利用电石渣制备硬硅钙石

利用动态水热合成工艺,首次采用电石渣作钙质原料合成了硬硅钙石。探讨了原料、电石渣处理方法和水热合成工艺参数等因素对合成硬硅钙石晶体结构和微观形貌的影响,并采用XRD和SEM对其结构和形貌进行了分析及表征。结果表明,煅烧后的电石渣可以制备出纯度较高且结晶良好的硬硅钙石;电石渣处理方法对合成硬硅钙石晶体及其二次粒子形貌有很大的影响;煅烧后的电石渣与分析纯CaO作钙质原料制备硬硅钙石的水热合成工艺参数基本一致。     

不同硅质原料对硬硅钙石二次粒子形貌的影响

几种硅质原料被用于硬硅钙石二次粒子制备中。实验表明。在单纯使用非品质硅质原料时，所生成硬硅钙石结晶发育差，由此形成的硬硅钙石二次粒子具有高密度和低的中空度。此实验结果与前人研究结果不一致。本实验结果同样表明使用天然粉石英作为硅质原料，加入氧氯化锆添加剂可以形成直径100nm左右结晶良好的硬硅钙石纤维，这些硬硅钙石纤维可以形成具有中空结构的低密度硬硅钙石二次粒子。它提供了一种低成本制备超轻硬硅钙石产品方法的可能。     

动态水热法合成超轻硬硅钙石的研究

硬硅钙石质隔热材料具有体积密度小,隔热效果好的优点,是优良的保温隔热材料。本研究采用动态水热合成工艺制备硬硅酸钙粒子,研究硅质原料粒径、水固比、添加剂等因素对水热合成产物成份和晶体形貌的影响。在此基础上对制备工艺进行优化,制备出具有中空结构的超轻硬硅钙石二次球团粒子。     

硬硅钙石水热合成的形成历程及硝酸锶对它的影响

利用XRD，SEM，TEM等方法对动态水热法合成硬硅钙石的形成历程进行了研究，由C-S-H凝胶不能在高于200℃温度下稳定存在，使硬硅钙石在180℃和220℃时的形成历程不同，配料中加入硝酸锶，提高料浆的离子强度，产生原盐效应，降低了C-S-H凝胶的生成速率，延缓了硬硅钙石的形成，硬硅钙石合成过程中的料浆中固体粒子的ζ电位是不断变化的，加入硝酸锶，可以降低料浆固体粒子ζ电位的绝对值，有利于硬硅钙石纤维状晶体以及团聚体的长大。     

硅酸钾碱液水热合成针状硅灰石反应历程

利用钾长石–KOH–H_2O体系分解反应所得硅酸钾碱液合成针状硬硅钙石,用作合成硅灰石的前驱体。采用OLI Analyzer 9.2软件模拟K2O–CaO–SiO_2–H_2O体系化学平衡,预测了合成硬硅钙石的初始CaO/SiO_2摩尔比、反应温度和液固比范围。在此基础上通过单因素实验,确定了合成硬硅钙石的优化条件。反应历程为:水合硅酸钙→雪硅钙石→雪硅钙石+硬硅钙石→硬硅钙石。合成的硅灰石保持了硬硅钙石的针状形貌,分散较均匀,长约10~15μm,直径约300 nm,长径比约40,符合建材行业一级品标准。     

硝酸锶对水热合成硬硅钙石球形团聚体的影响

硬硅钙石是一种用途广泛的保温材料，本工作以硝酸锶作为矿化剂，研究了在动态水热合成硬硅钙合成中，硝酸锶对硬硅钙石球形团聚体的影响。研究表明：在合成时添加硝酸锶，可以使水化硅酸钙（C－S－H）凝胶的ξ电位的绝对值减小，从而C－S－H胶团的凝聚长大，C－S－H凝胶粒度的增大是硬硅钙石球形团聚体增大的基础，Sr^2 进入到硬硅钙石晶体内引起其晶胞常数a和c的增大，促进硬硅钙石的纤维状晶体以及球形团聚体的长大，从而有利于得到轻质硬硅钙石材料。     

较粗石英微粉制备超轻硬硅钙石隔热材料

用中位粒径20μm的粗石英和石灰石为原料，配制成Cao／SiO2摩尔比1．0，水固比20的料浆，倒入3000L的反应釜内进行水热反应，反应温度197℃，时间3h，合成的晶体料浆经XRD、SEM和TEM检测确认为由针状硬硅钙石缠绕组成的中空二次粒子球。球直径为30～100μm，球壁厚2～4μm。在料浆中加入纤维等辅助材料压制成型干燥后．即为容重小于130kg·m－3的超轻硬硅钙石隔热材料。     

用稻壳灰水热合成硬硅钙石的研究

研究了用稻壳灰作硅质材料水热合成硬硅钙石。结果表明，在合理选择钙硅比、水固比、搅拌时间，反应时间、反应温度等水热合成条件的情况下，稻壳灰中的ＳｉＯ２能够与Ｃａ（ＯＨ）２反应生成硬硅钙石晶体，并且这种纤维状的晶体还能相互交织成二次球形粒子。     

硬硅钙石晶须的水热合成

采用动态水热法,以硅酸钠钙为原料合成硬硅钙石晶须,通过搅拌使晶须形成高孔隙率的球形颗粒. 考察了温度、时间和原料CaO/SiO2摩尔比等反应条件对硬硅钙石晶须及其球形颗粒孔隙率的影响. 结果表明,将CaO和SiO2按摩尔比0.90~1.15溶于Na2O浓度为20 g/L的NaOH溶液中,控制液固比为30 mL/g,以300 r/min的转速在220℃下水热反应7 h以上,可制备出直径约200 nm、长径比大于20的硬硅钙石晶须,晶须相互缠绕形成的球形颗粒孔隙率最高可达93%.     

水热合成硅酸钙微孔球形颗粒

动态水热合成生成的硅酸钙微孔球形颗粒的空隙率可高达90%以上,颗粒由无数纤维状硬硅钙石晶体构成.讨论了合成工艺参数对形成球形颗粒的影响.反应物中SiO2 和CaO的比例需保持1∶1,否则反应最终产物中可能出现其它硅酸钙矿物.搅拌对形成球形颗粒起着决定性作用,在搅拌作用下C-S-H凝胶表面受到切向剪切力矩的作用,片状的凝胶被卷成为球形颗粒.在水热合成过程中加入矿化剂能够降低凝胶粒子ζ的绝对值,促进C-S-H凝胶形成大的团聚体,矿化剂的存在提高了由C-S-H凝胶团聚生成硬硅钙石的温度,从而保证C-S-H凝胶团聚有充足的时间形成大的球形团聚体.     

硬硅钙石中空二次粒子球形成机理的探讨

利用X射线衍射、扫描电镜等手段,对SiO     

Hydrothermal Formation of Calcium Silicate Hydrates

The kinetics of solution of quartz and the crystallization of calcium silicate hydrate during hydro-thermal treatment of single crystals of quartz in saturated lime solutions were studied. Microscopic examination of sections of the product layer showed that the calcium silicate hydrate was of fibrous crystal habit and grew radially from nucleating centers in a general direction away from the quartz surface. X-ray diffraction established that the mineral was mainly xonotlite. The crystallization of the mineral did not follow the receding surface of the quartz; the product layer was extended only on the surface in contact with the lime solution. The silicate ions apparently diffused preferentially through the product layer although separate measurements proved that the membrane had no selective action against the diffusion of calcium ions. Plots of the weight of xonotlite versus square root of time gave straight lines indicating that the process was diffusion-controlled at 235° and 335°C.     

超细碳酸钙的合成与形状控制

采用气体分布板控制碳化速度,通过加入不同形状的控制剂,合成了链状、片状、立方体状、纺锤状、球形、针状六种不同形状的超细碳酸钙．研究了碳化过程中的粘度变化及机理和碳化速率对碳酸钙晶体成核生长过程的影响．基本实现了链状碳酸钙的粒度控制．     

Effect of grain size and density of spray-pyrolyzed hydroxyapatite particles on the sinterability of hydroxyapatite disk

The effect of grain size and density of hydroxyapatite particles, which were prepared by different spray-pyrolysis temperatures, on the sinterability of hydroxyapatite disk was investigated. Calcium phosphate solution (Ca/P ratio of 1.67 and 0.1 M concentration) was prepared by reacting calcium nitrate tetrahydrate and diammonium hydrogen phosphate solutions, and adding nitric acid. Spray-pyrolysis was carried out at 900 °C, 1200 °C, and 1500 °C at a carrier gas flowing rate of 10 L/min. The particles synthesized at 900 °C were large, hollow spheres with a hole at the outer surface, a broad size distribution, but had small grain sizes. Conversely, the particles synthesized at 1500 °C were small, solid spheres with a narrow size distribution, but had large grain sizes. The particles synthesized at 1200 °C had intermediate properties. A sinterability test conducted at 1100 °C for 1 h demonstrated that small and dense particles with large grain sizes showed a higher relative sintered density compared with large and hollow particles with small grain sizes. The results were explained in terms of the grain size and density of a particle, which were inversely and proportionally affected to sinterability. The practical implication of these results is that highly sinterable hydroxyapatite powders can be synthesized through spray-pyrolysis at a high temperature under a fixed initial concentration of calcium phosphate solution and flow rate of carrier gas.     

一种针状纳米碳酸钙的制备方法

用石灰乳液碳酸化法制备出针状纳米碳酸钙微粒,讨论了碳化温度和结晶导向剂用量等因素对纳米碳酸钙粒径和形貌的影响。结果表明:结晶导向剂用量为1%~3%(质量分数),温度为14℃,氢氧化钙浆液浓度为8%~12%(氢氧化钙占浆液的质量分数),CO2气体浓度为40%~60%(体积分数),搅拌速度为200~300 r/m in时能制备出长径比大、粒径分布均匀、分散性好的产品;并采用TEM,XRD对其结构进行了表征。     

氧化钙对电石生产节能的影响

从电石生产工艺出发,分析了氧化钙(俗称白灰)的杂质、生过烧、粒度和粉末率对电石生产节能降耗的影响,并介绍了采取的相应措施。严把白灰原料质量关,科学合理调整配比,可有效提高电石产品质量,降低电石生产成本。     

硬硅钙石复合隔热涂料制备与隔热性能测试

以硬硅钙石作阻隔型填料,以金红石型二氧化钛和中空玻璃微珠为反射型功能填料,制备建筑外墙隔热涂料。研究了单掺硬硅钙石、金红石型二氧化钛、中空玻璃微珠以及复合添加3种填料对涂层隔热性能的影响。结果表明:单掺硬硅钙石、金红石型二氧化钛或中空玻璃微珠均可提高涂层隔热性能,硬硅钙石的适宜掺量为9%,金红石型二氧化钛的适宜掺量为30%,空心玻璃微珠的适宜掺量为20%;复合掺入硬硅钙石、金红石型二氧化钛和空心玻璃微珠可进一步提高涂层隔热性能,掺量为9%、30%和15%时,涂层的热反射率可达93.69%。按建筑行业标准JG/T235—2008《建筑反射隔热涂料》进行检测,涂料对波长为250～2 500 nm范围内的太阳反射比为0.85,半球发射率为0.87,隔热温差为13℃,符合标准要求;空心玻璃微珠、二氧化钛和硬硅钙石复合掺入后,发挥协同作用,能更加有效地提高涂层的隔热性能。     

Dispersion-Strengthened Aluminum Oxide

Finely divided molybdenum particles were dispersed in aluminum oxide to serve as inclusions for the inhibition of grain growth and secondary recrystallization during sintering. Conventional powder metallurgy techniques were used to fabricate compacts of aluminum oxide containing up to 16 vol% molybdenum. Three methods for developing a uniform dispersion of molybdenum particles in aluminum oxide are compared on the basis of the resulting microstructures. Specimens sintered in vacuum had densities approaching 98% of theoretical density with an average grain size of 2μ or less with no evidence of secondary recrystallization. The grain refinement is reflected in transverse rupture strength data with average strengths exceeding 80 kpsi and maximum strengths exceeding 100 kpsi.