Highly active metallocarboxypeptidase from newly isolated Geobacillus strain SBS-4S: cloning and characterization

The carboxypeptidase gene from Geobacillus SBS-4S was cloned and sequenced. The sequence analysis displayed the gene consists of an open reading frame of 1503 nucleotides encoding a protein of 500 amino acids (CBP(SBS)). The amino acid sequence comparison revealed that CBP(SBS) exhibited a highest homology of 41.6% (identity) with carboxypeptidase Taq from Thermus aquaticus among the characterized proteases. CBP(SBS) contained an active site motif (265)HEXXH(269) which is conserved in family-M32 of carboxypeptidases. The gene was expressed with His-Tag utilizing Escherichia coli expression system and purified to apparent homogeneity. The purified CBP(SBS) showed highest activity at pH 7.5 and 70°C. The enzyme activity was metal ion dependent. Among metal ions highest activity was found in the presence of Co(2+). Thermostability studies of CBP(SBS) by circular dichroism spectroscopy demonstrated the melting temperature of the protein around 77°C. The enzyme exhibited K(m) and V(max) values of 14 mM and 10526 μmol min(-1) mg(-1) when carbobenzoxy-alanine-arginine was used as substrate. k(cat) and k(cat)/K(m) valves were 10175 s(-1) and 726 mM(-1) s(-1). To our knowledge this is the highest ever reported enzyme activity of a metallocarboxypeptidase and the first characterization of a metallocarboxypeptidase from genus Geobacillus.     

Actinomycete Nonomuraea sp. isolated from Indonesian soil is a new producer of inulin fructotransferase

An actinomycete that excretes inulin fructotransferase to the culture supernatant was able to produce di-d-fructofuranose 1,2':2,3' dianhydride (DFA III) from inulin, with the greatest rate of enzyme activity at 65°C and at a pH of 5.5. Through chemotaxonomic and 16S rRNA gene analysis, this strain was identified as genus Nonomuraea in the Streptosporangiaceae family. This is the first report of an inulin fructotransferase producer in this family.     

Purification and characterization of an extracellular lipase from Mucor hiemalis f. corticola isolated from soil

We have screened 39 microfungi isolates originated from soil in terms of lipolytic activity. Out of all screened, a novel strain of Mucor hiemalis f. corticola was determined to have the highest lipase activity. The extracellular lipase was produced in response to 2% glucose and 2.1% peptone. The lipase was purified 12.63-folds with a final yield of 27.7% through following purification steps; ammonium sulfate precipitation, dialysis, gel filtration column chromatography and ion exchange chromatography, respectively. MALDI-TOF MS analysis revealed 31% amino-acid identity to a known lipase from Rhizomucor miehei species. The molecular weight of the lipase was determined as 46kDa using SDS-PAGE and analytical gel filtration. Optimal pH and temperature of the lipase were determined as 7.0 and 40°C, respectively. The enzyme activity was observed to be stable at the pH range of 7.0-9.0. Thermostability assays demonstrated that the lipase was stable up to 50°C for 60min. The lipase was more stable in ethanol and methanol than other organic solvents tested. Furthermore, the activity of the lipase was slightly enhanced by SDS and PMSF. In the presence of p-NPP as substrate, K(m) and V(max) values of the lipase were calculated by Hanes-Woolf plot as 1.327mM and 91.11μmol/min, respectively.     

河豚鱼16S rRNA基因部分DNA序列分析及应用

应用16S rRNA基因聚合酶链式反应（polymerase chain reaction,PCR）扩增通用引物,对3 属13 种福建省搜集的河豚鱼样品与9 个未知物种的河豚鱼样品的16S rRNA基因序列中的部分片段进行PCR扩增与脱氧核糖核酸（deoxyribonucleic acid,DNA）碱基序列测定,各物种序列长度在611～614 bp之间。应用DNAMAN V6软件进行样品间DNA序列同源性比对分析,建立样品间系统关系同源树。供试13 个样品被划分为4 个类群组,群间的同源率为87%,群内同源率为94%～100%。根据序列同源性分析结果,9 个未知种名的样品被归类到3 个类群组中,推测9 个未知种名的样品为东方鲀属或腹刺鲀属。探讨了16S rRNA基因部分DNA序列测试及同源性分析技术在河豚鱼种属鉴别中应用的可能性。     

Prevalence of Clostridium botulinum and thermophilic heat-resistant spores in raw carrots and green beans used in French canning industry

Two categories of vegetables (carrots and green beans) that are widely used in the manufacture of canned food were surveyed for their spore contamination. Samples were recovered from 10 manufactures spread over all producing areas in France. Two samples over 316 raw vegetables collected were found positive for botulinum neurotoxin producing Clostridia spores as tested by PCR-based GeneDisc assay. Both positive samplestested positive for the type B neurotoxin gene (bont/B). In parallel, heat-resistant spores of thermophilic bacteria that are likely to be associated with canned food spoilage after prolonged incubation at 55 °C were surveyed after specific enrichment. Prevalence varied between 1.6% for Moorella thermoacetica/thermoautotrophica in green bean samples and 8.6% for either Geobacillus stearothermophilus or Thermoanaerobacterium spp. in carrot samples. Vegetable preparation, e.g. washing and edge cutting, considerably reduced spore contamination levels. These data constitute the first wide examination of vegetables specifically cultivated for industrialpurposes for their contamination by spores of thermophilic bacterial species.     

威海近海海葵附生异养菌的分离和多样性分析

对绿海葵的共附生异养菌群进行研究。从海葵的表面和匀浆液中分离到60株异养菌株,采用16SrRNA基因序列分析和部分生理生化试验,确定其中56株菌的种属情况。另外,对该类菌株所产胞外酶的情况以及与弧菌的拮抗情况进行测定。结果表明:这些可培养菌株的群落结构多样性较为丰富,其中的16株菌为假交替单胞菌属及其相关类群;其他菌株主要分布在其他19个属中。其中,17株菌可产胞外蛋白水解酶;20株菌可产胞外脂肪酶;菌株NQ8对一些弧菌具有较强的拮抗作用。     

Purification and partial characterization of psychrotrophic Serratia marcescens lipase

Serratia marcescens isolated from raw milk was found to produce extracellular lipase. The growth of this organism could contribute to flavor defects in milk and dairy products. Serratia marcescens was streaked onto spirit blue agar medium, and lipolytic activity was detected after 6 h at 30 degrees C and after 12 h at 6 degrees C. The extracellular crude lipase was collected after inoculation of the organism into nutrient broth and then into skim milk. The crude lipase was purified to homogeneity by ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The purified lipase had a final recovered activity of 45.42%. Its molecular mass was estimated by SDS-PAGE assay to be 52 kDa. The purified lipase was characterized; the optimum pH was likely between 8 and 9 and showed about 70% of its activity at pH 6.6. The enzyme was very stable at pH 8 and lost about 30% of its activity after holding for 24 h at 4 degrees C in buffer of pH 6.6. The optimum temperature was observed at 37 degrees C and exhibited high activity at 5 degrees C. The thermal inactivation of S. marcescens lipase was more obvious at 80 degrees C; it retained about 15% of its original activity at 80 degrees C and was completely inactivated after heating at 90 degrees C for 5 min. Under optimum conditions, activity of the enzyme was maximum after 6 min. The Michaelis-Menten constant was 1.35 mM on tributyrin. The enzyme was inhibited by a concentration more than 6.25mM. Purified lipase was not as heat-stable as other lipases from psychrotrophs, but it retained high activity at 5 degrees C. At pH 6.6, the pH of milk, purified lipase showed some activity and stability. Also, the organism demonstrated lipolytic activity at 6 degrees C after 12 h. Therefore, S. marcescens and its lipase were considered to cause flavor impairment during cold storage of milk and dairy products.     

烤烟内生高温菌YYFG3的分离鉴定及所产蛋白酶活性

通过固体分离培养基的分离培养和牛奶琼脂鉴别培养基的鉴别初筛,从烟草(Nicotiana tabacum L.)的初烤烟叶中分离到一株嗜热产蛋白酶菌株,编号为YYFG3,其生长温度范围是30℃-65℃,最适生长温度55℃左右,对pH的耐受范围是5-9,最适范围是6-7;在发酵产酶培养基中,56℃、180 r/min条件下发酵32 h的蛋白酶活力达到最大值35.3 U/mL,故将YYFG3定性为产蛋白酶高温菌株。通过光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对该菌株形态特征的观察、相关生化特性的测定、16S rDNA的克隆测序以及对菌株分子遗传进化树的构建,确定菌株YYFG3隶属于土芽孢杆菌属Geobacillus,暂将其命名为Geobacillus sp.YYFG3。菌株YYFG3可作为产蛋白酶高温微生物诱变育种和全基因组育种的良好材料,具有良好的开发应用潜力。      

16S rRNA基因序列、生化鉴定、质谱3类方法鉴定常见微生物的结果分析

目的比较16SrRNA基因序列、生化鉴定、质谱鉴定3类实验方法分析沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌的鉴定结果的异同。方法挑选沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌各50株,分别进行16S rRNA基因序列测定、VITEK COMPACT 2生化鉴定、质谱鉴定3类实验,并比较3类实验的鉴定结果。结果 3类实验方法对大部分沙门氏菌鉴定在属水平,生化鉴定方法对少数血清型鉴定到种水平;对金黄色葡萄球菌均鉴定到种水平; 16SrRNA基因序列、生化方法对蜡样芽孢杆菌鉴定到属水平,质谱鉴定到种水平。结论 3类实验方法对大部分沙门氏菌、所有金黄色葡萄球菌鉴定水平相同,质谱鉴定蜡样芽孢杆菌的结果更准确,且质谱鉴定时效性更高。     

Novel low-temperature-active, salt-tolerant and proteases-resistant endo-1,4-β-mannanase from a new Sphingomonas strain

Sphingomonas sp. JB13, isolated from slag of a >20-year-old phosphate rock-stacking site, showed the highest 16S rDNA (1343bp) identity of 97.2% with Sphingomonas sp. ERB1-3 (FJ948169) and <97% identities with other identified Sphingomonas strains. A mannanase-coding gene (1191bp) was cloned and encodes a 396-residue polypeptide (ManAJB13) showing the highest amino acid sequence identities of 56.2% with the putative glycosyl hydrolase (GH) family 26 endo-1,4-β-mannanase from Rhodothermus marinus (YP_004824245), and 44.2% with the identified GH 26 endo-1,4-β-mannanase from Cellvibrio japonicus (2VX5_A). The recombinant ManAJB13 (rManAJB13) was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). Purified rManAJB13 displayed the typical characteristics of low-temperature-active enzymes: showing apparent optimal at 40°C, ~55% of the maximum activity at 20°C and ~20% at 10°C, and thermolability at 45°C (~15min half-life). The potential mechanism for low-temperature-activity of GH 26 endo-1,4-β-mannanases might be ascribed to the more hydrophobic residues (AILFWV) and less polar residues (NCQSTY) compared with typical thermophilic and mesophilic counterparts. The purified rManAJB13 exhibited >85% mannanase activity at the concentration of 0-4.0M NaCl. No loss of enzyme activity was observed after incubating the enzyme with 1M or 2M NaCl, or trypsin or proteinase K at 37°C and pH 6.5 for 1h. The K(m), V(max) and k(cat) values were 5.0mgml(-1), 277.8μmol min(-1)mg(-1), and 211.9s(-1), respectively, using locust bean gum as the substrate.     

Identification of a triacylglycerol lipase gene family in Candida deformans: molecular cloning and functional expression

The yeast Candida deformans CBS 2071 produces an extracellular lipase which was shown to catalyse the production of various esters by the esterification of free fatty acids, even in the presence of a large molar excess of water. To clone the gene encoding this extracellular lipase, Saccharomyces cerevisiae was transformed with C. deformans genomic libraries and screened for lipolytic activity on a medium containing rapeseed oil emulsion and rhodamine B. Three members of a lipase gene family (CdLIP1, CdLIP2 and CdLIP3) were cloned and characterized. Each deduced lipase sequence has a Gly-His-Ser-Leu-Gly-(Gly/Ala)-Ala conserved motif, eight cysteine residues and encodes an N-terminal signal sequence. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis of a proteolytic digest of the lipase produced was used to obtain experimental evidence that the CdLIP1 gene encoded the extracellular lipase. Recombinant expression studies confirmed that the cloned genes encoded functional lipases. The three lipases are very similar to lipases from the related species Yarrowia lipolytica. Significant homologies were also found with several yeast and fungal lipases. As C. deformans CBS 2071 was previously considered to be synonymous with Y. lipolytica, the strains were compared for the extent of nucleotide divergence in the variable regions (D1/D2) at the 5'-end of the large-subunit (26S) ribosomal DNA (rDNA) gene. This rDNA region has diverged sufficiently to suggest that C. deformans is a separate species. The nucleotide sequences of the CdLIP1, CdLIP2 and CdLIP3 genes will appear in the EMBL nucleotide sequence database under Accession Nos AJ428393, AJ428394 and AJ428395, respectively.     

磷酸三酯酶突变体H23A的真核表达及性质表征

通过同源序列比对和晶体结构分析,嗜热菌Geobacillus kaustophilus HTA426磷酸三酯酶的H23位点高度保守,并且位于金属离子结合位点附近。结合Rosseta design程序设计,本实验将突变体H23A在毕赤酵母GS115中高效表达。通过组氨酸标签镍柱分离纯化、非变性蛋白电泳和Western blotting鉴定表达产物,证明该突变体酶主要是以介于单体和二聚体之间的寡聚形式存在。初步酶学性质研究表明,突变体酶是别构酶,Vmax为92.45U/mg,Hill系数h为1.98;最适温度为70℃,最适pH值为10.0;70℃的热稳定性良好,半衰期为5.1h,而且大多数二价金属离子对突变体H23A都有激活作用。     

Partial characterisation of enterocin KP produced by Enterococcus faecalis KP,a cheese isolate

Enterococcus faecalis KP, a bacteriocin‐producing strain, was identified using 16S rRNA gene sequence homology (99%). Enterocin KP from E. faecalis KP was sensitive to papain and ß‐mercaptoethanol, but resistant to trypsin, pepsin, lipase, catalase, α‐amylase, organic solvents, detergents, EDTA and heat treatment (90°C/30 min). It was active at a wide pH range (2.0–8.0) and produced at maximum level in de Mann Rogosa Sharpe broth at 32°C with an inoculum amount of 0.1–1.0% and an initial pH of 5.5–7.5. It was active against some Gram‐positive bacteria, including Listeria monocytogenes. It showed bactericidal activity against L. monocytogenes and its molecular weight was approximately 5.8 kDa.     

O(2)-stable membrane-bound [NiFe]hydrogenase from a newly isolated Citrobacter sp. S-77

Hydrogenases are of great interest due to their potential use in H(2)-based technology. However, most hydrogenases are highly sensitive to O(2), which have been the major bottleneck in hydrogenase studies. Here we report an O(2)-stable membrane-bound [NiFe]hydrogenase (MBH) purified from a newly isolated strain, S-77. According to the 16S rRNA gene sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the strain S-77, it belongs to the genus of Citrobacter. In vitro experiments using the cytoplasmic membrane of strain S-77 suggested that a cytochrome b acts as the physiological electron acceptor of the MBH. The purified MBH was composed of a dimer of heterodimers, consisting of two distinct subunits with the molecular weights of 58.5 and 38.5?kDa. The enzyme showed a specific activity for H(2)-oxidation of 661U/mg, which is 35-fold greater than that for H(2)-production of 18.7U/mg. Notably, the MBH showed a remarkable O(2)-stability, maintaining almost 95% of its original activity even after incubation for 30?h in air at 4°C. These results suggest that the O(2)-stable MBH may play an important role in the H(2)-metabolic pathway under the aerobic conditions of Citrobacter sp. S-77. This is the first report of the purification and biochemical characterization of an O(2)-stable MBH from the genus of Citrobacter.     

一株产胞外多糖植物内生菌EJS-3菌株的分离和鉴定

从中药植物-百部的组织中分离到一株高产胞外多糖的植物内生菌EJS-3菌株,该菌株在产糖培养基中可以得到23.6g/L的胞外多糖,转化率为47.2%(gEPS/g蔗糖)。通过16SrRNA基因序列分析对该菌株进行了鉴定。通过PCR扩增,得到1450bp的16SrRNA序列。PCR产物序列通过BLAST软件在NCBI网站中进行同源性比较。通过Bioedit7.0和Treedrawing软件绘制系统发育树。结果显示,EJS-3的16SrRNA序列和数据库中的类多粘芽孢杆菌KCTC1663菌株的序列的同源性为99.31%。在细菌系统发育分类学上,EJS-3菌株归属多粘类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacilluspolymyxa)。     

传统发酵成熟期豆瓣酱醅中的微生物群落分析

为了探明传统发酵成熟期豆瓣酱醅中的功能微生物种类,采用免培养法(基因克隆文库的构建技术)对发酵成熟酱醅中的细菌16SrRNA和真菌18SrRNA进行了分析。结果表明,成熟酱醅中存在的细菌分别为Staphylococcus属、Lactobacillus属和Tetragenococcus属,其与具有最高同源性的菌株的相似性分别为99%、98%、99%。成熟酱醅中发现的真菌共5个属,分别为Zygosac charomyces属、Rhizochaete属、Aspergillus属、Rhodotorula属和Phaseoleae environmental sample,与具有最高同源性的菌株的相似性均为99%。      

利用16S rDNA部分序列聚类分析鉴定乳球菌

在表型鉴定的基础上，应用已发表的16SrDNA序列设计引物，扩增L．sp．F001菌株16S rDNA基因，并进行测序，将结果与同属及非同属的乳酸菌进行同源性比较。结果表明，L.sp．F001菌株与同属的乳酸乳球菌同源性为99％上，尤其与乳酸乳球菌叶蝉亚种NC-DO2181T同源性为100％，与不同属的肉明串珠菌、漫游球菌、嗜盐四联球菌同源性分别为77．0％，82．1％，78．2％。结论：菌株L.sp．F001为乳酸乳球菌。     

Effect of pre-incubation conditions on growth and survival of Staphylococcus aureus in sliced cooked chicken breast

In this work, the effect of pre-incubation conditions (temperature: 10, 15, 37°C; pH 5.5, 6.5 and water activity, a(w): 0.997, 0.960) was evaluated on the subsequent growth, survival and enterotoxin production (SE) of Staphylococcus aureus in cooked chicken breast incubated at 10 and 20°C. Results showed the ability of S. aureus to survive at 10°C when pre-incubated at low a(w) (0.960) what could constitute a food risk if osmotic stressed cells of S. aureus which form biofilms survive on dried surfaces, and they are transferred to cooked meat products by cross-contamination. Regarding growth at 20°C, cells pre-incubated at pH 5.5 and a(w) 0.960 had a longer lag phase and a slower maximum growth rate. On the contrary, it was highlighted that pre-incubation at optimal conditions (37°C/pH 6.5/a(w) 0.997) produced a better adaptation and a faster growth in meat products what would lead to a higher SE production. These findings can support the adoption of management strategies and preventive measures in food industries leading to avoid growth and SE production in meat products.     

冬季甜瓜腐烂病原菌的分离与鉴定

从冬季贮存甜瓜的腐烂组织中分离病原菌,并对其类型进行检测分析。利用马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(PDA)培养基和溶菌肉汤(LB)培养基培养,依据微生物形态特性,真菌的26S rRNA 序列和细菌的16S rRNA 序列比对以及系统发育进化分析等分子生物学方法,共分离到22 株菌种,其中真菌13 株：包括青霉2 株、链格孢4 株、白地霉4 株、酵母3 株(梅奇氏酵母2 株、毕赤酵母1 株);细菌9 株：包括沙雷氏菌5 株,丁香菌1 株,克雷伯菌、肠杆菌和芽孢杆菌各1 株。根据26S rRNA D1/D2 区序列比对和系统进化树结果显示,两株酵母菌121 和122 可能是梅奇氏酵母属潜在的新种。青霉和链铬孢是甜瓜腐烂致病菌,白地霉和沙雷氏菌是人体致病菌,表明目前甜瓜贮存方法需要进一步改进和完善。