咪唑啉季铵盐合成研究进展

综述咪唑啉季铵盐的合成、性能及其工业用途,展望了咪唑啉季铵盐的应用前景.     

新型织物柔软剂PS-501的研制

该柔软剂PS—50l由双烷基酰胺咪唑啉季铵盐化合物、双烷基二甲基季铵盐化合物和增溶剂复配而成。两种复配的季铵盐可产生协同效果，用于全棉、丝绸、合纤及混纺织物的柔软后整理，可获得柔软、滑爽、丰满的手感。     

复合阳离子加脂剂的配方和性能测试

合成双酰胺季铵盐和咪唑啉季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂,并进行阳离子含量测定。用上述合成阳离子配制成皮革加脂剂,通过正交设计考察了单一阳离子和２ 种复合阳离子加脂剂配方对加脂效果的影响。     

季铵类柔软剂的应用性能探讨

织物柔软整理中化学柔软仍占主导地位。本文对季铵类柔软剂的应用性能作了分析和讨论,对二烷基二甲基季铵盐、双酰胺基烷氧基季铵盐、咪唑啉季铵盐的化学结构与性能、吸附行为以及柔软效果等分别作了介绍,认为二烷基二甲基季铵盐类柔软剂能赋予织物最佳的柔软性,并对它在纺织品上的应用情况作了进一步的介绍。     

阳离子柔软剂AIC的合成与性能测试

合成了双酰胺类季铵盐和咪唑啉型季胺盐阳离子表面活性剂,并进行了阳郭含量测定,将上述峡谷种阳 表面活性剂进行复配,通过正交设计法,筛选出抗静电性,柔软性,吸水性具佳的复合阳离子柔软剂的配方为Ａ３Ｂ３,Ｃ１。     

2种亲水阳离子柔软剂的性能对比

分别从合成工艺、化学结构、物理性能等对比了酯基季铵盐(QL541)和咪唑啉季铵盐(QL542)2种亲水阳离子柔软剂,考察了亲水、黄变、柔软和蓬松等性能。结果表明,QL541亲水性为1.24 s,QL542亲水性为3.07 s,QL541黄变性能较优,QL542柔软度、蓬松度和综合手感较好。     

用水解鸭油研制纸张柔软剂

用鸭油为原料,净化水解后合成双烷基酰胺咪唑啉季铵盐柔软剂。实验室及工厂试验结果说明该柔软剂性能优良,很适合草类浆抄造中高档卫生纸。重点介绍了鸭油的水解工艺条件,并对该柔软剂的作用机理作了探讨。     

工业表面活性剂

5. 2-烷基-N-羧甲基-N-羟乙基咪唑啉内铵盐2-Alkyl-N-C arboxy methyl-N-HydroxyethylImid azoline Betaine     

棉籽油制备咪唑啉季铵盐及其应用

以棉籽油和二乙烯三胺为原料,氯化苄为改性试剂,经酰胺化、环化和季铵化反应合成咪唑啉季铵盐(M),用IR对其结构进行表征,并用失重法评价(M)缓蚀性能。结果表明,制备缓蚀剂M在盐酸体系中对A20钢有很好缓蚀效果,缓蚀率为90.43%～94.86%;并通过正交实验确定最优合成条件为:棉籽油和二乙烯三胺用量各为0.15mol,反应时间7.5小时,二甲苯用量35ml。     

壳聚糖改性及其在造纸白水中的抑菌应用研究

壳聚糖经冰醋酸溶解、氢氧化钠碱性润胀和冷冻预处理后,利用有机溶剂对壳聚糖置换脱水,再与2,3-环氧丙基三甲基氯化铵(ETA)制备不同取代度的壳聚糖季铵盐;利用制备的壳聚糖季铵盐作为抑菌剂对造纸厂白水中常见的细菌(如大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌等)进行抑菌实验,并与常用抑菌剂进行比较,且将其与常用抑菌剂异噻唑啉酮复配,进行大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄糖球菌抑菌效果实验。实验结果表明,通过用异丙醇对壳聚糖置换脱水,与空白样相比壳聚糖季铵盐得率提高14.3个百分点,产物得率最高可达到60.3%;从实际抑菌效果及生产成本考虑,最佳底物反应比例是n(壳聚糖)∶n(ETA)=1∶6;壳聚糖季铵盐也是一种广谱抑菌剂,在异噻唑啉酮中加入用量20%的壳聚糖季铵盐,具有最好的复配抑菌性能。     

Bioaccessibility of Se, Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe, and heme iron content in unaged and aged meat of Hereford and Braford steers fed pasture

The content and the bioaccessibility of Se, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Fe were determined in unaged and aged meat (14days) from the Psoas major (PM), Gluteus medius (GM) and Longissimus dorsi (LD) muscles of Hereford (H) and Braford breed (B) steers fed pasture. Furthermore, the content of heme-Fe was determined in the same muscles. The H had a lower content of Cu and a higher content of Fe. Also, H had more heme-Fe than B. The bioaccessibility in unaged meat for Se, Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe ranged between 75 and 91%, 30 and 45%, 40 and 68%, 55 and 95%, and 60 and 70%, respectively. After aging, the bioaccessibility for the same minerals ranged between 58 and 80%, 30 and 48%, 40 and 58%, 75 and 95%, and 59 and 70%, respectively. Aging affected negatively the Se content and its bioaccessibility, in the two breeds. Also, the heme-Fe content was negatively affected by aging in all muscles and breeds.     

Bioactivation of Phytoestrogens: Intestinal Bacteria and Health

Phytoestrogens are polyphenols similar to human estrogens found in plants or derived from plant precursors. Phytoestrogens are found in high concentration in soya, flaxseed and other seeds, fruits, vegetables, cereals, tea, chocolate, etc. They comprise several classes of chemical compounds (stilbenes, coumestans, isoflavones, ellagitannins, and lignans) which are structurally similar to endogenous estrogens but which can have both estrogenic and antiestrogenic effects. Although epidemiological and experimental evidence indicates that intake of phytoestrogens in foods may be protective against certain chronic diseases, discrepancies have been observed between in vivo and in vitro experiments. The microbial transformations have not been reported so far in stilbenes and coumestans. However, isoflavones, ellagitanins, and lignans are metabolized by intestinal bacteria to produce equol, urolithins, and enterolignans, respectively. Equol, urolithin, and enterolignans are more bioavailable, and have more estrogenic/antiestrogenic and antioxidant activity than their precursors. Moreover, equol, urolithins and enterolignans have anti-inflammatory effects and induce antiproliferative and apoptosis-inducing activities. The transformation of isoflavones, ellagitanins, and lignans by intestinal microbiota is essential to be protective against certain chronic diseases, as cancer, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and menopausal symptoms. Bioavailability, bioactivity, and health effects of dietary phytoestrogens are strongly determined by the intestinal bacteria of each individual.     

Religious slaughter: Evaluation of current practices in selected countries

As part of the project “Religious slaughter (DIALREL): improving knowledge and expertise through dialogue and debate on issues of welfare, legislation and socio-economic aspects”, this paper discusses an evaluation of current practices during Halal and Shechita slaughter in cattle, sheep, goats and poultry. During religious slaughter, animals are killed with and without stunning by a transverse incision across the neck that is cutting the skin, muscles (brachiocephalic, sternocephalic, sternohyoid, and sternothyroid), trachea, esophagus, carotid arteries, jugular veins and the major, superficial and deep nerves of the cervical plexus. In this report, the restraint methods, stunning, neck cutting, exsanguination, slaughter techniques and postcut handling in the abattoir were assessed for religious slaughter. Information about the procedures used during religious slaughter in Belgium, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, the UK, Turkey and Australia was collected by means of spot visits to abattoirs. To standardize the information gathered during the spot visits three guidelines were designed, one for each species, and translated into the national languages of the countries involved. The document included questions on the handling and restraint methods (stunning, neck cutting/exsanguination/slaughter techniques and postcut handling performed under religious practices) and for pain and distress of the animal during the restraint, neck cutting and induction to death in each abattoir. Results showed differences in the time from restraining to stun and to cut in the neck cutting procedures and in the time from cut to death.     

虾、蟹壳利用的研究进展

虾、蟹壳是虾、蟹加工过程中产生的主要废弃物,含有较大量的蛋白质、灰分和甲壳素,以及少量的脂肪、游离氨基酸和虾青素等。近年来,随着我国养殖、捕捞技术的进步以及伏季休渔制度的实施,虾、蟹产量逐年上升。因此,有效利用虾、蟹壳副产物,开发基于虾、蟹壳废弃物的利用途径和产品类型,以提高产品附加值,减少环境污染,对于虾、蟹产业的健康发展具有重要意义。目前,采用酸碱法制备甲壳素是虾、蟹壳利用的主要方法,该方法易于操作,但能耗高且污染严重,近年来研究人员对传统的酸碱法制备甲壳素的工艺进行了优化,并积极探索酶法和发酵法等新型提取工艺。此外,虾、蟹壳中其他可利用成分(蛋白质、脂肪、钙质和虾青素)的提取和利用也获得了许多研究成果。本文主要综述了虾、蟹壳的组成成分,虾、蟹壳整体利用途径以及虾、蟹壳中甲壳素、蛋白质、脂肪、钙质、虾青素等成分的提取和利用途径的研究进展,以期为虾、蟹壳的高效、低成本、无污染和高附加值利用提供借鉴。     

毕节地区植烟土壤有效态微量元素含量评价

对毕节地区298个植烟土壤样品的有效态微量元素Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn、B和Mo的含量及丰缺特性进行了分析,以期为毕节烟区平衡施肥及提高烟叶品质提供依据。试验结果表明,毕节地区植烟土壤中有效态Cu、Fe、Mn含量极丰富,Zn含量丰富,有效硼和有效钼的含量比较缺乏,超过1/2的土壤缺硼,超过2/5的土壤缺钼。土壤中有效态Zn、Fe和Mn的含量与pH呈显著性负相关,有效钼含量与pH呈显著性正相关。土壤中有效Fe、Zn、Mn和B的含量与有机质含量呈显著性正相关。综上所述,毕节烟区要适当补充B肥和Mo肥,对Cu、Zn、Fe和Mn等元素要通过控制施入量或土壤改良来降低其有效含量,防止土壤重金属污染。     

Mycotoxins in botanicals and dried fruits: A review

Botanicals are used in many countries for medicinal and general health-promoting purposes. Numerous natural occurrences of mycotoxins in botanicals and dried fruits have been reported. Aflatoxins or ochratoxin A (OTA) have been found in botanicals such as ginseng, ginger, liquorice, turmeric, and kava-kava in the USA, Spain, Argentina, India, and some other countries, while fumonisins have been found in medicinal wild plants in South Africa and in herbal tea and medicinal plants in Turkey. Zearalenone was identified in ginseng root. Dried fruits can be contaminated with aflatoxins, OTA, kojic acid, and, occasionally, with patulin or zearalenone. One main area of concern is aflatoxins in dried figs; bright greenish yellow fluorescence under ultraviolet light is associated with aflatoxin contamination. OTA in dried vine fruits (raisins, sultanas, and currants) is another concern. There are also reports of aflatoxins in raisins and OTA in dried figs, apricots, dried plums (prunes), dates, and quince. Maximum permitted levels in the European Union include 4 µg kg^-1 for total aflatoxins in dried fruit intended for direct consumption and 10 µg kg^-1 for OTA in dried vine fruit. This review discusses the occurrence of mycotoxins in botanicals and dried fruits and analytical issues such as sampling, sample preparation, and methods for analysis. Fungal contamination of these products, the influence of sorting, storage, and processing, and prevention are also considered.     

Benzoic acid and its derivatives as naturally occurring compounds in foods and as additives: Uses,exposure, and controversy

Benzoic acid is an aromatic carboxylic acid naturally present in plant and animal tissues, which can also be produced by microorganisms. Benzoic acid and a wide range of derivatives and related benzenic compounds, such as salts, alkyl esters, parabens, benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, and benzoyl peroxide, are commonly used as antibacterial and antifungal preservatives and as flavoring agents in food, cosmetic, hygiene, and pharmaceutical products. As a result of their widespread occurrence, production, and uses, these compounds are largely distributed in the environment and found in water, soil, and air. Consequently, human exposure to them can be high, common, and lengthy. This review is mainly focused on the presence and use of benzoic acid in foods but it also covers the occurrence, uses, human exposure, metabolism, toxicology, analytical methods for detection, and legal limits for benzoic acid and its derivatives. Their controversial effects and potential public health concerns are discussed.     

Acrylamide–Sepiolite Based Composite Hydrogels for Immobilization of Invertase

ABSTRACT:  Novel composite hydrogels, poly(acrylamide)–sepiolite (PAS), poly(acrylamide/acrylic acid)–sepiolite (PAAS), and poly(acrylamide/itaconic acid)–sepiolite (PAIS) were prepared and used for the immobilization of invertase. The parameters of equilibrium swelling, diffusional exponent, and diffusion coefficient of these hydrogels were calculated from swelling experiments. Invertase was immobilized onto PAS, PAAS, and PAIS and immobilized invertases (PASI, PAASI, and PAISI) were prepared. Optimum pH values for free invertase, PASI, PAASI, and PAISI are found to be 5, 5.5, 4.5, and 6, respectively, and the optimum temperatures were 30, 50, 50, and 35 °C for free invertase PASI, PAASI, and PAISI. It was found that  K_m  values of free invertase, PASI, PAASI, and PAISI were 11.3, 41.0, 94.5, and 56.0 mM, respectively.  V _max values were 2 μmol/min for free invertase, 8.10 μmol/min for PASI, 1.30 μmol/min for PAASI, and 0.42 μmol/min for PAISI, respectively. The invertase immobilized hydrogels showed excellent, temperature, storage, and operational stability.     

Food oral processing—A review

Food oral processing is an essential procedure not only for the consumption and digestion of foods but also for the appreciation and pleasure of food texture and food flavour. The consumption of a food inside mouth involves various oral operations, including first bite, chewing and mastication, transportation, bolus formation, swallowing, etc. Exact mechanisms and governing principles of these oral operations are still not fully understood, despite of continuous efforts made by scientists from food, psychology, physiology, dental and clinical studies, and other disciplines. This article reviews recent progresses and literature findings about food processing and transformation in mouth, with particular attention on the physiology and rheology aspects of oral operations. The physiological behaviour of human's oral device is discussed in terms of biting capability, tongue movement, saliva production and incorporation, and swallowing. The complexity of oral processing is analysed in relation to the rheology and mechanical properties of foods. The swallowing and oral clearing process is also examined for its criteria, triggering mechanism, bolus deformation, and the rheology of swallowing.     

大豆油精炼过程中多环芳烃的迁移规律

明确大豆油精炼过程多环芳烃（polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs）风险成分的迁移规律,以便于食品中PAHs的风险防范和控制。通过对大豆油精炼生产中脱胶油、脱酸油、脱色油、脱臭油和对应加工助剂磷酸、烧碱、活性白土以及精炼副产物油脚、皂脚、废白土、脱臭馏出物样品中PAHs组分含量的检测,分析PAHs在大豆油精炼生产中的迁移规律。结果显示：大豆油精炼用加工助剂中均含有PAHs,磷酸、烧碱和活性白土中苯并[a]芘（benzo[a]pyrene,BaP）含量分别为0.95、1.84?μg/kg和0.71?μg/kg,欧盟限量控制的4?种PAHs（PAH4）（苯并[a]蒽、?、苯并[b]荧蒽和BaP）含量为2.81、16.81?μg/kg和8.85?μg/kg,美国优先控制的16?种PAHs（PAH16）含量为26.18、112.61?μg/kg和111.85?μg/kg;在大豆油水化脱胶、碱炼脱酸、蒸馏脱臭过程BaP的脱除率分别为7.57%、23.57%、91.65%,水化脱胶、碱炼脱酸、吸附脱色、蒸馏脱臭过程PAH4的脱除率分别为15.93%、10.41%、19.31%、50.91%,PAH16的脱除率分别为15.45%、11.59%、6.66%、52.99%;大豆油精炼副产物油脚、皂脚、废白土、脱臭馏出物中BaP含量分别为0.45、0.90、0.52、12.49?μg/kg,PAH4含量分别为10.14、7.39、9.69、300.50?μg/kg,PAH16含量分别为261.60、434.49、156.29、2?775.15?μg/kg。