The guideline interchange format: a model for representing guidelines

Carboxylate and sulfate groups were introduced at the surface of poly(ethylene) (PE) samples. This was accomplished by coating and immobilizing sodium 10-undecenoate (C11(:)) and 10-undecene sulfate (S11(:)) on the polymer by means of an argon plasma treatment. The composition of the coated surfactant layer was proportional to the composition of the coating solution. The thickness of the surfactant layer on the surface of PE samples, which were precoated from an aqueous solution with a total surfactant concentration of 0.30 M, was about 55 A. The presence of carboxylate and sulfate groups after plasma treatment of the precoated surfaces was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). About 20% of the initial amount of functional groups of the coated surfactants was retained at the PE surface. The ratio of carboxylate/sulfate groups at the plasma treated surfaces was dependent on the composition of the precoated surfaces. The minimum surface density of these groups on the resulting samples was about one group per 40 A2.     

第34届世界标准日祝词为全球信息社会制订全球标准

随着信息使用费用的急剧下降 ,我们可以使用的信息量不仅比以前大大增加 ,而且使用信息的人数也越来越多。现在社会学家已不再谈及技术时代、计算机时代或电子时代了 ,因为我们这一代正在建立的社会是信息社会 ,它将给人类生活的各个方面带来重大改变。为使全球各地能够真正公平合理地享受信息社会带来的益处 ,信息社会必须覆盖全球。数子电子设备包括的计算机网络、数字电视、3G电话以及相关硬件、软件和服务是信息社会的关键构件 ,也可以把它们统称为信息通讯技术 (ICTs)。ICTs对信息和知识的电子化传播是必不可少的 ,没有ICTs就没有…     

Standard weight for height curves in achondroplasia

Standard curves developed for the general population cannot be used to assess the growth of an individual who has a condition that results in disproportionate short stature. For this reason, efforts have been made to develop growth curves specific for several of the chondrodysplasias. However, data concerning weight for height have been largely lacking, although they may be of particular importance for conditions such as achondroplasia, where there is some consensus that an increased prevalence of obesity is a particular problem. In this paper we provide standard weight for height curves for males and females with achondroplasia, and discuss the use of several indices which have been applied to the assessment of body fat in the general population.     

Modelling of flow curves for hot deformation

A new mathematical model for hot deformation flow curves is presented. The developed expression can be used for austenite or ferrite deformation, for monotonically increasing flow curves as well as for those with a maximum or with oscillating shape. By experimental determination of 4 flow curves, the parameters for the flow curve field can be calculated. Experiments have been carried out using aluminium- killed mild steels in hot compression tests with a range of deformation temperature between 700 and 1250°C and of strain rate between 0.1 and 20 s^-1. The accuracy of the new approach and the ability to meet the different flow curve shapes proved to be very good.     

A model for representing gender differences in the pattern of cognitive abilities.

Comments on A. Feingold's (see record 1988-18577-001) meta-analytic assessment of gender-related performance on the Differential Aptitude Tests, which indicated a trend toward disappearing gender differences in the profile of cognitive abilities (CAs). In a review of potential explanatory models for this finding, the present author considers the mechanisms by which both biological and sociocultural factors might influence the developing pattern of human CAs. A satisfactory model might include the identification of a mechanism such as gender, and individual, differences in the frequency of engagement in sex-dimorphic behaviors. This model would predict a specific relationship between early activity patterns and the pattern of later CAs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Derivation of an equation for classifier-reduced performance curves

Abstract

Current efficiency (CE) measurements based on gas analysis were conducted in a laboratory cell to study the influence of changes in the contents of AlF₃ and NaF in a NaF-AlF₃-MgF₂-Al₂O₃ electrolyte. Substitution of AlF₃ with MgF₂ had no significant effect, while substitution of NaF with MgF₂ led to a substantial increase in CE. The concentration of the sodium ion appears to have a decisive influence on the CE.

Résumé

Des mesures d'efficacite de courant (EC) par analyse des gaz, ont été effectuées sur une cellule en laboratoire, pour étudier l'influence des variations de composition en AlF₃ et NaF dans un électrolyte de NaF-AlF₃ MgF₂, Al₂O₃. La substitution de AlF₃ par du MgF₂ n'eut pas d'effet significatif, alors que la substitution du NaF par le MgF₂ s'est traduit par une augmentation significative du MgF₂. La concentration en ions sodium apparaît donc avoir une influence significative sur le EC.     

A technique for plotting densification curves allowing for external-friction losses

Conclusions An analysis is made of the process of metal-powder compaction. A new technique is suggested for the experimental determination of the net compaction pressure, i.e., compaction pressure in an ideal process free from external-friction losses.Translated from Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya, No. 9(69), pp. 20–24, September, 1968.     

Particle inhalability curves for humans and small laboratory animals

Several inhalability curves for nose breathing in humans have been developed. No studies have been designed specifically to develop inhalability functions for animals, although it has been shown that pulmonary deposition of large particles (> 4-5 microns) via inhalation is minimal in laboratory animals [Raabe et al., Inhaled Particles VI, pp. 53-63. Pergamon Press, Oxford (1988)]. The logistic function was fitted to these animal deposition data of Raabe et al. (1988) to estimate an inhalability curve for laboratory animals. The logistic function was also fitted to the human data of Breysse and Swift [Aerosol Sci. Technol. 13, 459-464 (1990)] for comparison. The results suggest that ambient concentration is a good predictor (inhalability > 95%) of inhaled concentration for humans for particles < 11 microns dae. In small laboratory animals, however, the inhalable portion of the ambient concentration is predicted to be 95% for 0.7 microns dae particles but declines to 45% for 10 microns dae particles. It is, therefore, important to consider the effects of inhalability when estimating dose delivered to the target tissue in animals. In comparing delivered doses between animals and humans, adjusting for inhalability may change not only the magnitude of the difference but also which species is predicted to receive a greater delivered dose.     

The UMLS Metathesaurus: representing different views of biomedical concepts

The UMLS Metathesaurus is a compilation of names, relationships, and associated information from a variety of biomedical naming systems representing different views of biomedical practice or research. The Metathesaurus is organized by meaning, and the fundamental unit in the Metathesaurus is the concept. Differing names for a biomedical meaning are linked in a single Metathesaurus concept. Extensive additional information describing semantic characteristics, occurrence in machine-readable information sources, and how concepts co-occur in these sources is also provided, enabling a greater comprehension of the concept in its various contexts. The Metathesaurus is not a standardized vocabulary; it is a tool for maximizing the usefulness of existing vocabularies. It serves as a knowledge source for developers of biomedical information applications and as a powerful resource for biomedical information specialists.     

Interpreting relapse curves.

W. A. Hunt et al (see record 1972-09232-001) argued that the shape of the relapse curves for smoking, alcohol, and heroin supports a learning conception of relapse in terms of decay of extinction. The present article shows, however, that the relapse curve cannot suggest or support a theory of relapse. Like all survival curves, it reflects the operation of 1 or both of 2 general processes—selection of the surviving individuals and changes in individuals' probabilities of survival—neither of which are specific to relapse. However, by comparing individuals who relapse soon after treatment with those who relapse later or remain abstinent, one may be able to identify the factors influencing probability of survival and to develop a theory of relapse. (5 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Ethical Procedures for a Global Economy

Congratulations to the four ASCE Student Member, who won the zone essay competitions for the 2001 Daniel W. Mead Prize for the Younger Members. Three of the winning essays appear in this issue. The other essay, the overall national winner, was published in the January 2002 issue of Civil Engineering.     

Relationship between fracture toughness and crack extension resistance curves (R curves) for Ti-6Al-4V alloys

The effects of microstructure, impurity content, and testing temperature on the fracture toughness (as measured by the crack tip opening displacement (CTOD)) and microcrack extension resistance curves (R curves) of Ti-6Al-4V alloys were examined. At 0 °C, microstructure is the most influential factor in the toughness-strength relationship. Acicular microstructure specimens have a higher CTOD than specimens with equiaxed microstructures, regardless of strength (0.2 pct proof stress) and impurity content. At −196 °C, impurity content becomes a controlling factor in the toughness-strength relationship. Extra-low impurity (ELI) specimens, which have a lower impurity content, show a higher CTOD, irrespective of microstructure. Microcracks extended from the notch tip before the maximum load was reached during testing were investigated, and crack initiation (δ _i) and extension-resistance properties were evaluated by obtaining exact R curves of the microcracks. At 0 °C, specimens with different microstructures and different impurity contents have almost the same δ _i. But acicular-microstructure specimens with a higher CTOD at a given strength show a greater crack extension resistance. At −196 °C, ELI specimens, which have a higher CTOD, show a larger crack extension resistance. It is concluded that the crack extension-resistance property of the microcracks extended from the notch tip before the maximum load is a controlling factor for the fracture toughness of Ti-6Al-4V alloys.