长春轻轨3号线钢轨轨底坡对列车车轮磨耗的影响

摘要： 为探究小半径曲线钢轨轨底坡对车轮磨耗的影响规律,建立长春市轻轨3号线70%低地板轻轨列车车轮磨耗预测分析模型,包括独立旋转轮对的车辆 轨道耦合动力学计算模型、轮轨接触模型和Archard材料磨耗模型,并采用这些模型分析轻轨列车通过小半径曲线轨道时轨底坡对车轮磨耗的影响。分析结果表明：轻轨列车通过小半径曲线轨道时,动车轮对的磨耗程度比拖车轮对更严重,动车轮对总磨耗量为拖车轮对总磨耗量的159%;从轮对自身来看,内侧车轮的磨耗均比外侧车轮的磨耗严重,内侧车轮总磨耗量为外侧车轮总磨耗量的165%;钢轨轨底坡对车轮磨耗的影响显著,车轮踏面最大磨耗量出现位置随轨底坡变化的规律较为复杂,车轮轮缘磨耗量在轨底坡为1/20时最小。     

车轮与高速道岔翼轨的接触分析

为合理设计道岔,更好地匹配轮对和道岔型面,用有限元法求解车轮与高速道岔翼轨的接触问题.建立4种不同型面车轮与高速道岔翼轨接触的有限元模型,分析车轮通过高速道岔翼轨的轮岔接触斑和等效应力的变化规律,计算结果表明:机车车轮与翼轨的接触斑位于翼轨轨顸外侧,动车车轮与翼轨接触的接触斑位置在翼轨轨顶中部;磨耗后JM3型面车轮与翼轨接触时,容易出现应力集中,尤其是在距离心轨尖端50 cm位置处;磨耗后JM3型面车轮与翼轨接触产生的等效应力最大.     

基于LMM和NARNN的车轮踏面退化状态预测

作为列车的关键走行部件,车轮的退化状态对列车的安全具有重要影响。以车轮踏面磨耗量为研究对象,将历史车轮踏面磨耗数据作为输入,分别采用线性混合模型(LMM)和非线性自回归神经网络(NARNN)对车轮踏面磨耗进行建模。首先,对比不同随机效应的LMM,选择随机系数相关的LMM,进而预测车轮踏面磨耗量;其次,使用随机搜索算法优化NARNN中的参数。结果显示,基于LMM的踏面磨耗值的预测精度更高。     

不同地铁车轮结构几何参数下踏面制动热负荷分析

针对频繁踏面制动产生的热负荷易导致地铁车轮损伤失效的问题,从制动热负荷分析的角度研究车轮设计.采用有限元法建立地铁车轮的踏面制动热负荷分析的数值模型,分析闸瓦宽度、轮辋厚度和辐板形式等结构参数对车轮的三维瞬态温度场及热应力场的影响,提出基于较小制动热负荷的车轮结构几何参数设计建议.     

起重机轮轨接触分析的参数化建模方法及其应用

为准确快速地对起重机钢制车轮踏面与轨道接触应力的分布状况进行有限元分析,运用ANSYS APDL参数化建模,建立常见的起重机车轮与轨道接触分析的数值模型。该模型通过输入必要的车轮几何参数、网格划分参数和载荷参数即可自行完成实体建模、网格划分、载荷施加和求解。实例应用结果证明整合几何参数化和网格划分参数化的建模方法可大大提高起重机轮轨接触分析效率。     

上海地铁统型车轮热机耦合有限元分析

为分析上海地铁统型车轮踏面制动时的热应力,建立上海地铁13号线车轮及上海地铁统型车轮的有限元模型,依据美国铁路协会(Association of American Railroads,AAR)S-660标准、欧洲的BS EN标准、国际铁路联盟UIC 510-5标准,模拟在踏面制动时这二种车轮在曲线、直线和道岔工况下的热机耦合应力场.结果表明,在踏面制动时,上海地铁13号线采用的直辐板车轮和上海地铁统型车轮的应力均满足标准要求,且后者性能优于前者.     

轻轨线路曲线半径对车轮磨耗的影响

为分析线路曲线半径对轻轨列车车轮磨耗的影响,以长春市轻轨3号线70％低地板轻轨列车车轮为研究对象,建立独立旋转轮对的轻轨车辆-轨道耦合动力学计算模型、轮轨接触模型和Archard材料磨耗模型,对轻轨列车车轮磨耗进行仿真分析.计算结果表明:轻轨列车通过半径为50 m的曲线时,圆曲线上的车轮磨耗比缓和曲线更严重,整体轮对比独立轮对磨耗更严重;曲线半径大于150 m时,内、外侧车轮磨耗随着曲线半径增大而减小,并且在曲线半径相同的条件下,独立轮对各车轮磨耗量均比整体轮对各车轮磨耗量约大2 ～3 mm;随着列车行驶里程的增加,车轮磨耗率有先增大后减小的变化趋势,即可以将车轮磨耗分为快速磨耗和稳定磨耗2个阶段.轻轨车辆外侧车轮的磨耗率大于内侧车轮,说明车轮磨耗主要发生在外侧车轮.     

机车车轮对流传热系数计算

对流传热系数的准确计算对研究机车车轮温度场和应力场及其疲劳寿命预测有重要意义.针对HXD2机车车轮踏面制动过程,建立车轮及其绕流流场计算模型,应用CFD方法通过仿真得到机车车轮在不同运行速度下的对流传热系数.结果表明:由于车轮自身旋转,车轮表面不同位置处的对流传热系数不同;车轮上半迎风面的对流传热系数较大,下半迎风面较小,且都大于背风面数值.计算结果为研究机车车轮对流传热、蠕滑和制动等传热过程提供参考.     

基于耦合模拟退火优化最小二乘支持向量机的车轮踏面磨耗量预测

针对最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)超参数优化问题,提出采用改进耦合模拟退火(CSA)算法优化LSSVM超参数。首先,耦合模拟退火算法通过并行处理多个独立模拟退火(SA)寻优过程,提高LS-SVM模型超参数优化效率;然后通过调整接受温度控制耦合项超参数的接受概率方差,降低CSA算法初始设置对LS-SVM最优超参数确定过程稳健性的影响;最后结合既有线轮轨现场的实际检测数据,开展了基于改进耦合模拟退火优化的最小二乘支持向量机(CSA LS-SVM)回归模型性能对比实验。结果表明,CSA LS-SVM回归模型达到了模型精度、算法快速性、算法鲁棒性的有效折中,所建立的LS-SVM优化模型用于现场的车轮踏面磨耗量的预测是有效的。     

热释电探测器敏感层材料关键性能参数测试

热释电材料铌酸锂(LN)晶片可作为热释电探测器敏感层材料。介电常数和介电损耗是判断热释电材料性能的2个重要参数。为解决在测试参数时,测试数据量大,测试精度要求高、测试时间较长等问题,提出了一种自动采集、自动记录及处理的测试系统,并测试出减薄前后LN晶片的介电常数和介电损耗随温度的变化曲线。经过数据分析得出,LN晶片的相对介电常数随着温度的升高呈增大趋势,减薄前后其相对介电常数变化不是很大,减薄后略减小;而LN晶片的介电损耗随着温度的升高呈增大趋势,160℃以下增长缓慢,但在160℃以上迅速增大;LN晶片的介电常数和介电损耗随温度的变化情况基本符合低温条件下德拜模型偶极子弛豫。     

A numerical method for prediction of curved rail wear

Important published papers on rail wear in the past were reviewed. A numerical method was put forward to predict curved rail wear during a railway vehicle curving. The numerical method was discussed in detail. It considered a combination of Kalker’s non-Hertzian rolling contact theory, rail material wear model, the coupling dynamics of the vehicle and track, and the three-dimensional contact geometry analysis of wheel-rail. In its numerical implementation, the dynamical parameters of all the parts of the vehicle and track, such as normal loads and creepages of the wheels and rails, were firstly obtained through the curving dynamics analysis. The wheel-rail contact geometry calculation gave the wheel-rail contact geometry parameters, which were used in the wheel-rail rolling contact calculation with Kalker’s non-Hertzian rolling contact theory modified. The friction work densities on the contact areas of the wheels and rails were obtained in the rolling contact calculation, and were used to predict the rail running surface wears caused by the multiple wheels of the vehicle simultaneously with the rail material wear model. In the rail material wear model, it was assumed that the mass loss of each unit area was proportional to the frictional work density in the contact area. A numerical example was present to verify the present method. The numerical results of the example are reasonable, and indicate that the high rail wear of the curved track caused by the leading wheelset is much more serious than those caused by the other three wheels of the same bogie.     

A new method for modelling and simulation of the dynamic behaviour of the wheel-rail contact

This paper presents a new method for modelling and simulation of the dynamic behaviour of the wheel-rail contact. The proposed dynamic wheel-rail contact model comprises wheel-rail contact geometry, normal contact problem, tangential contact problem and wheelset dynamic behaviour on the track. This two-degree of freedom model takes into account the lateral displacement of the wheelset and the yaw angle. Single wheel tread rail contact is considered for all simulations and Kalker s linear theory and heuristic non-linear creep models are employed. The second order differential equations are reduced to first order and the forward velocity of the wheelset is increased until the wheelset critical velocity is reached. This approach does not require solving mathematical equations in order to estimate the critical velocity of the dynamic wheel-rail contact model. The mathematical model is implemented in Matlab using numerical differentiation method. The simulated results compare well with the estimated results based on classical theory related to the dynamic behaviour of rail-wheel contact so the model is validated.     

Synergetic control of asynchronous electric traction drives of locomotives

The problem of synthesis of the control system of locomotive asynchronous electric traction drives with regard to processes in the wheel-rail contact. In this system, the wheels can slip relative to the rail, and the excessive slippage has a negative effect on the locomotive traction properties and increases the wear of the wheel pair and rail surface. Modern techniques of solving this problem are based on the forced increase of the coefficient of traction in the wheel-rail contact and on tracking the acceleration of the wage wheels rotation rate as the wheel slip development is evaluated. A new approach to the synthesis of locomotive traction controllers is proposed that is based on the theory of synergetic control. The proposed traction controller ensures a prescribed slip rate of the wage wheels relative to the rail thus ensuring the maximum traction; furthermore, this controller minimizes the loss of energy in the power unit of the electric traction drive.     

An inverse shape design method for railway wheel profiles

Optimisation of a railway vehicle–track system is a complex process. The paper presents a procedure for optimal design of a wheel profile based on geometrical wheel/rail contact characteristics such as the rolling radii difference (RRD). The procedure uses optimality criteria based on an RRD function. The criteria account for stability of wheelset, cost efficiency, minimum wear of wheels and rails as well as safety requirements. The shape of the wheel profile approximated by a piecewise cubic Hermite interpolating polynomial is varied during the optimisation process to satisfy the optimality criteria. A numerical technique called multipoint approximations based on response surface fitting (MARS) has been chosen as an optimisation method. The proposed optimum design procedure has been applied to improve the performance of metro trains in Rotterdam (RET), The Netherlands. The trains were suffering from severe wheel tread wear and as a result of that from lateral vibrations (hunting). Using the proposed procedure, a new wheel profile has been obtained and applied to the RET metro trains. The results of the optimisation have shown that the performance of a railway vehicle can be improved by improving the contact properties of the wheel and rail. After the application of the optimised wheel profile, the instability of the metro trains has been eliminated and the lifetime of the wheels has been increased from 15,000 to 120,000 km.     

变轨距货车转向架的动力学分析

建立了考虑轮轴间隙的三大件式变轨距货车转向架动力学模型,研究车辆在准轨和宽轨线路上的动力学性能和LM踏面在不同轨距线路上的轮轨接触关系.考虑轨距为1435mm和1520mm、轨底坡为1/40和1/20、标准和打磨后的多种钢轨廓形与LM踏面匹配,发现LM踏面对两种轨底坡的兼容性较好,而踏面磨耗后对轨底坡变化较敏感;LM踏面在准轨线路上对轮轴横向间隙比较敏感,而在宽轨线路上则不存在这个问题.轮轴之间的横向和旋转间隙会导致车辆临界速度降低,建议控制间隙在0.6mm和0.5mrad以内;轮轴间隙不影响车辆运行安全性和平稳性,且在准轨和宽轨线路上的动力学指标基本无差异.变轨距车辆运行过程中,轮轨横向力和纵向蠕滑力会导致轮轴横向间隙和旋转间隙动态变化,变化量为间隙值;给出轮轴间隙与轮轨载荷的正态分布统计,发现轮轴间隙载荷与轮轨载荷相当.     

铁路车轮导纳分析

为控制铁路车轮的振动和噪声辐射,采用模态叠加法分析车轮频率响应,利用ANSYS建立车轮结构有限元模型,根据0～10 000 Hz的模态计算0～5 000 Hz内的频率响应,用Block Lanzos法计算50～5 000 Hz内车轮的固有频率和振型,分析车轮的固有模态和导纳特性.研究结果表明：车轮在名义接触点处受到不同方向激励时所得的导纳特性与车轮相应的模态有关;对于车轮不同接触点处的激励,在1 000 Hz以下频段,轮缘轴向激励引起的径向导纳大于踏面径向激励引起的径向导纳,在其他频段,踏面径向激励引起的径向导纳都比轮缘激励引起的径向导纳大.铁路车轮导纳分析有助于探明车轮噪声产生的机理,是轮轨噪声分析的基础.