Streamline simulation of counter-current imbibition in naturally fractured reservoirs

Describing fluid transport in naturally fractured reservoirs entails additional challenge because of the complicated physics arising from matrix–fracture interactions. In this paper, the streamline-based simulation is generalized to describe fluid transport in naturally fractured reservoirs through a dual-media approach. The fractures and matrix are treated as separate continua that are connected through a transfer function, as in conventional finite difference simulators for modeling fractured systems. The transfer functions that describe fluid exchange between the fracture and matrix system can be implemented easily within the framework of the current single-porosity streamline models. In particular, the streamline time of flight concept is utilized to develop a general dual-porosity, dual-permeability system of equations for water injection in naturally fractured reservoirs. The saturations equations are solved using an operator splitting approach that involves ‘convection’ along streamline followed ‘matrix–fracture’ exchange calculations on the grid. The proposed formulation reduces to the commonly used dual-porosity model when the flow in the matrix is considered negligible. For modeling matrix–fracture interactions, two different transfer functions are examined: an empirical transfer function (ETF) and a conventional transfer function (CTF). The ETF allows for analytical solution of the saturation equation for dual porosity systems and is used to validate numerical implementation. Results obtained using the CTF are compared with a commercial finite-difference simulator (ECLIPSE) for waterflooding in five-spot and nine-spot patterns. The streamline approach shows close agreement in terms of recovery histories and saturation profiles with a marked reduction in numerical dispersion and grid orientation effects. Finally, an examination of the scaling behavior of the computation time indicates that the streamline approach is likely to result in significant savings for large-scale field applications.     

Pressures acting in counter-current spontaneous imbibition

Four water/oil and four oil/air linear counter-current spontaneous imbibition experiments were performed on Berea sandstone cores with permeabilities ranging from 0.065 to 1.094 μm². The cores were initially 100% saturated with non-wetting phase and all faces except one end were sealed. The experiments showed a clear frontal displacement mechanism. Capillary pressure was the driving force of the imbibition process. As well as viscous drag in both phases between the imbibition front and the open face, there is a significant opposing capillary back pressure associated with production of non-wetting phase at the open face. The location of the imbibition front, the overall changes in core saturation, and the pressure in the nonwetting phase in the dead end space ahead of the imbibition front, were monitored during the course of imbibition. The dead end pressure was essentially constant after a short start-up period. The distance advanced by the imbibition front was proportional to the square root of time. Based on the assumption that the properties of Berea sandstone of different permeabilities can be scaled, the experimental data were matched by numerical simulation to predict the saturation and pressure profiles, the saturation and capillary pressure at the imbibition front, and the capillary back pressure at the open face. The ratio of the capillary back pressure to the estimated capillary pressure at the imbibition front ranged from approximately 1/3 to 2/5, for oil displacing air, to approximately 1/9 to 1/4, for water displacing oil.     

Generalized scaling of spontaneous imbibition data for strongly water-wet systems

Mass transfer between fractures and matrix blocks is critical to oil recovery by waterflooding in fractured reservoirs. A scaling equation has been used for rate of oil recovery by spontaneous imbibition and presented their results as oil recovery vs. dimensionless time. Many conditions apply to this scaling equation, including identical core sample shapes and fluid viscosity ratios. Recent investigation by experiment of these two factors has resulted in a more generalized scaling equation for strongly water-wet systems with a general definition of characteristic length and a viscosity ratio term included in the definition of dimensionless time. In this paper, published data on oil recovery by imbibition have been analyzed and correlated through application of the new definition. These data sets were for different porous media, core dimensions, boundary conditions, and oil and water viscosities. All of the systems were strongly water-wet. The generalized correlation was fitted closely by an empirical mass transfer function with the new definition of dimensionless time as the only parameter.     

无机盐对亲水砂岩化学渗吸的影响

利用国产露头砂岩岩心,研究了亲水条件下,无机盐对岩心采用表面活性剂溶液进行自发渗吸驱油的规律和采收率的影响。研究表明,无机盐对亲水砂岩的化学渗吸行为和最终渗吸采收率存在一定影响,具体表现为表面活性剂溶液中添加C2＋或SO4^2-后,随着2价离子浓度增加,采收率先小幅下降后快速增加,采收率与2价离子浓度呈类似“u”型变化特征,较高浓度的2价离子对化学渗吸具有一定促进作用。添加适量的Ca2＋或SO4^2-,可以促进岩心的化学渗吸,从而提高岩心渗吸采收率。     

Similarity solution for linear counter-current spontaneous imbibition

Recovery of nonwetting phase (NWP) by counter-current spontaneous imbibition (COUCSI) of a wetting phase (WP) has been investigated. Experimental results cover a range of viscosity ratios of over seven orders of magnitude. An analytical solution for linear counter-current spontaneous imbibition based on similarity is presented. The mathematical model is based on: (1) Darcy's law for each phase, (2) the imbibition capillary pressures acting as the only driving force, (3) a back pressure given by the drainage interfaces associated with production of NWP at the open face, and (4) continuity of counter-current flow. An important consequence of the similarity solution is that the ratio of the WP flow rate at any location to the WP flow rate at the inlet of the sample is a function only of saturation.     

低渗透裂缝性油藏自发渗吸渗流作用

裂缝和基质中流体渗吸作用是低渗透裂缝性油藏注水开采依据的重要机理。通过自发渗吸实验研究低渗透裂缝性油藏在不同渗透率级别下岩心的渗吸驱油机理,结果表明,该类油藏的油层渗吸体系因毛细管力较高,其渗吸过程为毛细管力支配下的逆向渗吸,毛细管力在吸渗过程中可作为驱油的动力;渗吸早期产油量高,约50 h后产油量明显降低,最后基本不产油。低渗透裂缝性油藏岩心自发渗吸采出程度平均为12%,其自发渗吸采出程度随渗透率的增大而增大,当渗透率大于2×10-3μm2时,自发渗吸采出程度的增加并不明显,孔隙结构越好越有利于自发渗吸作用发生。由于岩心和油藏储层尺寸存在差异,因此对实验结果进行等比例关系处理,使实验值可以用来预测实际油田开发指标。     

基于核磁共振测试的低渗亲水岩心静态渗吸特征

低渗透储层岩性致密、孔喉细小,导致毛管力引起的压裂液渗吸作用强,有助于提高原油采收率.基于室内静态渗吸实验,结合核磁共振仪定量刻画了低渗亲水岩心内的油水分布,并进一步分析了不同尺度孔隙渗吸速率和渗吸采出程度.结果表明:低渗亲水岩心渗吸首先发生在小孔隙中,其渗吸采出程度达到47.92％;大孔隙的渗吸采出程度仅为小孔隙的1...     

纳米孔隙储集层动态渗吸数学模型

在考虑动态接触角效应、纳米限域效应、惯性效应和入口端效应的基础上,建立了纳米尺度孔隙中油-水渗吸方程,推导出固-油-水三相接触线摩擦系数与界面区流体黏度的关系式,结合毛细管束模型和对数正态分布理论,得到了致密岩心渗吸模型,并对影响渗吸动态的关键参数进行了分析.研究表明,纳米孔隙渗吸过程中,动态接触角效应对渗吸的影响最为...     

裂缝性低渗透油气藏压裂井压力动态特征

裂缝性低渗透油气藏往往存在明显的应力敏感性,利用椭圆流动模型和平均质量守恒方法,建立考虑介质变形影响的双重介质油气藏有限导流垂直裂缝井不稳定渗流的数学模型.给出数学模型的试探解,绘制并分析了压力动态特征的典型曲线.分析结果表明,介质变形对典型曲线的中晚期形态存在影响,由于渗透率应力敏感性的存在,使得压力导数曲线偏离0.5水平线.后期拟径向流特征段消失,并且渗透率模数越大,压力及压力导数曲线上翘越大.     

Stress sensitivity of fractured reservoirs

A fractured reservoir has a rock mechanical character which can be described by considering it to be built up from intact rock bounded by mechanical discontinuities. These discontinuities have been formed by natural processes and comprise fractures which normally make a steep angle to bedding, and the frequently ignored bedding-plane parallel discontinuities caused by, for example, weak clay-rich layers in clastics, or stylolites in carbonates. Both the intact rock and the discontinuities exhibit sensitivity to stress. In the case of the intact rock, this expresses itself as a pore geometry sensitivity which influences permeabilities and capillary pressures, with the changes being influenced by the stress-state. In the case of the discontinuities, three types of permeability changes are proposed, depending upon the stress and strain which develops across the discontinuity. Importantly, all the constitutive laws for permeability stress-sensitivity can now be incorporated in simulations. While allowing for these effects complicates the simulation of fractured reservoirs, the enhanced realism brought to the simulation should improve the efficacy of the reservoir management.     

鄂尔多斯盆地裂缝性低渗透油藏渗吸驱油研究

裂缝性低渗透油藏储层岩性致密,裂缝发育,非均质性强,注水开发效果差,利用水的自发渗吸作用驱油是一种经济有效的开发手段。文中利用鄂尔多斯盆地延长油田西区采油厂的天然露头岩心,通过自发渗吸实验,研究了边界条件、润湿性、温度、原油黏度、界面张力及渗透率等因素对渗吸驱油作用的影响。实验结果表明:润湿性、黏度、界面张力及渗透率是影响渗吸驱油的主要因素,岩石越亲水,原油黏度越低,渗吸驱油效果越好。对于亲水岩心,渗透率相近时,界面张力为0.04 m N/m时渗吸效果最佳;岩石渗透率差异明显时,渗透率为2.94×10~(-3)μm~2时渗吸效果最佳。实验结果为鄂尔多斯盆地裂缝性低渗透油藏渗吸驱油提供了重要的指导作用。     

低渗裂缝性油藏渗吸注水实验研究

由于裂缝性油藏储集空间物理性质的复杂性和特殊性,渗吸效果控制着低渗透裂缝性水驱开发动态与开发效果.通过室内实验研究,获得了低渗裂缝性油藏基质岩块自然渗吸动态规律和脉冲渗吸动态规律,为制定低渗裂缝性油藏合理的渗吸注水开发方式提供了理论依据.     

致密油藏裂缝动态渗吸排驱规律

为明确裂缝性致密油藏注水动态渗吸特征,解决水驱采收率低下等问题,以姬塬油田延长组长6油层组为研究对象,采用高压压汞、核磁共振T₂谱、扫描电镜和铸体薄片分析等方法研究了目标储层微观孔隙结构特征,建立了3类储层分类评价标准,并对代表性岩心开展了基于核磁共振在线扫描的动态渗吸实验,模拟了水驱过程中裂缝-基质间的动态渗吸过程,从微观孔隙尺度定量表征了不同孔径孔隙原油的动用程度,评价了8个储层物性参数对动态渗吸效率的影响程度。实验结果表明,目标储层孔隙结构可划分为3类,随着储层孔隙结构变差,孔隙类型逐渐单一化、储集性能和渗流能力不断降低,导致动态渗吸效率不断下降。Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类储层动态渗吸过程可以划分为3个阶段：大孔隙在驱替作用下采出程度快速上升阶段、微小孔隙在渗吸作用下采出程度缓慢上升阶段和动态渗吸平衡阶段;而Ⅲ类储层在实验中仅存在前2个阶段。随着储层孔隙结构变差,微小孔隙动用比例增大,渗吸作用明显,虽然对岩心总采收率贡献程度增加,但总采收率低下。渗透率、可动原油饱和度、孔隙半径、可动原油孔隙度、黏土矿物含量和润湿性是影响动态渗吸效率的主要因素,对渗吸效率的影响程度依次逐渐减弱。分选系数和孔隙度是影响动态渗吸效率的次要因素,对渗吸效率的影响程度相对较小。     

AVO技术在裂缝性储层中的应用

在油气勘探开发过程中,裂缝性油气藏所占的比例越来越大.裂缝性地层表现出很强的各向异性,勘探难度很大.而AVO技术从早先所认识到的一种现象已发展成一种完善的地球物理勘探技术,被广泛应用到油气勘探领域.当地层出现一定方位的裂缝时,地层的弹性参数会表现出方向性差异,这种差异能被AVO方法有效地检测.理论上讲,裂缝对地震属性参数的影响在垂直裂缝走向的方向上表现为最强,在水平裂缝走向的方向上表现为最弱,对AVO属性参数的影响也是如此.     

致密油藏动态渗吸排驱规律与机理

高效开发致密油藏是石油领域的一项重要任务,而渗吸采油作为开发致密油藏的重要机理之一,越来越受到人们的重视。选取新疆油田致密砂岩天然岩心和人造岩心,在室内条件下,利用改进的动态渗吸实验装置,系统地研究基质渗透率、温度、压力、岩心尺寸和裂缝密度等因素对动态渗吸采出程度的影响。通过将实验参数进行无因次化,得到无因次渗吸采出程度归一化模型。利用该模型得到的采出程度大于目前广泛应用的Ma模型计算结果,与动态渗吸实验得到的规律相吻合。研究结果表明:当岩心渗透率处于同一级别时,动态渗吸采出程度既有可能与岩心渗透率呈正相关,也有可能呈负相关;在其他条件相同的前提下,温度越高,岩心长度越短,动态渗吸效果越好;压力对渗吸效果的影响存在一个最佳范围,在本实验条件下为5～7 MPa;动态渗吸采出程度的增幅与裂缝密度呈线性正相关。     

天然裂缝性油藏渗吸规律

为了研究渗吸作用对天然裂缝性油藏的影响,改善该类油藏的开发效果,以数值模拟为手段,通过建立概念地质模型,以静态和动态2种方式研究了毛细管压力、孔隙均匀程度、相渗曲线、基质和裂缝渗透率、原油黏度和基质含油饱和度对基质渗吸速度的影响,并在静态下对相关参数进行了公式拟合.静态下,渗吸速度与毛细管压力、基质渗透率、残余油饱和度、束缚水饱和度下的油相相对渗透率呈直线关系,与束缚水饱和度呈指数关系,与原油黏度呈幂指数关系;动态下,对于不同润湿性的油藏提出了不同的开发方式.     

裂缝性致密油藏多级压裂水平井试井模型

致密油藏由于渗透率低,表现出很强的非线性渗流特征,因此多采用水平井多级压裂技术提高单井产量.基于此,考虑了应力敏感和启动压力梯度的影响,根据物理模型建立裂缝性致密油藏多级压裂水平井试井模型,通过Laplace变换和有限余弦Fourier变换对数学模型进行求解,离散压裂裂缝并结合压降叠加原理,求得有限导流多级压裂水平井井...     

裂缝油藏AVO及AVA反演

地震波的反射幅度被用来探测油藏中的流体及裂缝特性。文章通过分析具有变化入射角及方位角的P波幅度来研究充满流体的垂直裂缝油藏特性。在考虑了P波线性反射系数的同时，该油气藏可以通过嵌在各向同性介质中的水平横向介质来模拟。裂缝强度可以作为最好的修正系数，用以对反演做出校正。在Bom近似条件下使用衍射层析技术时，建议使用k—ω变换来探测油藏的裂缝强度变化情况。将地震波数据按入射及反射平面波配对处理每次加亮一个裂缝强度域内光谱成分，仅是可见光谱成分反相处理。另外，变挟内部拾取反射波的幅度是不必要的。文章列出了一个应用于合成数据集的反演的例子。由于震源及接收器的数量及各波段谐波带宽的局限性会使分辨率有所损失。但总的来说，裂缝强度的变化可被正确的恢复出来。