询处理的算法,并用VC++实现,利用Shakespeare和Xorder数据集进行了XML查询测试,实验结果表明,提出的KI索引能有效地提高XML查询效率。     

XMin: Minimizing Tree Pattern Queries with Minimality Guarantee

Due to wide use of XPath, the problem of efficiently processing XPath queries has recently received a lot of attention. In particular, a considerable effort has been devoted to minimizing XPath queries since the efficiency of query processing greatly depends on the size of the query. Research work in this area can be classified into two categories: constraint-independent minimization and constraint-dependent minimization. The former minimizes queries in the absence of integrity constraints while the latter in the presence of them. For a linear path query, which is an XPath query without branching predicates, existing constraint-independent minimization methods are generally known to be unable to minimize the query without processing the query itself. Most recently, however, by using the DataGuide, a representative structural summary of XML data, a constraint-independent method that minimizes linear path queries in a top-down fashion has been proposed. Nevertheless, this method can fail to find a minimal query since it minimizes a query by merely erasing labels from the original query whereas a minimal query could include labels that are not present in the original query. In this paper, we propose a bottom-up approach called XMin that guarantees finding a minimal query for a given tree pattern query by using the DataGuide without processing the query itself. For the linear path query, we first show that the sequence of labels occurring in the minimal query is a subsequence of every schema label sequence that matches the original query. Here, the schema label sequence for a node is the sequence of labels from the root of XML data to the node. We then propose iterative subsequence generation that iteratively generates subsequences from the shortest schema label sequence matching the original query in a bottom-up fashion and tests query equivalence. Using iterative subsequence generation, we can always find a minimal query and we formally prove this guarantee. We also propose an extended algorithm that guarantees the minimality for the tree pattern query, which is a linear path query with branching predicates. These methods have been prototyped in a full-fledged object-relational DBMS. The experimental results using real and synthetic data sets show the practicality of our method.     

有效支持数据更新的XML索引研究

高效的索引是提高XML数据查询效率的关键,目前已经提出了许多XML索引算法,它们大多数都不支持XML数据更新。对CSSU编码进行了改进,提出了一种新的有效支持数据更新的路径索引算法,该索引算法有效支持单支查询和多支查询。     

Efficient processing of regular path joins using PID

XML is data that has no fixed structure. So it is hard to design a schema for storing and querying an XML data. Instead of a fixed schema, graph-based data models are widely adopted for querying XML. Queries on XML are based on paths in a data graph.A meaningful query usually has several paths in it, but much of recent research is more concerned with optimizing a single path in a query. In this paper, we present an efficient technique for processing multiple path expressions in a query. We implemented our technique and present preliminary performance results.     

一种改进的建立XML数据的路径索引的方法

随着XML日益普遍的应用,如何快速准确地访问XML文档中的数据已成为亟待解决的关键问题,建立路径索引是提高查询效率的一种重要手段.本文分析了可能导致路径索引复杂度过大的原因,提出一种分步建立和更新路径索引的方法,对于具有复杂引用关系的源数据,根据查询的需要只对数据中部分路径建立索引,并通过阈值控制索引的规模.实验结果表明,本文提出的方法可以有效地降低建立和维护XML数据的路径索引的代价.     

基于扩展路径表达式的XML查询

XML查询问题是当前计算机界研究的热点问题之一，国内外学者提出了众多的模型与算法．其中，日本学者Makoto Murata等提出采用扩展路径表达式来表达查询，并利用hedge自动机和字符串自动机进行XML的查询计算．这种方法与采用路径表达式控制的XML查询相比，克服了后者不能充分利用XML文档有序性的缺点．另外，扩展路径表达式具有较强的表达能力，可以表达任何MSO(一元二阶逻辑)查询．因此，扩展路径表达式已作为XML查询问题研究的主要理论框架之一，但是扩展路径表达式的编写比较困难，表达式也比较复杂，导致算法时间复杂度的提高．在扩展路径表达式中引入通配符，使得扩展路径表达式更加简单灵活；同时在查询的计算过程中提出并应用带截止集的自动机提高计算的时间效率．     

用后缀树构造XML路径字典加快路径查询评价速度

后缀树的重要性可以为多年来学术界对它总是有新的发现而印证．它的结构简单，但可以在线性的时间里解决许多复杂的问题，被大量的使用在字符串及树的模式匹配中，对于XML标准，有很多基于关系库和对象库的索引技术和查询方案被提出来，我们试图给出一种基于后缀树进行路径导航的查询机制：用后缀树构造XML路径字典加速路径查询评价速度，我们提出可以在线地建立一个trie树的后缀树，讨论了XML路径字典中的后缀树建树算法，阐述了整个索引方案和查询机制，并探讨了包括RPE在内的它所支持的各种查询操作，XML路径字典被用于加快路径查询的评价速度．     

支持XML信息检索的索引技术*

作为互联网的新技术, XML 已经渗透到了Internet 的很多领域, 结构文档XML 的信息交换、提取、处理、查询的研究也日益受到重视。目前, 已经提出了许多面向XML 的查询语言, 这些查询语言一般基于路径和树模式。从信息检索理论与技术角度出发, 探讨XML 文档的索引技术, 以期达到内容和结构的双重检索。     

基于DOM的XML数据库的索引技术研究

XML作为一种数据交换的国际标准，已经贯穿于Internet应用的各个领域之中，如何快速准确地存储和查询XML数据的数据库技术是一个重要的研究课题。XML索引技术对XML数据库查询处理起着至关重要的作用，提出了基于DOM的XML数据库的索引技术(路径连接索引、值索引和引用索引)，解决了传统的基于树的遍历的XML数据查询方法性能上的不足，并着重对处理含有谓词和引用关系等较复杂的查询路径的不同处理方法进行了对比和分析，还给出了索引空间利用率、查询性能和索引维护代价3个方面的标准测试结果，表明新的索引技术可以有效地提高查询处理效率。     

基于Schema的XML索引方法研究

针对XML文档路径查询中无效扫描量大、分支路径连接操作复杂等问题,提出一种基于Schema的XML索引方法。通过Schema与查询路径匹配,确定需要扫描的XML文档。利用编码方法减少结点连接次数。实验结果表明,该方法较已有索引方法有更高的查询效率,具有较好的实用性及可扩展性。